FUNCTIONS B RELATIONS

1A SET NOTATION

A set is basically a collection of things When

we are sketching graphs our sets are a collection

of unique numbers To denote a set

you list
each element and surround this list with
Carly
brackets 1,2 3 4,5 is a set of numbers
e.g
To say that a variable x is an element of
some set A we use the symbol E and
can
express this as x E A
The intersection of sets is expressed
using
the A symbol while the union of sets is
expressed using the U symbol If A 1 2,3
and 13 3 4,5 then ANB 33 while
AUB I 2,3 4,5

SETS OF NUMBERS
There are some used sets which
commonly
can use in Methods
you
or
IR for real numbers
2 for integers whole numbers
N for Natural numbers all positive whole
numbers
 INTERVAL NOTATION
What if we wanted to include all
numbers between 2 and 3 We could
use x 2 E x 3 However interval
notation allows to this to
us simplify
2,3 In interval notation closed
brackets mean that the interval is
inclusive of endpoints Open brackets
indicate that an interval is exclusive
of endpoints The
interval 2,3 would
include number between 2 and 3
any
2 and 3
excluding

For A 1,2 3,7 and B 3,4 5.6.73

Find
a AMB 3,7
b AVB I 2,3 4,5 6,7

Illustrate each of the following intervals

of real numbers
a C 2,3 e C 3,0

s it o i i s s y s lat
 1B DESCRIBING RELATIONS 31 FUNCTIONS

A relation is a set of ordered pairs i e a

set of
ordinates points or
co or
any equation
graph More generally the word relation indicates
that there is a relationship between x and
y
A function is a relation such that for each
x value there is only one corresponding y value

n n function
Not a

function

Note If a vertical line can be drawn anywhere

on the graph and it ever intersects the
only
graph a maximum of once then the relation
is a
function
 In order to define a function we use the

following notation
The domain we can restrict a
The nameof function here
the function we
are defining f IR IR f x x

In Methods this The rule of

will always be IR the function
real numbers

RESTRICTIONS
X
X n
n f x x
gex
1,1 I l

Even though and h have the same rule they are

f g
different functions due to their defined domains
 For f x 2 2 x
find
213 219 3 21
a
f 3 3

2 2 214
b
fl 2 2 2 2 6

2
c
f x 1 2 x 1 x 1

2 x 1 x 1 x 1

2x 2 x 1 x 1
2
2 2x 2x 2 x 1
2 2
3 1

Consider the function f x 2 4 ER

a
find f a
fly and feel
f 2 212 4
51 11 26 1 y
0 6

f t Zt 4

b For what values of t is

flt t
t
fit
t 2t 4
t 4 i 7 4
 Sketch the graph and state the range
IR f
a
f 2,4 x 2x 4
find endpoints of straight
line fl 2 26 2 4
closed 00 8
endpoints d
4
y
i Ron f C 8,4
i
g

b C 1,2 IR x x2
g g
We know it's a parabola
2,4
open find end points
endpoint fl 1 CD I
C1 1 0
f z z 4
0,0
i Ron 0,4
g
 IC TYPES OF FUNCTIONS IMPLIED DOMAINS
One to one functions are the most
arguably
focused type function in Methods A function
of
is one to one if different x values map to
different y values The easiest way to determine
if a function is one to one is to use the
horizontal line test

I n
7

not one to one one to one one to one

IMPLIED DOMAINS
If the domain of a function is not specified
then the domain is the
largest subset of
IR
for which the rule is defined

The cases need to watch out

only you really
for are
square roots and denominators
 HYBRID FUNCTIONS
Functions that have different rules for different
subsets of their domain are called hybrid
functions or
piecewise functions

B EVEN FUNCTIONS
ODD

An odd function has An even function has

the algebraic property the algebraic property
fl x f x
fl x
f x

r r

odd functions Geometrically even functions are

Geometrically
repeat themselves every go symmetrical about the y axis
 Which of the following are one to one

a x2 b 2 1
y r n
y
n

not one to one one to one

5
c f x d
y
x
n

c one to one

not one to one

9
e
y
x
f y x
Tx E C 3,3 n
one to one

go
y

0
 Find the implied domain and the correspond
the functions with rules
ing range for

a
f x 2x 3

b f x I ya x EIR 2 ran
f Rt

6 C
c
f x xt dom f 6,0 ran
f Cosa

I I ran
f Co 21

e h 5 t 8 x
x x
f
dom f Css
x E CS a t x e ca g

f f x x2 7 12

x 3 x 4
x
x 3 x 4 20
o
f 4

This occurs when x E 9,3 U 4,0

 Sketch the of the function f
graph

Fx ft I
1
for O Exel
12
r 7

i II
8
I

NCAA 2012 697

The
range of the function f C 2,3 IR

f x x2 2x 8 is

A IR B C 9 5 C C 5,0
C 9,0 E C9 5

VCAA 2014 807

The linear function f D IR fix 4 x

has C 2,6 The domain D is

range y y X
I I E E
A C 2,6 B C 2,2 C IR

2,6 E C 6,2
 ID SUMS B PRODUCTS OF FUNCTIONS
Functions like numbers can be added subtracted
multiplied or divided

If f and represent two different functions then

g
ft g x
fix t
ga
f g x f x g
x

fg x f x g
x

fix
g
x

glx
The domain of two functions fond g that
have been added subtracted or multiplied is
equal to the intersection n of domf and
dom i e the x values that are common
g
If the functions have been divided then the
domain of x
g
is also the intersection n
with the exception of the x values that

make
ga o

dom ft g x dom
f n
dong
dom dom
fg x n
f dong
dom
f x dom f n
dong ga O
 ADDITION OF ORDINATES
The easiest way to do this without CAS
is to lightly sketch both functions on the
same set of axes Label x and intercepts
y
Then ruler to the axis
use
your parallel y
to add subtract values to from each other
y

Sketch the graph n

of Cf g x where

f and
glx it
x x

flat E 4 0.25

glEK.IT IO S6
E

y value 1 3
Sketch the graph of
f x Xtl x 3 2x r
g 1
and hence the of 1
graph
ft g x

u v
 If f x x z
for all x 2 and

g
x 14 x
for all x 4 find
b fig
a
fig s

F z FI FtT D
domftg cz.gg
c
fg d f 3

F Fx F ri
A
dom 2,43
fg
 IE COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
A composite function function inside
is a

of another function For if we let

example
fix 3 2 and x x then
g
2
fly x
fog G 3 2
The input of f x is x
g
and

g f
x
got x 3 2

The input of g x is f x

The domain of xD is dom

NOTE fly g
ALSO NOTE
Generally fly x
g Cf
x

The function if the

flycx only exists
subset of the
range of
is
glx a
domain of f x ran
inner
I domoutter
 SKETCHING COMPOSITE GRAPHS

Usually fix gives the general shape of the

graph fly x

If you are asked to sketch

fight
1 Choose a value of x i e x 4
2 Find the corresponding y value i e
g 4 2

3 Find the new corresponding value

y
i e
f 21 5
4 Plot the point as Xinitral yfinal ie 4,5
S Repeat over the domain provided for
the inside function i.e
glx

Sketch and
glf x where
g
x x'ti
f x ix
gCf a A I

glflxlkx.tl
7
 Find both and
fog got stating the domain
and of each where
range
fi IR R f x 2 1 and
g
IR IR
g6 3x
dom ran
fog to be defined
f IR IR
range domf
IR 10,0 dom IR
g fog
213 4 62 I
g of defined rant e dong'd fly x 1

i dom
got R i ran
fog El a

g of op
i ran
2
x 3 2 172 6 3 2 1 12 12 3 x 61
g
For the functions x 2 1 x EIR and
g
f x X X 20
state which of and is defined
a
dom
fog got
Rtu 03 Co
ran
fog defined
f a check
range domf fog
is

IR IR not defined
g
g of defined
ran
f e
dong
b For the composite function that is defined
state the domain and rule
2 Vx 1
g of 25 1 dom
got 0,0
E 1,0
g of
ran
 For the functions f x x 1 X EIR
and x lx X 20
g
State not
g of
a is defined
why
dom
f IR Cosa
dong
ran
f Fi ay ran
g Co a

e
i ran
f dong
b Define a restriction of f such that f
g of
is defined and find got
n fix
ran f e
dong
of i i
dom
ft
o i a

NCAA 2021 567

Let x xt z and f x x 4
g
h
If is the composite function given by
h C S IR h x then the
1 x
flyin
range of h is G define Cas
graph on CAS
Analyse
A C 3,5 B C 3,5 C C 3,5
D C 4,5 OE C 4,5
 NCAA 2017 407 31 107 3 att
Let f Co a IR fix
a Let a a IR x x 4 3 c co
g g
Find the largest possible value of c such that
the domain
range of g is a subset of the
of f
for flycx to be defined
n n

range
dom f Co a

let's and
plot gox
see what x values produce
O a this occurs when
rang
x E L a 3 u C 1,0 3

b For the value of c found state the

range of fly x

fly Al EIF
Txt
nflyall
f gall xtz

dom
fog 9 3
i i 7 x
I
i L a
ran
fog i

L
 IF INVERSE FUNCTIONS
The inverse of a function is a function
with its x and coordinates swapped Geometrically
y
it is the reflection of a function over the
line x this useful for sketching
y
An inverse function will only exist if the

original function is a one to one

function

f x is the notation used to represent

an inverse function

dom
f ran
f
dom f
ran
f
F x
y

f x
 FINDING THE RULE
To find the rule of the inverse function
you
x and In most cases the
simply swap y
rather
question won't give y they will
givef x In this case we must let
then swap and inverse
y fix for
x
y
You MUST write this
for SAC's
31 VCAA Exams

SKETCHING INVERSES

1 Sketch x
y
2 the and intercepts
Interchange x
y
asymptotes and the coordinates of any
given points
3 Sketch the mirror reflection over
image
y
x
of the curve

4 The domain and will

interchange
range
you restrict your sketch if needed
ensure
5 Solving for intersection of f and f is
often easily done
by solving f x x

rather than f x
fix
 Use this shortcut with caution This method

only works if the function is in quadrant 1

tor example find the points of intersection

between f x x and its inverse f x

finding the
intersection between

solving for
inverse f x
f x

should always be
done this
way
ESPECIALLY if
have
you
CAS

Notice how our

shortcut doesn't
produce all points

of intersection
This is better
demonstrated through

graphing
 Find the inverse function f of
2
f x 3
let f x x 2y 3
y x and 3
Swap x
y y
x 3
i
f x 2

Find the inverse of the following functions

stating domain and range for each
IR
a
f 2,17 f x 2 3

let fix
yinverse
for Y
ran
f Eid
x
2yt3
i
f xp dom
f
l
E S

b s x 5
g
x x
sp
let glx s_y
y
For inverse x
y 5
x y dom la o

c h x
Fy
x2 Z X 21
y s I ran s a

let h x dom hi E 3,2

y
For inverse x ran ht El a
y
x 2 h
y plot x

x 2 31 analyse range
y
 Find the inverse the function with
of
rule f x 31 2 4 and sketch both
functions on one set of axes 17
35
519 3533117
00
0,352
4 t
Intersection
fix x

31 2 4 x

g 1 2 734
352 4,0
2 434
y't 2 4 9 1
4 2
O X 17
i x 3 33 17
2
 IG POWER FUNCTIONS

Power functions are those of the form

f x x where r is a rational number

f x x when n is odd and positive

As the value x3
of any
n increases the graph xs
y
becomes
sharper and
moves closer to
the x axis

f x x when n is even and positive

x
Again as the value of my
n increases the graph
becomes
sharper and
moves closer to
the x axis
 f x x when n is odd and negative

As the value of x's

y
n increases the graph
y
x's
becomes
sharper and
moves closer to
the x axis

f x x when n is even and positive

Again as the value of

n increases the graph
x't
becomes and y
sharper y x 4

moves closer to
the x axis
These functions
are root functions
and
only exist
for x 20
 HYPERBOLAS
Recall The general form of a
hyperbola is
Dilation factor
effects shape 31
orientation b
a t x c
y
Horizontal
asymptote at vertical asymptote
yea at x c u

i b is positive

TRUNCUS
Recall The general form of a truncus is
Dilation factor
effects shape 31
orientation b
y
a x c f
Horizontal
asymptote at Vertical asymptote s
a
y at x c

The
range of
the
graph
is E Casa or E C a a
y y
depending on the reflection it is positive
i e
if b o or be o
 INCREASING B DECREASING FUNCTIONS
We say a function We say a function
f is
strictly increasing f is
strictly decreasing
on an interval if on an interval if
Xz x implies f x2 fly x x implies f a fly

r e

This function f is
gift
strictly increasing on
a the interval C at
a
u and a a and
strictly
on the
decreasing
interval b a
 For the function f with the rule fix Is
a state the maximal domain and the corresponding

range
IR 03
dom
f 1121203
ran
f
b Evaluate
i f z
Is Iz lil fl 2 s
Iz

E
iii f Is 32 iv fl E 32

c Sketch fix without CAS

es'd
0
a I 3 4 s 6 g a no 9
Est

0
 Let fi IR IR f x x's and
Rt U 03 IR x x
g g
a Find the values of x
for which fix g x

x Xt
Xt Xt 0
we need to pull a factor out
x's 1 x 0

If we aren't sure what power x x x

will be left use our

knowledge of index laws
Xt x xt to
a
x's x
2
x3 0 of 1 Xt 0
a L x O E I I
9 3 x

b Sketch the of y fix and

graphs y gG
on the same set of axes

19
5 7
 Find the inverse of each of the following
a
f R IR
f x xs
let x x
y y
swap y for inverse Sfx
y
b f l o o IR f x x

let x x
y y
for inverse A
swap tag y
IR IR 8 3
c
f f x

let x x Sy
y 3
swap x'y for inverse I y
WE y i
y BE
VCAA 2021 2.3 3

graph of y 1 3 z on the
a Sketch the
axes below Label any asymptotes and intercepts
x2 y int x 0
1 C1 2
1 E
x int o
y 1
0 1 2 z

y't x

b Find the values of x

for which I 3 223

I s x 220 beguysemptoite