Underdevelopment in Northeast India
Introduction
Northeast India, comprising eight states—Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura—boasts rich cultural diversity, natural resources,
and strategic importance. However, despite its potential, the region remains one of the least
developed parts of the country. Underdevelopment in Northeast India is a result of historical
neglect, geographical constraints, inadequate infrastructure, political instability, and social
challenges. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that includes
economic reforms, better connectivity, and social integration.
Historical and Geographical Constraints
One of the primary reasons for underdevelopment in Northeast India is its geographical
isolation. Surrounded by international borders with China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and
Bhutan, the region has limited access to mainland India, with the Siliguri Corridor (or
“Chicken’s Neck”) being the only narrow land connection. This makes transportation and
trade difficult, increasing economic dependence on other parts of India.
Historically, the region was well-integrated with the economies of Southeast Asia and Bengal
before Partition in 1947. However, the loss of direct access to the Chittagong port in
present-day Bangladesh severely impacted trade and commerce. Post-independence, the
region did not receive the same level of industrial and infrastructural development as other
parts of India, further deepening its economic backwardness.
Economic Challenges
Despite being rich in natural resources, including oil, coal, tea, and hydroelectric potential,
Northeast India struggles with economic stagnation. Several factors contribute to this:
1. Lack of Industrialization: The region lacks large-scale industries due to poor
infrastructure, inadequate investment, and logistical difficulties. The absence of a strong
manufacturing sector has led to a reliance on agriculture and government jobs.
2. Agricultural Issues: Agriculture remains the primary livelihood for many, but it
is largely unorganized and dependent on traditional methods, leading to low productivity.
Jhum (shifting) cultivation, though a part of indigenous culture, has led to deforestation and
soil degradation.
3. Unemployment and Migration: The lack of job opportunities forces many
youths to migrate to other parts of India, leading to brain drain and further weakening local
economies.
4. Dependence on Central Funds: The states of Northeast India heavily rely on
financial aid from the central government, limiting their economic self-sufficiency and growth.
Infrastructure and Connectivity Issues
Poor infrastructure is a major obstacle to development. The region has limited railway
connectivity, poor road networks, and underdeveloped air transport. Many rural areas remain
isolated due to inadequate transport and communication facilities, making trade and
investment difficult. While efforts like the North East Special Infrastructure Development
Scheme (NESIDS) and the Act East Policy aim to improve connectivity, progress has been
slow.
Political Instability and Insurgency
Political instability and insurgency have been significant challenges in Northeast India. Many
ethnic groups have long demanded autonomy or independence due to perceived neglect by
the central government. While some insurgent groups have entered peace agreements,
sporadic violence and ethnic conflicts still disrupt development efforts. The presence of the
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in certain areas has also created tensions
between security forces and local communities, affecting social harmony and investment
opportunities.
Social and Cultural Challenges
1. Ethnic Diversity and Conflicts: Northeast India is home to hundreds of ethnic
communities with distinct cultures and traditions. While this diversity is a strength, it has also
led to inter-ethnic conflicts and demands for separate states, hampering overall
development.
2. Illegal Migration: Migration from neighboring countries, particularly
Bangladesh, has led to demographic changes and tensions, particularly in Assam and
Tripura. This has led to political unrest and resource competition.
3. Limited Access to Education and Healthcare: Many areas still lack quality
educational institutions and healthcare facilities, affecting human resource development.
Literacy rates are high in some states like Mizoram, but access to higher education and
specialized medical care remains limited.
Government Initiatives and the Way Forward
The Indian government has launched several initiatives to address the underdevelopment of
the Northeast:
• Act East Policy: Aims to improve trade and connectivity between Northeast
India and Southeast Asia.
• North East Industrial Development Scheme (NEIDS): Encourages industrial
investment with subsidies and incentives.
• Bharatmala and North East Road Sector Development Scheme: Focus on
improving road connectivity.
• Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Programs: Encourage youth
employment and self-reliance.
Recommendations for Development
1. Infrastructure Development: Prioritizing roads, railways, and digital
connectivity will boost trade and investment.
2. Encouraging Private Investment: Special economic zones (SEZs) and tax
incentives can attract businesses.
3. Sustainable Agriculture and Industry: Modernizing agriculture and promoting
eco-friendly industries like tourism and handicrafts can generate employment.
4. Resolving Conflicts through Dialogue: Peace and stability are crucial for
long-term growth. The government should continue engaging with local leaders and
insurgent groups to find lasting solutions.
5. Education and Skill Development: Strengthening higher education institutions
and vocational training centers will equip the youth with better job opportunities.
Conclusion
Underdevelopment in Northeast India is a complex issue caused by historical, geographical,
economic, and socio-political factors. While significant progress has been made, much more
needs to be done to integrate the region fully into India’s growth story. Sustainable
development, improved connectivity, and socio-political stability are key to transforming
Northeast India into a prosperous and self-sufficient region. Addressing these challenges
with a focused and inclusive approach will not only benefit the region but also enhance
India’s overall economic and strategic strength.
