UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering

Name:
Roll No:
Academic
2024-2025
Year:

Semester IV
Second Year
Electronics and Computer Science
Engineering

Analog Electronic Circuits

Laboratory
(ECLR0402)
 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering

Institute
Vision Mission
To become a globally recognized
To impart high quality technical education to the
institution offering quality education
students by providing an excellent academic
and enhancing professional
environment, well equipped laboratories and training
standards.
through the motivated teachers.

Department
Vision Mission
Impart quality education in M1: To deliver a quality academic program in
Electronics and Computer Science electronics and computer science engineering.
Engineering to create world class M2: To develop skilled professionals capable of
technocrats and entrepreneurs to meet providing Electronics and computer-based solutions
industry standards. giving emphasis on industrial challenges.
M3: To improve employability, entrepreneurship and
higher education of electronics and computer science
engineers with ethical and professional approach

Program Educational Program Specific Outcomes(PSO)

Objectives(PEO)
PEO1- To develop a strong PSO1- Students will be able to apply the principles of
foundation of engineering knowledge electronics engineering and techniques of computer
to build successful engineers. science to analyze, design and develop financially
viable as well as ethical solutions for real world
PEO2- To encourage graduates for problems.
higher studies and research activities
to accomplish lifetime learning. PSO2-Students will be equipped to excel
professionally in the field of next generation
PEO3- To inculcate team spirit and electronics and computer systems for the benefit of
leadership qualities in graduates with society, while fostering a passion for research and
the ability to become better lifelong learning through higher studies.
Entrepreneurs.
 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering

Program Outcomes (POs)

PROGRAM OUTCOMES: (POs)

1) Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering
specialization for the solution of complex engineering problems.
2) Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated
conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3) Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes
that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, and cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4) Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5) Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including
prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6) The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7) Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8) Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9) Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
10) Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with the society
at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.
11) Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles and
apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12) Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in
the broadest context of technological change.

Mapping of PSOs and Pos

PSO Number PO Number

PSO1 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO7, PO8, PO11
PSO2 PO6, PO9, PO10, PO12

Sd/-
Program Coordinator
Electronics and Computer Science Engineering Program
 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering

A Laboratory Journal for

Analog Electronic Circuits

Lab (ECLR0402)
Semester IV

(Electronics and Computer Science

Engineering Department)

Prepared By: Audited By: Approved By:

Ms. Shikha Gupta Dr. Bhavesh Patel

(Assistant Professor) (Principal)

Dr. Subha Subramaniumm

Dr. Dibyalekha Nayak ( Head of Department)
(Assistant Professor)
UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering

Bachelor of

Technology

(B. Tech.)

In

Electronics and Computer

Science Engineering

Second Year with Effect from AY 2024 -2025

UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering
 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering
Program: Second Year B. Tech. Semester: IV L P C
Analog Electronic Circuits Course Code: ECCR0402 3 0 3
Analog Electronic Circuits Lab Lab Code: ECLR0402 0 2 1
3 2 4
Course Objectives:
1 To enhance comprehension capabilities of students through understanding of electronic circuits.
2 To perform low frequency and high frequency analysis of single stage amplifiers.

3 To teach fundamental principles of operational amplifiers.

4 To develop an overall approach for students from selection of integrated circuit, specification,
Functionality and applications.
Course Outcomes:
After successful completion of this course, the students should be able to

CO 1: Interpret the frequency response of amplifiers.

CO 2: Evaluate performance of MOSFET and differential amplifier circuit.

CO 3: Examine the operation of OPAMP for different application.

CO 4: Design Circuits for different application.

Pre-requisite courses: Electronic Devices and Applications

Course Assessment Methods:

DIRECT
1. .Continuous Internal Assessment (Theory component)
2. Assignments/Tutorials/Power-point-presentation/Group-discussion/Quiz/seminar/Case
studies/Design
Thinking/Innovation/Creativity (Blog writing/Vlogging, etc)
3. Pre/Post-Experiment Test/Viva; Experimental Write-Up for each Experiment, Day to Day
Experiments/Assignments/Tutorials/Power-point-presentation/Group-discussion/Quiz/seminar/Case
studies/Design Thinking/Innovation/Creativity(log writing/Vlogging, etc) (Lab Component)
4. End Semester Examination (Theory and Lab components)
INDIRECT
1. Course-end survey
2. Activity based survey (if any
 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering
DETAILED SYLLABUS

Module-1:Frequency Response of Amplifiers 08 Hours

1.1 Low frequency response & analysis, effect of the coupling, bypass & load capacitances on single stage
MOSFET amplifier for common source (CS) configuration (mathematical analysis & Numerical examples
included).
1.2 High frequency response & analysis, effect of parasitic capacitances in MOSFET amplifier, high
frequency equivalent circuit of MOSFET, Miller's theorem, effect of Miller's capacitance, unity gain
bandwidth (mathematical analysis & numerical examples included).
1.3 Introduction to multi-stage amplifiers – need & necessity, different types of couplings (DC, R-C &
transformer) with advantages & disadvantages, the MOSFET cascode amplifier (theoretical description
Only).

Module-2: Differential Amplifiers 07 Hours

2.1 Basic MOSFET differential amplifier, DC characteristics, transfer characteristics, small signal (AC)
analysis of only dual input balanced output (DIBO) for differential mode gain & common mode gain,
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) & input resistance / impedance.
2.2 MOSFET differential amplifier with an active load (theoretical description & only mathematical
analysis (no numerical examples).

Module-3: Applications of Operational Amplifier 12 Hours

3.1 The ideal operational amplifier (op-amp), internal block diagram of op-amp, characteristics of op-amp,
ideal & practical op-amp parameters / specifications (no detailed description or any Analysis),
mathematical model of op-amp, IC 741 op-amp with pin diagram & description.
3.2 Operational amplifier open loop & closed loop configurations (theoretical description only), the concept
of virtual ground & virtual short.
3.3 Types of negative feedback – voltage series, voltage shunt, current series & current shunt (theoretical
description only), the op-amp inverting amplifier & op-amp non-inverting amplifier (Mathematical analysis
for derivation of output voltage only, numerical examples & designing).
3.4 Adder, summing amplifier, averaging circuit, subtractor, integrator (ideal), differentiator (ideal),
difference amplifier, current amplifier & 3 op-amp instrumentation amplifier (only
Mathematical analysis for derivation of output voltage with numerical examples & designing included).
3.5 Current to voltage converters (I to V) & voltage to current converters (V to I) – floating load
& grounded load (mathematical analysis only – no numerical)

Module-4: Application based Integrated Circuits 12 Hours

 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering

4. 1 Oscillators: RC phase shift oscillator, Wien bridge oscillator & the crystal oscillator
(theoretical description only–no mathematical analysis), numerical example & design problem on
RC phase shift oscillator & Wien bridge oscillator.
4.2 Waveform Generators: Square wave generator & triangular wave generator (only theoretical
description – no mathematical analysis or designing examples).
4.3 Comparators: Inverting comparator, non-inverting comparator, zero crossing detector (ZCD) &
Schmitt Trigger (numerical examples & designing problem on the inverting Schmitt Trigger for
both symmetrical & non-symmetrical configurations), window detector / comparator (theoretical
description only).
4.4 IC 555 timer internal block diagram & pin configuration, operation in Astable & Monostable
Multivibrator with mathematical analysis & numerical examples, design problems on Astable &
Monostable Multivibrator, applications in Astable & Monostable configuration.

Lecture: 3 Hrs/Week Total Hours: 39

Hr

LAB COMPONENT CONTENTS:

Suggested List of Experiments (Minimum 8 Experiments)

1. DC and AC analyses of a common source amplifier using an n-channel MOSFET.

2. Cascode amplifier implementation and analysis of its frequency response.
3. Implementation of dual input balanced output differential amplifier and calculation of Ad, Ac and
CMRR
4. Implementation of Comparator and Schmitt Trigger using IC 741 .
5. Implementation of Differentiator using op amp.
6. Implementation of OP-AMP AS INTEGRATOR.
7. Implementation of Integrator using op-amp.
8. Design of RC Phase shift Oscillator and Wein bridge Oscillator using IC 741.
9. Design of an Astable Multivibrator using IC 555.

One beyond curriculum experiment may be conducted (To be decided by the Subject Teacher)

Practical: 2 Hrs/Week Total Hours :26 Hrs

 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering

Textbooks:
1. Donald A. Neamen, “Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design”, TATA McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition
2. Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic Circuits
Theory and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International Students Edition,
Fifth Edition.
3. James Morris & Krzysztof Iniewski, Nano-electronic Device Applications Handbook by CRC Press.

Reference Books:
1. Boylestead," Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory", Pearson Education
2. David A. Bell, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, Oxford, Fifth Edition.
3. Muhammad H. Rashid, “Microelectronics Circuits Analysis and Design”, Cengage
4. S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar,“Electronic Devices and Circuits”, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Millman and Halkies, “Integrated Electronics”, Tata McGraw Hill.

Course Code Lab Name Credits

ECLR0402 Analog Electronic Circuits Lab 1
 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering

Continuous Internal Assessment Practical (CIAP):

CIAP will be assessed for 50 marks on the following rubrics and scaled down to 10 marks

5 marks – Evaluation of write-up on day-to-day experiment in the laboratory (in terms of aim,
1
components/procedure, expected outcome)

The Course In charge will choose any two of the below mentioned components, with each

component having weightage of 20 marks each Assignments/ Tutorials/ PowerPoint presentation/

2
Group Discussion/ Quiz/ seminar/ Case studies/Design

Thinking/Innovation/Creativity/Project/App development

3 Attendance will be having weightage of 5 marks

End Semester Examination (ESEP)

Based on the above contents and entire syllabus of ECLR0402. The End Semester Examination

1 Practical shall be conducted for 100 marks for a duration of three hours and scaled down to 15

marks

Evaluation Method Passing Requirement

Continuous Internal Assessment (CIAP)+End

Obtained Marks 40 % of maximum marks
Semester Examination (ESEP)

Course Outcomes (CO)

 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering
LO CO Statement (At the end of the course, students will be able to …) BL
1 Interpret the frequency response of amplifiers. 2

2 Evaluate performance of MOSFET and differential amplifier circuit. 3

Examine the operation of OPAMP for different applications.
3 2

Design Circuits for different applications.

4 3

List of Experiments
Sr.
Title CO PSO PO
No.
DC and AC analyses of a common source 1 1,2 1,2,3,4
1
amplifier using an n-channel MOSFET.
2 Cascode amplifier implementation and analysis of 1 1 1,2,3
its frequency response.
3 Implementation of dual input balanced output 2 1 1,2,3,4
differential amplifier and calculation of Ad, Ac
and CMRR
4 Implementation of Comparator and Schmitt 4 1,2 1,2,3
Trigger using IC 741.
Implementation of Differentiator using op amp. 3 1,2,3
5 1
Implementation of OP-AMP AS INTEGRATOR. 3 1,2,3
6 1

Design of RC Phase shift Oscillator and Wein 4 1,2,3,4

7 1,2
bridge Oscillator using IC 741.
Design of an Astable Multivibrator using IC 555. 4
8 1,2 1,2,3,4

Name

Signature:

Date:
 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering
Subject: __________________________________
INDEX
Title of Date of Date of Page Initials of Teacher
Sr. No. Marks
Experiment/Assignment/Tutorial Performance Submission No. with Remarks

Marks
Evaluation of write-up on day-to-day experiment in the laboratory (in terms of aim,
/05
components/procedure, expected outcome)
Assessment Method 1 /20
Assessment Method 2 /20
Attendance /05
This is to certify that Shri/Kum ...........................................................................................……………….
Batch.......................Roll No.............................................................Semester……………… has completed the specified
CIAP in the subject of ………………………………………..…………………………….in a satisfactory manner in
the college during the academic year of 20….. to 20……

Subject In-charge
 UG Program in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering

Instructions for Students

1. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, in the beginning of each
exercise, students need to read through the complete write-up including questions of that
practical.
2. Students ought to refer to reference books, lab manuals, etc.
3. Students should not hesitate to ask about any difficulties which they face while performing
practical.

Guidelines for Faculties

1. There will be two sheets of blank pages after every practical for the student to report other
matters (if any), which is not mentioned in the printed practical.
2. For difficult practical if required, teachers could provide the demonstration of the practical
emphasizing of the skills which the students should achieve.
3. Teachers should give opportunities to students for hands-on work after the demonstration.
4. During the practical, ensure that each student gets a chance and takes active part in taking
observation/readings and performing practical.
 Experiment No. -1
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Program Execution/
formation/
Timely
correction/ Viva Experiment
Submission Sign with Date
ethical practices (03) Total (10)
(01)
(06)

Experiment No. 1
1.1 Aim: To perform the DC and AC analyses of a common source amplifier using an n-channel
MOSFET.

1.2 Course Outcome: Interpret the frequency response of amplifiers.

1.3 Learning Objective: DC and AC analysis of CS Amplifier circuits and observing its output
waveform.

1.4 Laboratory Requirement: NMOS, Resistors: 15kΩ, 33kΩ, Capacitors: 1µF (2), LTspice
XVII

1.5 Related Theory: The Fig.1 shows the common source circuit with voltage divider
biasing and coupling capacitor. The MOSFET is biased near the middle of the
saturation region by R1 and R2 resistors to work as an amplifier.

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y 2024-25 1-1

 Assume that the signal frequency is sufficiently large for the coupling capacitor to act essentially as a
short circuit. The signal source is represented by a Thevenin equivalent circuit, in which the signal
voltage source vs, is in series with an equivalent source resistance Rsi.

• Here Rsi should be much less than the amplifier input resistance, Ri = R1 || R2 in order to minimize
loading effects.

• Fig. 1.1 shows the resulting small-signal equivalent circuit.

The input gate-to-source voltage is

So the small-signal overall voltage gain is,

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y 2024-25 1-2

Since Rsi is not zero, the amplifier input signal v4 is less than the signal voltage. This is known as
loading effect. It reduces the voltage gain of the amplifier.

• The input resistance is Ris = R1 || R2

• The output resistance is Ro = RD || ro

• We can also relate the A.C. drain current to the A.C. drain-to-source voltage, as

Vds = - Id(RD).

• Fig. 1.3 shows the D.C. load line, the transition point, and the Q-point, which is in the saturation
region.

1.6 Procedure:

Part A: MOSFET DC Analysis

1. Construct the circuit as shown below by removing C1, C2 and ac voltage source.
2. Connect DMM and measure the values of VGS, VDS and ID.
3. Use the same circuit configuration as shown above.

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y 2024-25 1-3

 Circuit Diagram :
4. Set the function generator for a 10mVpp, 1 kHz sine wave. Connect
to Vin.
5. Measure the peak-to-peak output voltage in the oscilloscope.
6. Now change the frequency of input sine wave from 100 Hz to 1MHz and note down the
output voltage.
7. Measure maximum voltage gain (Av), Lower cut-off frequency(FL), higher cut-off
frequency(FH) and bandwidth.

Observation:
8. VDS = ……..
9. VGS = ……..
10. ID = ……….
11. Av =……..
12. FL =……..
13. FH =………….
14. Bandwidth =…..

1.7 Output: Plot the graph

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y 2024-25 1-4

1.8 Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

1.9 Questions:

1. What do you mean by amplifier?

2. Explain the frequency response of the CS amplifier.
3. What are the applications of common source amplifiers ?
4. Explain voltage for CS Amplifier
5. Explain the expressions for Voltage Gain,Input Impedance,Output Impedance.

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y 2024-25 1-5

 Experiment No. -2
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Program Execution/
formation/
Timely
correction/ Viva Experiment
Submission Sign with Date
ethical practices (03) Total (10)
(01)
(06)

Experiment No. 2
2.1 Aim: MOSFET CASCODE AMPLIFIER implementation and analysis of its frequency
response.

2.2 Course Outcome: Interpret the frequency response of amplifiers.

2.3 Learning Objective : AC analysis of the Cascode amplifier and observing the output
waveform.

2.4 Laboratory Requirement: LTspice XVII

2.5 Related Theory
The Cascode Amplifier is the combination of the common source and the Common Gate Stage.
As shown in Fig. 1, the input is applied to the common source amplifier.
Output Resistance of Cascode Amplifier:
The common gate stage multiplies the output resistance of the common source stage. If ro1 is
the output resistance of the transistor M1, then the output resistance seen from the drain
terminal of the M2 is approximately gm2ro2ro1.

Fig.2.1 Cascode Amplifier

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25 2-1

Figure shows a cascode circuit using n-channel MOSFETs. Transistor M1 is connected in a
common source configuration and M2 is connected in a common-gate configuration. The
advantage of this type of circuit is a higher frequency response.
The input stage of this amplifier is a common source of FET & the Vin (input voltage) is
connected to its gate terminal. The output stage of this amplifier is the common gate of FET
which is ambitious by the input phase. The drain resistance of the o/p stage is rd and the Vout
(output voltage) can be taken from the secondary transistor’s drain terminal.
As the gate terminal of an M2 transistor is grounded, then the source voltage and the drain
voltage of transistors are held almost stable. That means the higher M2 transistor provides a
low i/p resistance toward the lower M1 transistor. This decreases the lower transistor’s gain &
thus the Miller effect also decreases hence the bandwidth will increase.
This amplifier provides high bandwidth, medium gain, slew rate, stability, & also input
impedance.

Circuit Diagram:

2.6 Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Set the values VIN =50mV, 1 KHz , CG= 10uF,
Cc= 5uF, Cs=20uF C= 5uF
2. Connect CRO at the output
3. Measure peak output voltage
4. Calculate voltage gain Av= Vo/Vin
5. Plot frequency response
6. Find Maximum voltage gain Avmax, lower cut-off frequency (fL), higher cut-off
frequency(fH) and bandwidth ( fL - fH)

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25 2-2

2.7 Output: Draw the waveform on the graph.

2.8 Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………......................................................................................................................
.......................

2.9 Questions:

1. What is a cascade amplifier?

2. What are the applications of cascode amplifiers?
3. What is the difference between cascode and cascade?
4. What is the need for a cascading amplifier?
5. What do you mean by feedback in an amplifier?

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25 2-3

 Experiment No. -3
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Program Execution/
formation/ Timely
Viva Experiment
correction/ Submission Sign with Date
(03) Total (10)
ethical practices (01)
(06)

Experiment No. 3
3.1 Aim: Implementation of dual input balanced output differential amplifier and
calculation of Ad, Ac, and CMRR.

3.2 Course Outcome:Evaluate performance of MOSFET and differential amplifier circuit.

3.3 Learning Objective : Experimentally determine the current and voltage gain , CMRR.

3.4 Laboratory Requirement: Multisim Software

3.5 Related Theory:

A differential amplifier is a type that amplifies the difference between two input but suppresses
any voltage common to the two inputs. It is a design with two inputs Vin (+) and Vin (-) and
one output Vo in which the output is ideally proportional to the difference between the two
voltages.
It consists of two CS configurations connected together. Two identical transistors are used.
There are four differential amplifier configurations

1. Dual input balanced output

2. Dual input unbalanced output
3. Single input balanced output
4. Single input unbalanced output
Generally dual input balanced output configuration is used.
The circuit shown below is a dual-input balanced-output differential amplifier. Here in this
circuit, the two input signals (dual input), v1 and v2, are applied to the gates G1 and G2 of
transistors Q1 and Q2.The output Vod is measured between the two source terminals S1 and
S2 which are at the same dc potential. Because of the equal dc potential at the two sources with
respect to ground, the output is referred to as a balanced output.

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

3-1
Vo=A[Vin(+)-Vin(-)] Where, A is the gain of the amplifier.

AC Analysis of differential amplifier-

This analysis can be done in two modes-

. Differential Mode gain

We assume that R1 and R2 are the resistors in the drains of Q1 and Q2.
Ad = gm RD

B. Common Mode gain

A common mode signal is one that drives both inputs of a differential amplifier equally.
The common mode signal is interference, static and other kinds of undesirable pickup
etc. Common mode gain of dual input balanced output differential amplifiers is ideally
zero.

Circuit Diagram:

1.Differential mode:

Fig.3.1 Differential mode amplifier

2. Common mode:

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

3-2
 Fig.3.2 Common mode amplifier

3.6 Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure

2. For difference mode, apply 10 mVpp input as V1 and -10.1 mV as V2.
3. Measure output voltage.
4. For common mode , apply 10 mV pp input as V1 and 10.1 mV as V2.
5. Measure output voltage.
6. Calculate Ad, Acm, CMRR.
Observation:
1. Differential Mode
Vid = (V1 – V2)
Vod = (CRO output)
Ad = Vod/Vid
2. Common Mode
Vic = (V1 + V2)/2
Voc = (CRO output)
Ac = Voc/Vic
3. CMRR = Ad/Ac

3.7 Conclusion:

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

3-3
 ..........................................................................................................................................
.................
......................................................................................................................................................
................
......................................................................................................................................................
.................
......................................................................................................................................................
................
......................................................................................................................................................
................
......................................................................................................................................................
................

3.8 Questions:
1. What is a differential amplifier?
2. What is the significance of CMRR?
3. What are the differential amplifier configurations?
4. State applications of differential amplifier

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

3-4
 Experiment No. -4
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Program Execution/
formation/ Timely
Viva Experiment
correction/ Submission Sign with Date
(03) Total (10)
ethical practices (01)
(06)

Experiment No. 4

4.1 Aim: Implementation of Comparator and Schmitt Trigger using IC 741 .

4.2 Course Outcome: Examine the operation of OP AMP for different applications.

4.3 Learning Objective: Experimentally determining Hysteresis from the transfer

characteristics.

4.4 Laboratory Requirement: Power Supply, Signal generator,CRO,Bread Board,

Wires, IC 741, 1K, 8.2K

4.5 Related Theory:

A)OP-AMP as A Comparator
A comparator as its name implies compares a single voltage on the input of Op-Amp with a
known voltage known as reference voltage on the other input. In its simplest form it is nothing
more than an open loop Op-Amp with two analog inputs and one output.The output may be
positive or negative saturation depending upon which input is larger.
The figure shows the circuit of an inverting comparator in which the input Vin is applied to the
inverting input.
When the voltage at the non inverting input is higher than the voltage at the inverting input, the
output voltage Vo is at positive saturation (~Vcc).

When the voltage at the inverting input is higher than the voltage at the non inverting input, the
output Vo goes to negative saturation.
Thus Vo changes from one saturation level to another.

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

4-1
 Fig.4.1 OPAMP as a comparator
B) OP-AMP as Schmitt Trigger

Schmitt Trigger is an inverting comparator with positive feedback which converts an irregular
shaped waveform to a square wave.
Input voltage Vin triggers the output Vo everytime it exceeds certain voltage levels, called
upper threshold voltage Vut and lower threshold voltage Vlt
The threshold voltages are obtained by using a voltage divider network of R1-R2 where the
voltage across R1 is feedback to the non-inverting terminal.
The voltage across R1 is a variable reference threshold voltage that depends on the magnitude
and polarity of the output voltage Vo.
When Vo is +Vsat, the voltage across R1 is called the Vut. The input voltage must be
slightly more +ve than Vut in order to cause the output Vo to switch from +Vsat to -Vsat
As long as Vin<Vut Vo is at +Vsat. using the voltage divider rule,
Vut=(R2/ R1+R2) * (+Vsat)
On the other hand when Vo = -Vsat the voltage across R1 is referred as Vlt. Vin must be
slightly more -ve than Vlt, in order to cause Vo to change from -Vsat to +vsat. In others
words for Vin>Vlt, Vo is -Vsat and Vlt given by:
Vut=(R2/ R1+R2) * (-Vsat)
Thus if the threshold voltage Vut and Vlt are made larger than the input noise voltages the
+ve feedback will eliminate the false output transition.

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

4-2
 Fig 4.2. Op-amp as Schmitt Trigger Circuit diagram

Transfer characteristics are as shown in figure.

Fig. 4.3 Hysteresis loop

4.6 Procedure:-
1. Op-Amp as comparator

● Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

● Adjust the signal generator for Vin=4 Vp-p, sine wave at 1kHz.
● Observe the input voltage and output waveform simultaneously on CRO and plot
them on a graph for Vref = +1volt and Vref = -1volt.

2. Op-Amp as Schmitt Trigger

● Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

● Adjust the signal generator for Vin=4 Vp-p, sine wave at 1kHz.

● Observe the input voltage and output waveform simultaneously on CRO

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

4-3
 ● Apply input to channel 2 and output to channel 1. Use X-Y mode for observing transfer
characteristics.

● Measure voltage of Hysteresis, Vut,Vlt from transfer characteristics. measure +Vsat

voltage from transfer characteristics.

● Plot input, output waveforms on graph papers. Sketch transfer characteristics with clear
indication of Vut, Vlt, Vh ion it by applying sine, triangular wave input.

4.7 Observation Table:

Voltages Observed Calculated

Vut

Vlt

VH

4.8 Output: Plot the graph.

4.9 Conclusion:
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4.10 Questions:
1. Explain how a Schmitt trigger converts a sine wave to a square wave?
2. What are the requirements of an op-amp to be used as a comparator?
3. Define Hysteresis width?
4. What are the applications of zero crossing detectors?
5. Differentiate between Schmitt trigger & comparator?

Analog Electronic Circuits Lab (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

4-4
 Experiment No. - 5
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Program Execution/
formation/
Timely
correction/ Viva Experiment
Submission Sign with Date
ethical practices (03) Total (10)
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Experiment No. 5

5.1 Aim: - Implementation of Differentiator using op amp.

5.2 Course Outcome: Examine the operation of OP AMP for different applications.

5.3 Learning Objective: Design Differentiator circuits to generate a desired output.

5.4 Laboratory Requirement: R=1.5k, 15k, C=5nF, 0.1uF, IC 741,Dual Power Supply(15 Volt),
Signal generator, CRO, Bread board, Connecting Wires.

5.5 Related Theory: The differentiator or the differentiation amplifier performs the mathematical
operation of differentiation, that is the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform. The
differentiator may be constructed from a basic inverting amplifier if an input resistor R 1 is replaced by a
capacitor C1 as shown in fig 1

Fig 1: Ideal Differentiator

The expression for the output voltage can be obtained from Kirchoff’s current equation written at node V 2
as follows-

Ic=Ib+If

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

5-1
 Since Ib=0,
𝑑
C1. (Vin-V2)=(V2-V0) /Rf
𝑑𝑡

But V1=V2=0 V, because A is very large. Therefore,

C1.d/dt(Vin)=-Vo/Rf

Or

Vo=-Rf.C1 d/dt (Vin)

Thus the output voltage is equal to Rf.C1 times the negative instantaneous rate of change of

Input voltage Vin with time. However the above differentiator circuit can be used as it is

because of the following disadvantages-

1. The gain of the circuit increases with increase in frequency at the rate of 20 dB/decade.
This makes the circuit unstable.
2. The input impedance XC1 decreases with increase in frequency, which makes the circuit
very susceptible to high frequency noise.

3. The practical differentiator circuit can rectify the above problems.

The frequency response of a practical differentiator is as shown in fig.2.

fig 2: frequency response of a practical differentiator

In this figure fa is the frequency at which gain is 0dBs and given as fa=1/(2*pi*R f*C1) from f to fb

The gain increases at 20 dB/decade and then gain decreases. The gain limiting frequency f b is
given as fb=1/(2*pi*R1*C1). From fb onwards gain starts to decrease. The input signal will be properly
differentiated if the time period T of the input signal is larger than or equal to R fC1. That is

T>=RfC1.
Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25
5-2
 5.6 Procedure:
Connect circuit as shown in fig.3
1. Apply different waveforms Vp-p amplitude and 1KHz frequency and observe the output.
2. Draw the waveforms on a graph.
3. For sine, square, triangular wave input, sketch the output signals.

Circuit diagram:

fig 3: Practical Differentiator

5.7 Output: Plot the graph.

5.8 Conclusion:
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Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

5-3
5.9 Questions:

1. What condition is satisfied for the differentiator circuit?

2. What are the applications of differentiators?
3. What is the output of the differentiator circuit for the following input?
a) Sine waveform
b) Square waveform
c) Triangular waveform

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Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

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Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

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Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

5-7
 Experiment No. -6
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Program Execution/
formation/ Timely
Viva Experiment
correction/ Submission Sign with Date
(03) Total (10)
ethical practices (01)
(06)

Experiment No. 6

6.1 Aim: Implementation of Integrator using op-amp.

6.2 Course Outcome: Examine the operation of OP AMP for different applications.

6.3 Learning Objective:-Experimentally determining the voltage parameters and frequency parameters.

6.4 Laboratory Requirement: R=1.5k, 15k, C=10nF, IC 741,Dual Power Supply(15 Volt), Signal
generator, CRO, Bread board, Connecting Wires.

6.5 Related Theory:

A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is integral to the input voltage waveform is the integrator or
the integration amplifier. Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting amplifier configuration, if the
feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor Cf as shown in figure1.

The expression for the output voltage Vo can be obtained by writing Kirchhoff’s current equation at node V2.
I1=IB+If

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

6-1
Since IB is negligibly small,
I1≅If
Current through and voltage across capacitor is
Ic=C*derivative of (Vc)

Therefore,
(Vin-V2)/R1=Cf*derivative of (V2-V0)

However, Vin/R1=Cf*derivative of (-V0)

=Cf*(-V0)+V0/t=0

The output voltage can be obtained by integrating both sides w.r.t time.
Integral (Vin/R1)*dt=integral of [Cf*derivative of (-Vo)*dt
=Cf*(-Vo)+Vo/t=0;

Therefore,
Vo=(-1/R1*Cf)*integral of (Vin)dt

The above equation shows that the output voltage is directly proportional to the negative integral of the input
voltage and inversely proportional to time constant R1Cf.

Disadvantages of basic Integrator:

For Vin=0V, Op-Amp works as an open loop amplifier with gain=∞. Since Cf acts as an open circuit(XCf=∞).
Thus amplifying input offset voltage to produce error voltage at output. To reduce the error voltage R f is
connected across Cf. This is a practical integrator.
The frequency response of a practical integrator is as shown in figure2.

In this figure, fb is the frequency at which gain is zero dB and is given as

fb=1/(2πR1Cf)

fa given by the relation fa is the frequency at which gain falls by 3dB.

Fa=1/(2πRfCf)
The gain Rf/R1 is constant upto the fa. Then gain decreases at a value of 20 dB/decade. The circuit works as
an integrator between fa and fb.

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

6-2
 Circuit Diagram

6.6 Procedure:
1. Mount the circuit on the breadboard.
2. Apply 1Vpp from the function generator.
3. Apply ±15V supply for Op-Amp.
4. Measure output for sine wave input of variable frequency from 100 Hz to 20kHz.
5. Plot graph of frequency V s gain in dB.
6. Calculate fa and fb.
7. Compare fa and fb with theoretical values.
8. Apply 1 Vp-p square, triangular waves and observe output voltage.
9. Plot output for sine, square, triangular input on graph paper.

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

6-3
 Practical Integrator

6.7 Output: Plot the graph.

6.8 Conclusion:
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6.9 Questions:
1. What condition is satisfied for an integrator circuit?
2. What are the applications of integrators?
3. What is the output of the integrator circuit for the following input?
a) Sine waveform
b) Square waveform
c) Rectangular waveform
4. OP-AMP is used mostly as an integrator rather than a differentiator. Explain why?

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

6-4
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Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25
6-5
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Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

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Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

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Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

6-8
 Experiment No. -7
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Program Execution/
formation/
Timely
correction/ Viva Experiment
Submission Sign with Date
ethical practices (03) Total (10)
(01)
(06)

Experiment No. 7
7.1 Aim: Design of RC Phase shift Oscillator and Wein bridge Oscillator using IC 741.

7.2 Course Outcome: Design Circuits for different applications.

7.3 Learning Objective: Experimentally determine the output waveform of RC phase shift and Wein
bridge oscillator and analyse frequency and amplitude at the output.

7.4 Laboratory Requirement: i) For Wein bridge oscillator - OpAmp IC741, resistors 10 K (3 nos.),
potentiometer 47 K, capacitor 10 nf(2 nos.), connecting wires, bread board, DC power supply, CRO, DMM.
ii) For RC phase shift oscillator- IC 741 OpAmp, capacitor 0.1 uF (3 nos) , resistors 3.3K (3 nos), 33K ,
potentiometer , connecting wires, bread board, DC power supply, CRO, DMM.

7.5 Related Theory: An oscillator is a circuit that generates a sinusoidal waveform of fixed amplitude
and frequency without applying any external input signal.

Oscillator Principle- An oscillator is a type of feedback amplifier in which part of the output is feedback to
the input via a feedback circuit. If the signal feedback is of proper magnitude and phase, the circuit produces
alternating current and voltages.

Barkhausen criteria -
I) The magnitude of loop gain Av *β must be greater than or equal to 1.
II) The phase shift of loop gain must be 0 0or 3600 .

These two requirements of the oscillator are called ''Barkhausen Criteria''. The type of waveform generated
by the oscillator depends on components in that circuit and frequency of the circuit is determined by
components in the feedback circuit.

A)Wein bridge oscillator

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25
In this oscillator Wein bridge circuit is connected between amplifier input terminals and the output terminal.
The bridge has a series RC network in one arm and parallel RC network in the adjoining arm. In the
remaining two arms of the bridge resistors RI and Rf are connected. The phase angle criteria for an oscillator
is the total phase shift around the circuit must be 0 0. This condition occurs only when the bridge is balanced,
i.e, at resonance. The frequency of oscillation fo is exactly the resonance frequency of balanced Wein
bridge and is given by,
1
𝑓𝑜 =
2∏𝑅𝐶
Assuming that resistors are equal in values and capacitors are in equal values in the reactive leg of the
Wein bridge. At this frequency gain required for sustained oscillations is given by,
𝑅𝑓
Av = 1 +
𝑅1

β = 1 / 3 and Rf= 2 R1

Main advantage of this oscillator is simplicity and stability. It is most commonly used as an audio
frequency oscillator.

B) RC Phase shift oscillator -

It consists of an Op-Amp as the amplifying stage and 3 RC networks are connected in a feedback circuit.
The feedback circuit provides feedback voltage from the output back to the input of Op-Amp. The Op-Amp
is used in the inverting mode, therefore any signal that appears at the inverting terminal is shifted by 180 0 at
the output. An additional 180 degree phase shift required for oscillation is provided by cascaded RC
networks. Thus the total phase shift around the loop is 360 degree or 0 degree. The frequency at which phase
shift of RC networks is exactly 180 degree and gain of the amplifier is sufficiently large oscillations take
place. This frequency is called frequency of oscillation fo, and is given by,
1
fo =
√6×2∏𝑅𝐶

Rf / R1 =29
So, Rf = 29R1

At this frequency the gain Av must be greater than or equal to 29.

Thus the circuit will produce sinusoidal waveform of frequency fo, if the gain is 29 and total phase shift is
00. Frequency can be varied by change in capacitor C and by change in R. A desired output amplitude can be
obtained with back to back zener connected at the output.

7.6 Procedure:
Procedure is the same for both the oscillators.
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2) Vary potentiometer (Rf) to get undistorted sine waveform.
3) Measure the amplitude and frequency of the output.
4) Measure the value of the potentiometer using DMM.

7.7 Observation Table:

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

A) For Wein bridge oscillator-

Output Voltage Gain Frequency Frequency

(Vout p-p) = l+Rf/Rl
Calculated Observed
1
𝑓𝑜 =
2∏𝑅𝐶

B) For RC phase shift oscillator -

Output Voltage Gain Frequency Frequency

(Vout p-p) = Rf/Rl
Calculated Observed
1
fo =
√6×2∏𝑅𝐶

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

 Wein Bridge Oscillator

RC Phase shift oscillator

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

7.8 Output: Plot the graph.

7.9 Conclusion:
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7.10 Questions:
1. What are the advantages & disadvantages of a wien bridge oscillator?
2. Which oscillator is an AF oscillator?
3. Why can’t we use LC oscillators for low frequency oscillations?
4. Differentiate between RC phase shift oscillator & Wien bridge oscillator.
5. What are Barkhausen's criteria?

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Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25

 Experiment No. -8
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Experiment No. 8

8.1 Aim: Design of Astable Multivibrator using IC 555.

8.2 Course Outcome: Design Circuits for different application.

8.3 Learning Objectives: Design an astable multivibrator circuit to generate a desired output and also
calculate the frequency and duty cycle of the output based on the values of the resistors and capacitors.

8.4 Laboratory Requirement: IC 555, R1= 3.9K(1), R2 = 2.2K(1), C1= 10nf, C2= 100nf.
Bread board, CRO, DC power supply.

8.5 Related Theory: An astable multivibrator often called free running m/v is a rectangular wave
generating circuit. Unlike the monostable multivibrator this circuit does not require an external trigger to
change the state of output, hence name free running. However the time during which the output is either
high or low is determined by the two resistors and capacitor which are externally connected to the 555
timer.
Fig.1 shows the 555 timer connected as an astable multivibrator. Initially, when the output is high,
capacitor C starts charging towards Vcc through RA and RB. However as soon as voltage across capacitor
C equals 2/3 Vcc, comparator 1 triggers the flip flop and the output switches low. Now capacitor C starts
discharging through RB and transistor Q1. When the voltage across capacitor C equals 1/3Vcc comparator
2’s output triggers the flip flop and output goes high. Then the cycle repeats. The output voltage and
capacitor voltage waveforms are shown on the graph.
As shown in the graph the capacitor is periodically charged and discharged between 2/3Vcc and 1/3
Vcc respectively. The time during which the capacitor charges from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is equal to the time
the output is high and is given as
𝑡𝑐 = 0.69(𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵)𝐶 seconds.
Where RA, RB, are in ohms and C in farads. Similarly the time during which the capacitor
discharges from 2/3Vcc to 1/3 Vcc is equal to the time output is low and it is given by
𝑡𝑑 = 0.69(𝑅𝐵)𝐶 seconds.
Where RB is in ohms and C is in Farads. Thus the total time period of the output waveform is
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑑 = 0.69(𝑅𝐴 + 2 𝑅𝐵)𝐶 seconds.
This in turn gives the frequency of oscillations as
Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25 8-1
 1 1.45
𝑓0 = =
𝑇 (𝑅𝐴 + 2𝑅𝐵)𝐶
This equation indicates that the frequency f0 is independent of the supply voltage Vcc.
Often the term duty cycle is used in conjunction with the astable m/v. The duty cycle is the ratio of
tc during which the output is high to the total time period T. It is generally expressed in percentage. In
equation form,
𝑡𝑐 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵
% 𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ∗ 100 = (100)
𝑇 𝑅𝐴 + 2𝑅𝐵

8.6 Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit for astable multivibrator.
2) Observe the waveform at the output and across the capacitor and draw them with suitable scale.
3) Observe tON and tOFF and calculate the duty cycle. Compare it with theoretical value.

Astable Multivibrator –

No Frequency f0 Theoretical value Practical value

.
1 f0 f0 = 1.45/(RA + 2RB)C
2 Duty cycle D = [(RA + RB)/ (RA + 2 RB)] * 100

Fig 1: Astable Multivibrator

8.7 Output: Plot the graph

Analog Electronic Circuits (ECLR0402) A.Y-2024-25 8-2
8.8 Conclusion:

8.9 Questions:
1. Why the Reset pin of IC 555 is normally connected to Vcc
2. Why is the control voltage pin (pin5) of IC 555 timer connected to ground through a 0.01 µF
capacitor?
3. How to calculate frequency & duty cycle of an astable multivibrator output?
4. What is the principle of a monostable multivibrator?
5. What are the applications of the astable multivibrator?

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