DRILLING.
DRILLING OPERATIONS.
Discuss the following to detail:
a) Drilling machine and their types.
b) Safety during drilling operations.
c) Different drills used in drilling
d) Different types of drilling operations.
e) Types of drilling bits.
f) Drilling procedures.
g) Finishing processes after drilling.
Drilling Machine and Their Types:
A drilling machine is a tool used to create holes in various materials. There are several types of
drilling machines:
1. Portable Drilling Machine: These are handheld machines used for small-scale drilling
operations. They are lightweight and versatile.
2. Bench Drilling Machine: Fixed to a bench or a stand, these machines are suitable for
medium-sized holes and repetitive drilling tasks. They offer stability and precision.
3. Radial Drilling Machine: These machines have an arm that can be moved around,
allowing drilling at different angles and positions. They are suitable for large and heavy
work pieces.
4. Sensitive Drilling Machine: Designed for precise and delicate drilling operations, these
machines are used in workshops and laboratories for small-scale work.
5. Automatic Drilling Machine: These machines are programmed to perform drilling
operations automatically, often used in mass production settings for high efficiency.
Safety During Drilling Operations:
Safety is crucial during drilling operations to prevent accidents and injuries. Some safety
measures include:
1. Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as goggles, gloves, and
ear protection.
2. Securing the work piece properly to prevent it from moving during drilling.
3. Ensuring the drill bit is properly secured in the chuck and not damaged.
4. Keeping hands away from the drilling area while the machine is in operation.
5. Using clamps or vises to hold the work piece securely.
6. Following manufacturer's instructions and safety guidelines specific to the drilling
machine being used.
DRILLING.
Different Drills Used in Drilling:
Various types of drills are used in drilling operations, including:
1. Twist drills
2. Center drills
3. Spade drills
4. Countersinks
5. Counter bores
6. Step drills
7. Forstner bits
8. Hole saws
Different Types of Drilling Operations:
Drilling operations can vary based on the desired outcome and the materials being drilled.
Some common types include:
1. Plain drilling
2. Counter boring
3. Countersinking
4. Reaming
5. Tapping
6. Boring
7. Spot facing
Types of Drilling Bits:
Drilling bits come in various shapes and sizes, each designed for specific applications. Some
common types include:
1. Twist drill bits
2. Brad point drill bits
3. Spade drill bits
4. Auger drill bits
5. Masonry drill bits
6. Hole saw drill bits
7. Step drill bits
DRILLING.
Drilling Procedures:
Drilling procedures involve several steps to ensure accurate and efficient hole creation,
including:
a) Selecting the appropriate drill bit for the material and desired hole size.
b) Securing the work piece using clamps or vises.
c) Setting the drilling machine to the correct speed and feed rate.
d) Aligning the drill bit with the desired drilling location.
e) Applying lubricant or coolant to the drill bit to reduce friction and heat.
f) Starting the drilling operation slowly and steadily, applying consistent pressure.
g) Removing the drill bit periodically to clear chips and debris.
Finishing Processes After Drilling:
After drilling, additional finishing processes may be required depending on the application,
including:
a) Deburring: Removing burrs and sharp edges from the drilled hole.
b) Cleaning: Removing any residual coolant or lubricant from the workpiece.
c) Surface treatment: Applying coatings or finishes to the drilled surface for protection or
aesthetics.
d) Inspection: Checking the dimensions and quality of the drilled hole to ensure it meets
specifications.
e) Further machining: Performing additional operations such as tapping or reaming if
necessary.
Essential inspection procedures:
Visual Inspection:
- This involves visually examining the drilled holes for any defects such as burrs, surface
irregularities, or deviations from the intended location and dimensions.
Dimensional Inspection:
- Measurement tools such as calipers, micrometers, or depth gauges are used to verify the
dimensions of the drilled holes, including diameter, depth, and positional accuracy. Any
deviations from the specified tolerances are noted.
Geometric Inspection:
- Geometric features of the drilled holes, such as roundness, straightness, and
perpendicularity, may be inspected using specialized measurement tools like roundness
testers or coordinate measuring machines (CMMs).
DRILLING.
Surface Roughness Measurement:
- Surface roughness of the drilled hole may be measured using a surface roughness tester to
ensure it meets the required finish specifications.
Deburring Inspection:
- If deburring is required, the drilled holes are inspected to ensure that any burrs or sharp
edges have been properly removed. This can be done visually or by running a finger
along the edge of the hole to detect any remaining burrs.
Material Integrity Inspection:
- For critical applications, non-destructive testing methods such as ultrasonic testing or dye
penetrant inspection may be performed to ensure the structural integrity of the drilled
holes and surrounding material.
Cross-Sectional Examination:
- In some cases, particularly for drilled holes in composite materials or assemblies, cross-
sectional examination may be conducted to assess the internal structure and quality of the
drilled hole.
Documentation and Recordkeeping:
- Inspection results are documented, including any deviations from specifications, and kept
as part of quality records for traceability and quality assurance purposes.
CALCULATION OF SPEED FEED AND TIME FOR DRILLING.
To calculate the speed, feed, and time during drilling on a drilling machine, you need to consider
several factors including the material being drilled, the diameter of the drill bit, and the desired
outcome (such as hole depth). Here's a general guideline for calculating these parameters:
1. Speed (RPM - Revolutions Per Minute): The speed of the drill is determined by the
material being drilled and the diameter of the drill bit. The appropriate speed can often be
found in machining handbooks or online references, but a general formula for calculating
the speed (in RPM) is:
Speed (RPM) = Cutting Speed (m/min) ×1000
π×Drill Diameter (mm)
Where:
Cutting Speed is the recommended cutting speed for the material being drilled (in
meters per minute).
Drill Diameter is the diameter of the drill bit (in millimeters).
DRILLING.
2. Feed Rate (mm/rev - Millimeters per Revolution): The feed rate is the distance the
drill advances for each revolution. It depends on the material being drilled and the desired
outcome. Again, specific recommendations can be found in machining handbooks or
online references. However, a typical formula for calculating feed rate is:
Feed Rate (mm/rev) = Feed per Tooth (mm)
Number of Flutes Feed per Tooth (mm)
Where:
Feed per Tooth is the distance the drill advances in one revolution (in
millimeters).
Number of Flutes is the number of cutting edges on the drill bit.
3. Drilling Time: Drilling time can be calculated using the formula:
Time (min)=Hole Depth (mm)
Feed Rate (mm/rev) ×Speed (RPM)Time (min)
Where:
Hole Depth is the desired depth of the hole (in millimeters).
Remember, these formulas provide general guidelines. Always refer to the manufacturer's
recommendations for the specific drilling machine and the material being drilled. Additionally,
adjust these parameters based on the specific conditions of your drilling operation, such as
coolant use, machine rigidity, and tool condition.
DRILLING.
PARTS OF A DRILL
DRILLING.
PARTS OF A DRILLLING MACHINE.
