CLASS XII 2025-26 PHYSICS (THEORY)
UNIT CHAPTERS MARKS
Unit–I Electrostatics
Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields
Chapter–2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 16
Unit-II Current Electricity
Chapter–3: Current Electricity
Unit-III Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter 17
Unit-IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter–7: Alternating Current
Unit–V Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves
Unit–VI Optics 18
Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Chapter–10: Wave Optics
Unit–VII Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Unit–VIII Atoms and Nuclei 12
Chapter–12: Atoms
Chapter–13: Nuclei
Unit–IX Electronic Devices
Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and 7
Simple Circuits
Total 70
Unit I: Electrostatics
Electric charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force between two- point charges, forces
between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field,
electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole,
torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and
its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
Chapter–2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and
system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two-
point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, free
charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization,
capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance
of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy
stored in a capacitor (no derivation, formulae only).
Unit II: Current Electricity
Chapter–3: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and
their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear),
electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependence
of resistance, Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination
of cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge.
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment.
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight solenoid (only
qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two
parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current
loop in uniform magnetic field; Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole
moment, moving coil galvanometer- its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and
voltmeter.
Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter
Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only), magnetic
field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its
axis (qualitative treatment only), torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform
magnetic field (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field lines.
Magnetic properties of materials- Para-, dia- and ferro – magnetic substances with examples,
Magnetization of materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Self and
mutual induction.
Chapter–7: Alternating Current
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and
impedance; LCR series circuit (phasors only), resonance, power in AC circuits, power factor,
wattless current. AC generator, Transformer.
Unit V: Electromagnetic waves
Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves
Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their
transverse nature (qualitative idea only).
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays,
gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit VI: Optics
Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of
light, total internal reflection and optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces,
lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens,
combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and
refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Chapter–10: Wave Optics
Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of
plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and
refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young's double slit
experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation final expression
only), coherent sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a
single slit, width of central maxima (qualitative treatment only).
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations;
Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
Experimental study of photoelectric effect
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei
Chapter–12: Atoms
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model
of hydrogen atom, Expression for radius of nth possible orbit, velocity and
energy of electron in nth orbit, hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment
only).
Chapter–13: Nuclei
Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation
with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.
Unit IX: Electronic Devices
Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas
only) Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors- p and n type, p-n junction
Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,
application of junction diode -diode as a rectifier.
