COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

PRELIMS | W EEK 1  Scalable: provides structure for supporting large

programs
INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON AND  Integrated
PROGRAMMING BASICS  Expressive language

Python Python Interpreter

 Popular programming language Types:

 Created by Guido Van Rossum in 1980 and
released in 1991  PyCharm
 Uses:  Python IDLE
o Web development (server-side)  The Python Bundle
o Software Development  pyGUI
 Sublime Text
o Mathematics
o System Spacing Two Modes to Use
 High level language
 Open-source scripting language InteractiveWithout passing python script to the
 Case sensitive language interpreter
Directly execute code to Python
 One of the official languages of google
(command line)
History Script In this mode source code is stored in
a file with the .py extension and use
 Developed by Guido Van Rossum in late the interpreter to execute the contents
eighties to early nineties at National Research of the file.
Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science To execute the script by the
in Netherlands interpreter, you have to tell the
 Derived for other language (ABC, Modula-3, C+ interpreter the name of the file
+, Algol-68, SmallTalk, and Unix shell, etc.) Python Syntax Vs Other language
 Python is copyrighted and available in GNU  Python is designed for readability and some
General Public License similarities to English language with influence of
 Maintained by a core development team mathematics
 Python 1.0 -Nov 1994  Python uses new lines to complete a command,
 Python 2.0- 200; Python 2.7.11 – latest edition of as opposed to other programming language
Python 2 which often use semicolons or parentheses
 Python 3.0 – 2008; not backward compatible  Python relies on indention, using whitespaces, to
with P2; removes duplicate programming define scope; such as the scope of loops,
constructs and module; Python 3.5.1 – latest functions and classes. Other programming
version languages often use curly brackets for this
Advantages purpose

 Works on different platforms Python Character Set

 Simple syntax like English language  It is a set of valid characters that a language
 Syntax that allows developer to write programs recognize.
with fewer line than some programming o Letters: A-Z, a-z
languages o Digits : 0-9
 Runs on an interpreter system, code is executed
o Special Symbols
as soon as it is written, prototyping is very quick
o Whitespace
 Treated in procedural; way, an object-oriented
way or a functional way Tokens
Characteristics  Token: Smallest individual unit in a program is
 Interpreted – source code is compiled to byte known as token.
code as .pye file- then interpreted  There are five types of token in python:
 Interactive o 1. Keyword
 Object oriented programming language o 2. Identifier
 Easy and simple o 3. Literal
 Portable o 4. Operators
o 5. Punctuators

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COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

1. Keyword

 Reserved words in the library of a language.

 There are 33 keywords in python

2. Identifier

 The name given by the user to the entities like

variable name, class name, function-name etc

Rules

1. It can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a

to z) or uppercase (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an
underscore.
2. It cannot start with a digit.
3. Keywords cannot be used as an identifier.
4. We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $,
%, + etc. in identifier.
5. _ (underscore) can be used in identifier.
6. Commas or blank spaces are not allowed within
an identifier. 4. Operators
3. Literals  An operator performs the operation on
 Literals are the constant value. operands. Basically there are two types of
 Literals can be defined as a data that is given in operators in python according to number of
a variable or constant operands:

Types: Unary Performs the operation on one

operand
Numeric Immutable + unary plus
Ex: 5, 6.7,6+9j - unary minus
String Formed by eclosing a text in quotes ~ bitwise complement
We can use both single as well as Not logical negation
double quoted for a string Binary Performs operation of on two
Ex: “Aman” ‘kapoy’ operands
Boolean 2 values
True or False
Special Only one special literal: none 5. Separator or punctuator
None- specify that field that is not  : , ; () {} []
created; used for end of lists in python
Literal Tuples, lists, doctionaries Mantissa and Exponent Form:

A real number in exponent form has two parts:

 Mantissa : It must be either an integer or a

proper real constant.

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COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

 Exponent : It must be an integer. Represented compare two values

by a letter E or e followed by integer value. Multi-Line Multiline comments can be written in
Comment more than one lines. Triple quoted ‘ ’ ’
or “ ” ”) multi-line comments may be
used in python. It is also known as
docstring
Example:
‘’’ This program will calculate the
average of 10 values.
First find the sum of 10 values
and divide the sum by number of
values
‘’’

Basic Terms in Python Programming

1. Block and Indentation

 Python provides no braces to indicate blocks of

code for class and function definition or flow
control.
 Maximum line length should be maximum 79
characters.
 Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation,
which is rigidly enforced. Multi-Line Statements
 The number of spaces in the indentation is
variable, but all statements within the block must  Statements in python typically end with a new
be indented the same amount. line
 for example –  However, python allows the use of the line
continuation character (\) to denote that line
if True: should continue
 Statements contained within {},[],() brackets fo
print(“True”)
not need to use the line continuation character
else:

print(“False

2. Statements

 a line which has instructions or expressions

3. Expressions
Multiple Statements on a Single Line
 a legal combination of symbols and values that
produce a result  The semicolon (;) allows multiple statements on
 Generally, it produces a value a single line given that no statement starts a new
code block
4. Comments

 Not executed
 Explain a program and make a program and
make a program understandable and readable
 All characters after the # and up to the end of Quotation in Python
the physical line are part of the comment and the  Python accept single (‘) , double (“) and triple (‘’’
Python interpreter ignore them or “””) quotes to denote string literals, as long as
Single This type of comments start in a line the same type of quote starts an ends the string
Line and when a line ends, it is  The triple quotes are used to span the string
Comment automatically ends. Single line across multiple lines
comment starts with # symbol.
Example: if a>b: # Relational operator

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COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

Multiple Statement Group as Suites

 Group of individual statements, which make a

single code block are called suites in Python
 Compound or complex statements, such as if,
while, def, and class require a header line and
suite
 Header lines begin the statement (with the
keyword) and terminate with a colon (:) and are
followed by one or more line which make up a
suite

Rules for Python Variables

1. Must start with a letter or the underscore

character
2. Cannot start with a number
Variable 3. Can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscore
 Reserved memory location to store values 4. Case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE)
 When you create a variable, you reserve some
space in the memory LValue
 Name location that refers to a value and whose
 A value of an expression
value can be used and processed during
 LHS of the expression
program execution
 It is created the moment you first assign a value RValue
to it
 Dynamic Typing- does not need to be declared  A value of an expression
with any particular type and can even change  RHS
type after the have been set

Input

Assigning Values  Input()- method used to take input from the user
 Returns a value of a string type
 Variables don’t need explicit declaration to
reserve memory space.
 Declaration happens automatically when you
assign a value to a variable
 Allows you to assign a single value to multiple
variables

 Assign multiple values to multiple varaibe;s

Type Casting
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COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

 Convert one data into another type DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS
 Done using a constructor functions
Operators

 Constructs which manipulates the value of

operands
 4 + 5 = 9 : 4 and 5 are the operands, + is the
operator

Data Types

Primitive

1. Numbers

 Store numeric values

 3 types: int, float, complex

Output using print()

a. Integer

 Object- one or multiple objects separated by a  Int and Boolean

comma  Int: int or integer is a whole number, positive or
 Sep- sep argument specifies the separator negative, without decimals
character or string; it separates the
objects/items; by default, adds space in between
items when printing
b. Float
 End- determines the ed character that will be
printed at the end of the print line; newline  Float or floating point number
character (\n)  Number, positive or negative, containing one or
more decimals
 Can be also scientific numbers with an “e” to
indicate the power of 10

PRELIMS | W EEK 2

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COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

c. Complex

 Written with a j as the imaginary part

 Real and imaginary part of a number can be
accessed through the attributes real and imag

2. Relational – compare values; either returns true or

false bases on the condition

d. Boolean

 2 values: true and false

 True: has value of 1 3. Logical – assume variable ‘a’ holds True and variable
 False: has value of zero ‘b’ holds false then

2. String

 Sequence of characters represented in the

quotation marks 4. Bitwise – acts on bits and performs bit by bit
 Python allows for either pairs of single or double
operation
quotes
 Python does not have a character data type, a
single character is simple a string with a length
of one.
 The python string store Unicode characters
 Each character in a string has it’s own index
 String is immutable data type means it can never
change its value in place

Collection Data Type

 Versatile data structures In python that is used to

stroe collections of items
 Types:
o List
o Tuple
5. Assignment- used to assign values to the variables
o Set
o Dictionary

Basic Operators in Python

1. Arithmetic – to perform mathematical operations

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COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

 Whenever two or more operators have the same

precedence, the associativity defines the order
of operation

PRELIMS | W EEK 2

6. Other special Operators DECISION MAKING AND LOOPING STATEMENTS

 Identify Operators – compare the memory Decision Making

locations of two objects  Is about deciding the order of execution of
statements based on certain conditions
 Decision structures evaluate multiple extensions
which produce TRUE or FALSE as outcome

 Membership Operators – test for membership

in a sequence such as strings, lists, or tuples

IF Statement

 Similar to other languages

 Contains a logical expression using which the
data is compared and a decision is made based
on the results of the comparison
Operator Precedence  If the Boolean expression evaluates TRUE, then
the block of statement(s) inside the statement is
 Describe the order in which operations are executed
performed when an expression is evaluated  In python, statements in a block are uniformly
 Operators with higher precedence perform the indented after the “:” symbol.
operation first  If Boolean evaluates to FALSE, the first set of
code after the end of the block is executed
Operator Associativity

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COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

ELIF Statement

 Allows you to check multiple expressions for

TRUE and execute a block of code as one of the
conditions to evaluate to TRUE
 Similar to else, the elif statement is optional
 There can be an arbitrary number of elif
statement

IF….ELSE Statements

 Else statement can be combined with an if

statement
 Else statement contains a block of code that
executes if the conditional expression in the if
statement resolves to ) or FALSE
 The else statement is an optional statement and
there could be at the most only one else
statement following if

Nested IF Statements

 For situations where you want to check another

condition after a condition resolves to true.
 You can have an if…elif…else construct inside
another if…elif…else construct
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COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

Types

1. While Loop

 Repeatedly executes a target statement as long

as given condition is true
 Here, statements may be a single statement or a
block pf statements with uniform indent
 The condition may be any expression, and true
is any non-zero value
 The loop iterates while the condition is true;
when false the program control passes to the
line immediately following the loop
 All statements indented by the same number of
character spaces after a programming construct
are considered to be a part of a single block of
code
 Python uses indention as its method of grouping
statements

Single Statement Suites

 If the suite of an if clause consists only of a

single line, it may go on the same line as the
header statement

Loops

 Execute a set of statements repeatedly until a

particular condition is satisfied

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COMP 133 | Sir JOFER Keziah Arcenas ECE 1C

Infinite Loop o stop: Generate numbers up to, but not

including last number.
 A loop becomes an infinite loop if a condition
o step: Difference between each number
never becomes false
in the sequence.
 You must be cautious when using while loops
because of the possibility that this condition
never resolves to a false value
 This results in a loop that never ends
 Useful in client/server programming where the
server needs to run continuously so that client
Uses of Range Function
programs can communicate with it as when
required 1. Range (Stop)
Single Statement Suites  By default, It starts from 0 and increments by 1
and ends up to stop, but not including stop
 Similar to if statement syntax, if your while
value.
clause consists only of a single statement, it may
be placed on the same line as the while header

2. for Loop Statements

 Has the ability to iterate over the items of any

sequence, such as a list or a string
 If a sequence contains an expression list, it is
evaluated first
 Then, the first item in the sequence is assigned
to the iterating variable iterating_var 2. range(start,stop)
 Next, the statements block is executed
 It starts from the start value and up to stop, but
 Each item in the list is assigned to iterating_var,
not including stop value.
and the statements block is executed until the
entire sequence is exhausted

Range() Function
3. range(start,stop,step)
 it generates a list of numbers, which is generally
used to iterate over with for loop. range( )  Third parameter specifies to increment or
function uses three types of parameters, which decrement the value by adding or subtracting
are: the value.
o start: Starting number of the sequence.

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1. Break Statement

 break statement terminates the loop

unconditionally
 : If the break statement appears in a nested
loop, then it will terminate the very loop it is in
i.e. if the break statement is inside the inner loop
then it will terminate the inner loop only and the
outer loop will continue as it

Loop else Statement

 The else statement of a python loop executes

when the loop terminates normally.
2. continue statement
 The else statement of the loop will not execute
when the break statement terminates the loop.  With the continue statement we can stop the
current iteration, and continue with the next
 The else clause of a loop appears at the same iteration
indentation as that of the loop keyword while or
for

3. Nested Loop

 A loop inside another loop

Sample Codes

Jump Statements

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