Distortion Energy (DE) Failure Theory
⚫ Also known as:
◦ Octahedral Shear Stress
◦ Shear Energy
◦ Von Mises
◦ Von Mises – Hencky
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Distortion Energy (DE) Failure Theory
⚫ Originated from observation that ductile materials stressed
hydrostatically (equal principal stresses) exhibited yield
strengths greatly in excess of expected values.
⚫ Theorizes that if strain energy is divided into hydrostatic
volume changing energy and angular distortion energy, the
yielding is primarily affected by the distortion energy.
Fig. 5–8
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Distortion Energy (DE) Failure Theory
⚫ Theory: Yielding occurs when the distortion strain energy per
unit volume reaches the distortion strain energy per unit volume
for yield in simple tension or compression of the same material.
Fig. 5–8
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Deriving the Distortion Energy
⚫ Hydrostatic stress is average of principal stresses
⚫ Strain energy per unit volume,
⚫ Substituting Eq. (3–19) for principal strains into strain energy
equation,
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Deriving the Distortion Energy
⚫ Strain energy for producing only volume change is obtained by
substituting av for 1, 2, and 3
⚫ Substituting av from Eq. (a),
⚫ Obtain distortion energy by subtracting volume changing
energy, Eq. (5–7), from total strain energy, Eq. (b)
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Deriving the Distortion Energy
⚫ Tension test specimen at yield has 1 = Sy and 2 = 3 =0
⚫ Applying to Eq. (5–8), distortion energy for tension test
specimen is
⚫ DE theory predicts failure when distortion energy, Eq. (5–8),
exceeds distortion energy of tension test specimen, Eq. (5–9)
Von Mises Stress
⚫ Left hand side is defined as von Mises stress
⚫ For plane stress, simplifies to
⚫ In terms of xyz components, in three dimensions
⚫ In terms of xyz components, for plane stress
Distortion Energy Theory With Von Mises Stress
⚫ Von Mises Stress can be thought of as a single, equivalent, or
effective stress for the entire general state of stress in a stress
element.
⚫ Distortion Energy failure theory simply compares von Mises
stress to yield strength.
⚫ Introducing a design factor,
⚫ Expressing as factor of safety,
Sy
n
Failure Theory in Terms of von Mises Stress
⚫ Equation is identical to Eq. (5–10) from Distortion Energy
approach
⚫ Identical conclusion for:
◦ Distortion Energy
◦ Octahedral Shear Stress
◦ Shear Energy
◦ Von Mises
◦ Von Mises – Hencky
Sy
n
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DE Theory Compared to Experimental Data
⚫ Plot von Mises stress on
principal stress axes to
compare to experimental
data (and to other failure
theories)
⚫ DE curve is typical of data
⚫ Note that typical equates to
a 50% reliability from a
design perspective
⚫ Commonly used for
analysis situations
⚫ MSS theory useful for
design situations where Fig. 5–15
higher reliability is desired
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Shear Strength Predictions
⚫ For pure shear loading, Mohr’s circle shows that A = −B =
⚫ Plotting this equation on principal stress axes gives load line for
pure shear case
⚫ Intersection of pure shear load line with failure curve indicates
shear strength has been reached
⚫ Each failure theory predicts shear strength to be some fraction of
normal strength
Fig. 5–9 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 5-1
Example 5-1
Example 5-1
Example 5-1
Fig. 5−11 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
