BC Calc Memorization Sheet

b
V =  r 2 Derivatives
dx Integrals Trig Identities Volume
a
d
( uv ) = uv + vu x n +1 tan x =
sin x Disc
 x dx = n + 1 + C , n  −1
Prod. n
dx cos x b

t bt  − tb V =   r 2 dx
Quot. d
= sin x + cos x = 1
2 2
a


1
dx b b2 dx = ln x +C tan 2 x = sec2 x − 1 Washer
x
f ( u ) = f  ( u ) u (R − r 2 ) dx
d u b
Chain
dx  dx = ln u +C V = 2
u a

f ( g ( x ) )= f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x )
d
or
e dx = e x + C Cross Section
x
dx b
d n V =  A dx
x = nx n −1 ax
 a dx = ln a + C
x a
dx
d 1 d u
ln x = , ln u =
dx
d
x
1
dx u
 cos x dx = sin x + C Second Fundamental Theorem
log a x =
 f ( t ) dt = f ( v ) v − f ( u ) u
d v
dx x ln a  sin x dx = − cos x + C dx u

 sec x dx = tan x + C
d x d x
e = ex , a = a x ln a
2
dx dx
d
dx
sin x = cos x  tan x dx = − ln cos x + C
w ( h1 + h2 )
1
Area of Trapezoid A =
d
cos x = − sin x  cot x dx = ln sin x + C 2
dx Riemann Sum (add areas of rectangles)
d
tan x = sec2 x
 sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
 csc x dx = − cot x + C
dx 2
d
cot x = − csc2 x
dx
d
 csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C Alt. Series Error: error  an+1 (the next term)
sec x = sec x tan x u Lagrange Error:
a
1 u
dx dx = arctan + C
f(
n +1)
( z )( x − c )
n +1
d
csc x = − csc x cot x +u
2 2 a a
u error  where f ( n +1) ( z )
( n + 1)!
dx
 a 2 − u 2 dx = arcsin a + C
u
d 1
arcsin x = is a maximum between x and c
dx
1 − x2 Parts  u dv = uv −  v du
d 1
arctan x =
dx 1 + x2  ln x dx = x ln x − x + C Elementary Series
f ( x + x) − f ( x) x 2 x3 xn
f ( x) = lim ex = 1 + x + + +  + + 
x →0 x Logistic . 2! 3! n!
f ( x) − f (a)
f (a) = lim = kP ( M − P ) ( −1) x 2n+1 + 
n
dP x3 x5
x →a x−a sin x = x − + −  +
( 2n + 1)!
dt
f (a + h) − f (a) M = carrying capacity 3! 5!
f  ( a ) = lim
( −1) x 2n + 
n
h →0 h Fastest growth is when x2 x4
cos x = 1 − + −  +
P= M .
1
2
2! 4! ( 2n ) !

Taylor Series Euler’s

f  ( c ) f  ( c ) f ( n) ( c ) dy
y = mx
f ( x ) = f ( c ) + f  ( c )( x − c ) + ( x − c) + ( x − c ) +  + ( x − c ) + 
2 3 n x y
dx
2! 3! n!
Maclaurin Series ( Taylor series with c = 0 )
Average Rate of Change: AROC = f (b) − f (a) (slope between two pts)
b−a
Inst. Rate of Change: IROC = f  ( c ) (slope at a single point)

Mean Value Thm.: f (c) = f (b) − f (a) (find c where msec = mtan ) Must be cont. on  a, b and differentiable on ( a, b )
b−a
 f ( x ) dx  avg. height = area 
b

Average Value of a Function: f avg =

a
 
b−a  width 
Intermediate Value Thm.: A function f that is continuous on  a, b takes on every y-value between f ( a ) and f ( b ) .
Extreme Value Thm.: A function f that is continuous on  a, b has both an abs. min. and an abs. max. on the interval.
Definition of Continuity: A function f is continuous at an x-value c if and only if lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) .
− +
x→c x→ c

Squeeze Theorem: If f ( x )  g ( x )  h ( x ) for all x  c in some interval containing c and if lim f ( x ) = L = lim h ( x ) ,
x→c x→c

then lim g ( x ) = L.
x→c

1 + ( f  ( x ) ) dx =  ( ) +( )
b t2 2 2
Arc Length = 
2 dx dy
dt
a t1 dt dt
parametric, vectors

( ) ( ) ( ) +( )
2 2 2 2
Speed = v ( t ) = v ( t ) dt = 
t2 t2

dx
+ dy Speed is inc. when Total Dist. = dx dy
dt
dt dt t1 t1 dt dt
vectors vel. and acc. have vectors
the same sign. d  dy 
dy
 
1 2 2 d2y dt  dx 
Polar Area =  d =
dy
2 1
r Parametric Derivatives: = dt
dx
, dx
dx dx 2
dt dt

Polar Conversions: r 2 = x 2 + y 2 , x = r cos  , y = r sin  ,  = arctan

y
x

Tests for Convergence/Divergence

nth term test div. if lim an  0 (cannot be used to show convergence)
n →

a
Geom. series test  ar
n =0
n
r  1 → conv. , r  1 → div. , S =
1− r

1
p -series n
n =1
p
p  1 → conv. , p  1 → div.

Alternating series alternating with decr. terms and lim an = 0 → conv.

n →

f ( x ) must be positive, continuous, and decreasing

 
Integral test  
an = f ( n ) a
n =1
n conv. if 1
f ( x ) dx conv., a
n =1
n div. if 1
f ( x ) dx div.

an +1 a a
lim  1 → conv. , lim n +1  1 → div. , (inconclusive if lim n +1 = 1)
Ratio test n → an n → a n → a
n n

(works well for factorials and exponentials)

a series with terms smaller than a known convergent series also converges
Direct Comparison a series with terms larger than a known divergent series also diverges
(both series must be positive)

an
if lim is finite and positive both series converge or both diverge
n → bn
Limit Comparison (use with "messy" algebraic series, usually compared to a p -series)
(both series must be positive)