MCDM608L: COMPUTATIONAL
FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)
M.Tech (WS24-25)
Sivakumar, R
SMEC, VIT Chennai
Module-4
FVM for Convection-Diffusion Problems:
FVM for 1D steady state convection-diffusion,
Central differencing scheme, Conservativeness,
Boundedness, Transportiveness, Upward
differencing scheme, Hybrid differencing scheme for
2D convection-diffusion, Power-law scheme, QUICK
scheme. (6 hours)
Improved Formulation Schemes
Upwind scheme
Exponential scheme
Hybrid scheme
Power law scheme
QUICK Scheme
Upwind Scheme
Inadequacies of the central differencing scheme is its inability to
identify flow direction
The value of property at a west cell face is always influenced by
both P & W Unsuitable
Upwind differencing scheme/Donor cell differencing scheme takes
into account the flow direction when determining the value at a cell
face
Formulation of diffusion term is unchanged
The convected value of at a cell face is taken to be equal to the
value at the upstream node
Upwind Scheme
When the flow is in the positive direction
When the flow is in the negative direction
Upwind Scheme
No negative coefficient would arise. Solutions will always be
physically realistic
Upwind Scheme
Example:
De = 1 ; Dw = 1; Fe = 4; Fw = 4
E = 200; W = 100, P = ? (117)
E = 100; W = 200, P = ? (183)
Realistic values for P
Satisfies the rules
First order accurate since the scheme is based on the backward
differencing formula
Produces erroneous results when the flow is not aligned with
the grid lines FALSE DIFFUSION
Upwind Scheme
False DIffusion
False diffusion is numerically introduced diffusion and arises in
convection dominated flows, i.e. high Pe number flows
False diffusion will occur due to the oblique flow direction and
non-zero gradient of temperature in the direction normal to
the flow
Diffusion set to zero
k=0
Hot fluid
T = 100ºC
Cold fluid
T = 0ºC
Upwind Scheme
False DIffusion
Grid refinement will minimize the false diffusion
First-order Upwind Second-order Upwind
8x8
64 x 64
Hybrid Scheme
Drawback of upwind scheme: overestimate diffusion at large values
of Peclet number
Combination of central and upwind differencing schemes
Central differencing scheme: -2 Pe 2
Upwind differencing scheme: Pe > 2
Uses piecewise formula based on the local Peclet number to
evaluate the net flux through each control volume face
The Peclet number is evaluated at the face of the control volume
Hybrid Scheme
Hybrid Scheme
Scheme is conservative
Coefficients are always positive unconditionally bounded
Satisfies the transportiveness requirement by using upwind
formulation for large value of Peclet number
Produces physically realistic solutions
First order accurate
Hybrid Scheme
Conservativeness: Global conservation of the fluid
property must be ensured.
Boundedness: Values predicted by the scheme should be
within realistic bounds. For linear problems without
sources, those would be the maximum and minimum
boundary values. Fluid flow is non-linear and values in the
domain may be outside the range of boundary values.
Transportiveness: Diffusion works in all directions but
convection only in the flow direction. The numerical
scheme should recognize the direction of the flow as it
affects the strength of convection versus diffusion.
Power law Scheme
It is premature to set the diffusion effects equal to zero
when Pe > 2
Power law scheme is more accurate approximation to the
one dimensional exact solution
Produces better results than hybrid scheme
Diffusion is set to zero when cell Pe > 10
For 0 < Pe < 10, flux is evaluated by using a polynomial
expression
Power law Scheme
The face value is determined from an exponential profile through
the cell values. The exponential profile is approximated by the
following power law equation:
1 0.1Pe 5
e P E P
Pe
First order accurate
QUICK Scheme
Quadratic Upwind interpolation Scheme
Interpolation through a parabola: three points necessary P, E and
point in upstream side
• g coefficients in terms of
nodal coordinates
• third order accurate
End of Module-4
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