NATURAL

DISASTER
MITIGATION
Geography Y11 With Ms Ditha
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
DISASTER AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT CYCLES
 In Law No. 24 of
Definition of 2007 also defines
Disaster natural disasters,
non-natural
disasters, and social
According to law no. 24 of 2007 disasters
concerning Disaster Management,
The basic aspects, namely:
disaster is an event or series of 1. The occurrence of events or
events that threatens and disrupts disturbances that threaten and
people's lives and livelihoods damage (hazard).
caused, both by natural and/or 2. The event or disturbance
non-natural factors as well as threatens the life, livelihood and
human factors, resulting in human functioning of the community.
casualties, environmental damage, 3. The threat causes casualties
loss of property, and psychological and exceeds the community's
ability to cope with their
impact.
resources.
Types and Characteristics
of Disasters

Geological Natural Disaster

Climatological Natural
Disaster
Extraterrestrial Natural
Disaster
 Geological Natural Disaster:
Volcano Eruption
Indonesia is prone to volcanic eruptions
because:
It is located on the Ring of Fire
It lies at the convergence of major
tectonic plates
It has a very high number of active
volcanoes
It experiences high magma activity
 Geological Natural Disaster:
Volcano Eruption

Characteristics of volcanic eruptions:

- Usually there are warning signs and predictable
- Can damage building structures
- Lava flows can cause fires
- The distribution of volcanic ash can reach a large
area
- Lava floods can occur if accompanied by rain
Volcanic
1. Normal
signal
level in 2. Waspada
Indonesia 3. Siaga
4. Awas
 Geological Natural Disaster:
Landslide

Map Maping
Distribution News!

As maps distorts the distance

and size of the Earth's surface,
different projections are
created.
Geological Natural Disaster:
Landslide
Geological Natural Disaster:
Landslide
Natural Factor Human Factor
Geological conditions: Land cover that weakens the soil, like
Weathered rocks (easily broken rocks) damaged or unprotected land
Sloping or layered soil Vibrations from: Earthquakes, Explosions,

Map
Layers of clay between rocks
Cracks in the ground (faults and joints)
Machines, Vehicle traffic
Cutting cliffs or hills during rock mining on
Earthquakes steep slopes
Rock layers and volcanoes Dumping soil or materials on slopes
Climate: Failure of supporting walls (retaining walls)
Heavy rainfall Cutting down forests (deforestation)
As maps distorts the distance
Topography: Building fish ponds on hillsides
Farming without proper irrigation planning
Steep hills or mountains
and
Watersize of the Earth's surface,
conditions: Building cities or villages without following
regional planning rules (like RUTR), which can
different projections
Poor water drainage areflow out)
(water cannot
cause problems in the future
Pooled or collected water
created.
Deep soil erosion
Poor water drainage systems on slopes
Dissolved soil
Water pressure from underground
(hydrostatic pressure)
The signs of landslides
are as follows:
Cracks appear on the slope, going in the same
direction as the edge of the cliff.
Usually happens after heavy rain.
Sudden appearance of new water springs on the
slope.
The cliff becomes brittle, and small rocks
(pebbles) start to fall.
During the rainy season, water usually collects,
but just before a landslide, the water disappears
suddenly.
Doors and windows become hard to open or
close.
A large section of the ground suddenly sinks or
collapses.
Trees or electricity poles look tilted or leaning.
The yard or inside of the house suddenly sinks or
drops down.
"Are soil movement
and landslides the
same?"
Geological Natural Disaster:
Earthquake

Earthquakes are one of the most

powerful and impactful natural events
on Earth. An earthquake happens when
there is movement or a sudden release
of energy in the Earth's crust. This article
will give you basic information about
earthquakes, including their causes,
types, effects, and how to prevent or
reduce the damage.
Maping Distribution
Earthquakes can
be caused by:
Subduction Movement: This happens
when one tectonic plate moves under
another plate. The pressure that builds
up is eventually released, causing an
earthquake.
Lateral Movement: This happens when
two tectonic plates slide past each
other. The friction between them causes
an earthquake.
Pressure Release: Rocks in the Earth's
crust can build up pressure over time.
When this pressure is suddenly released,
it causes an earthquake.
Think about it The characteristics of
an earthquake are as
follows:
- Takes place in a very
Earthquakes can be divided into several types: short time
Tectonic Earthquakes: These are caused by the - Specific incident
movement of tectonic plates. locations
Volcanic Earthquakes: These happen because - The result can be
of volcanic activity and the release of volcanic catastrophic
gas pressure. - Potential to reoccur
Collapse Earthquakes: These occur when large - Can not be predicted
rocks inside the Earth suddenly collapse. - Can not be prevented
Deep Earthquakes: These happen deep inside a but the consequences can
tectonic plate, far from the surface, and often be reduced
have stronger impacts.
Earthquake Sceme
How can we prepare ourselves for
an earthquake, both at school
and at home?

What can the government and

society do to reduce the risks
of damage caused by earthquakes?
Geological Natural Disaster:
Tsunami

A tsunami is a series of big ocean waves caused by

sudden movements under the sea. These
movements can happen because of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, or landslides. When the ocean
floor suddenly moves, it pushes a large amount of
water and creates waves that travel very fast
across the ocean.
At first, a tsunami may not look big in deep water,
but when it gets closer to the shore, the waves
become much taller and more dangerous.
Tsunamis can flood coastal areas, destroy
buildings, and cause many deaths and injuries.
 Characteristic
of Tsunami
a) The speed of a tsunami depends on the
depth of the sea and the force of gravity in
that area.
b) The height of a tsunami wave is
inversely proportional to its speed. This
means that when the tsunami moves very
fast (usually in deep water), the wave
height is only a few tens of centimeters.
On the other hand, near the coast where
the speed becomes slower, the wave
height becomes much higher. it can reach
tens of meters.
Climatological Natural
Disaster: Flood

A flood happens when water covers

land that is usually dry. It often occurs
when there is too much rain, rivers Types of Floods
River Flood: Happens when rivers
overflow, or when a dam or levee overflow due to heavy rain or melting
snow.
breaks. Floods can cause serious Flash Flood: A sudden and fast flood,
often caused by heavy rainfall in a short
damage to homes, roads, and the
time.
environment. Urban Flood: Occurs in cities when
drainage systems can't handle excess
rainwater.
Coastal Flood: Caused by storms, high
tides, or tsunamis affecting coastal areas.
 Causes of
Floods

Heavy Rainfall: Too much rain at once

can flood rivers and streets.
Blocked Drainage Systems: Trash or
poor infrastructure can block water
flow.
Deforestation: Fewer trees mean less
water absorption by the ground.
Climate Change: Rising temperatures
increase rainfall and sea levels.
Melting Snow or Ice: In some places,
rapid melting causes rivers to flood.
 Floods Impacts

Impact
Map
Impacts of Floods
Human Loss: Injury or death, especially
during flash floods.
As maps distorts the distance
Property Damage: Homes, buildings, and
and size of the Earth's surface,
vehicles may be destroyed.
Transportation Problems: Roads, bridges,
different projections are
and railways can be damaged.
created.
Waterborne Diseases: Floods can spread
bacteria and viruses through dirty water.
Economic Loss: Businesses close, and crops
may be ruined.
Floods Maping
Climatological Natural Disaster: Storm
a natural phenomenon caused by intense atmospheric disturbances on land and water.

Tornadoes are eddies of air that move at

A tropical cyclone is a system of eddies
speeds between 72 and 400 km/h. The vortex
that usually form in the oceans with an
is in the form of a spiral funnel. Tornadoes are
average radius of about 150 to 200 km.
especially dangerous because they can lift
Tropical cyclones form over large oceans
large objects, such as buildings and trees.
which generally have warm sea surface
Tornadoes also commonly occur in southern
temperatures (more than 26.5°C). Canada, south-central and eastern Asia, east-
Tropical cyclones have a great effect on central Latin America, South Africa,
the occurrence of strong winds, heavy northwestern and central Europe, Italy,
rains for hours, even days which can cause western and southern Australia, and New
floods, high waves, and storm surges. Zealand.
The characteristics of the
arrival of a tornado:
- the sky looks black or cloudy;
- hail occurs around the area (usually the duration is 20-25 minutes);
- after a rainstorm the atmosphere will be calm but the sky is getting
darker;
- clouds move fast so they surround our area; Tornado winds can be
- the appearance of a tornado can be heard. At first the sound was like classified based on the level
of damage, because the
a waterfall, but after a while it turned into a very loud jet-like sound;
speed is relatively difficult to
- Remember that tornadoes usually move from southwest to northeast. calculate, Tornado level
classification uses the Fujita
They also move in the east, southeast, north, and even northwest Scale
directions
 What is the difference between a
Storm, Tropical Cyclone, and Tornado?

A storm is any severe weather condition with strong

winds and precipitation, a tropical cyclone is a large,
powerful storm that forms over warm ocean waters,
and a tornado is a small but extremely violent
rotating column of air that touches the ground.
 Climatological
Natural Disaster:
Drought

Drought is the availability of

water that is far below the
water requirement to meet the
needs of life.
The effects of drought include
crop failure, unemployment,
hunger, forest fires, soil
damage, outbreaks of disease,
to the extinction of animals and
plants.
 Classification of
drought by cause
Natural Consequences
- Meteorological Drought; related to the level of rainfall below
normal in one season.
Due to Human
- Hydrological Drought; related to the shortage of surface water - The demand for water
and groundwater supplies. is greater than the
- Agricultural Drought; related to the lack of soil moisture (water planned supply due to
content in the soil), so that it is not able to meet the needs of certain
plants in a certain period of time in a large area.
user disobedience to
- Socio-Economic Drought; related to droughts that have an impact cropping patterns or
on socio-economic life, such as: damage to crops, livestock, water use patterns.
fisheries, reduced electricity from hydropower, disruption of smooth - Damage to water
water transportation, and decreased supply of raw water for
domestic and urban industries.
catchment areas and
- Hydrotopographic Drought; related to changes in river water level water sources due to
between the rainy and dry seasons and the topography of the land. human activities.
Climatological Natural
Disaster: Forest fires
Forest fires are forest burning events, both
caused by natural processes and human
activities. Naturally, forest fires generally
occur during the dry season and can be
caused by lightning strikes, methane gas
escaping from coal outcrops on
peatlands, and incandescent lava from
volcanic eruptions.
 Extraterrestrial
Natural Disaster
Extraterrestrial natural disasters are natural
disasters caused by forces or energy
originating from outside the earth. These
disasters occur due to asteroids, meteoroids,
and comets passing near the earth, entering
the earth's atmosphere, and/or hitting the
earth, and by changes in interplanetary
conditions that affect the earth's
magnetosphere, ionosphere, and
thermosphere.
 Disaster
Management Cycle
According to Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster
Management, the implementation of disaster management is a series
of efforts that include the establishment of development policies
that pose a risk of disaster, disaster prevention activities, emergency
response and rehabilitation.
According to Regulation of the Head
of the National Disaster Management
Agency (BNPB) Number 4 of 2008
concerning Guidelines for Preparing
Disaster Management Plans, a series
of disaster management activities can
be described through a cycle as
shown in the following figure.
 MITIGATION PLANING
In general, planning in disaster management is carried out at each of the following stages:

Pre-disaster Stage
1) In a non-disaster situation 2) In situations where there is a potential for a
a) Disaster management planning. disaster to occur
b) Prevention is carried out by reducing the threats a) Preparedness.
and vulnerabilities of the parties at risk of disaster. b) Early warning, carried out to take quick and
c) Guidance in development planning, carried out by appropriate action to reduce the risk of a disaster, as
the government or local government through well as prepare emergency response actions.
coordination, integration and synchronization c) Disaster mitigation, carried out to reduce disaster
d) Requirements for disaster risk analysis risk for people who are in disaster-prone areas.
e) Spatial planning implementation and enforcement In a situation where a disaster does not occur, a
f) Education and training as well as disaster disaster management plan is prepared.
management technical standard requirements
 MITIGATION PLANING
In general, planning in disaster management is carried out at each of the following stages:

Emergency Response Stage

Post-Disaster recovery phase
Implementation of disaster management during the emergency response includes:
Implementation of disaster management at the
1) Quick and accurate assessment of the location, damage and resources to identify the
post-disaster stage includes:
scope of the disaster location, number of victims, damage to infrastructure, disruption
1) Rehabilitation, through activities to improve
to public and government service functions, and natural and artificial resource
the environment in the disaster area, repair of
capabilities.
infrastructure, assistance for housing repairs,
2) Determination of disaster emergency status
socio-psychological recovery, health services,
3) Rescuing and evacuating disaster-affected communities through search and rescue
reconciliation or conflict resolution,
of victims, emergency aid, and evacuation of victims
restoration of socio-economic culture,
4) Fulfillment of basic needs includes: the need for clean water and sanitation, food,
restoration of security and order, restoration
clothing, health services, psychosocial services, and shelter and shelter
of government functions, and restoration of
5) Protection of vulnerable groups, namely by giving priority to vulnerable groups in
functions of public services .
the form of rescue, evacuation, security, health services, and psychosocial
2) Reconstruction, carried out through better
6) Immediate recovery of vital infrastructure, carried out by repairing or replacing
development activities
damage caused by the disaster
 MITIGATION PLANING
Principles in Disaster Management

Based on Law Number 24 of 2007 there are principles in disaster management, namely as follows
1) Fast and precise;
2) Priority;
3) Coordination and integration;
4) Efficient and effective;
5) Transparency and accountability;
6) Partnership;
7) Empowerment;
8) Non-discriminatory;
9) Nonproletisi (prohibited from spreading religion or belief)
 MITIGATION PLANING
Disaster Management Goals

Disaster management aims to:

a. Provide protection to the community from the threat of disaster
b. Align existing laws and regulations
c. Guarantee the implementation of disaster management in a planned, integrated,
coordinated and comprehensive manner
d. Respect local culture
e. Building public and private participation and partnerships
f. Encouraging the spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, generosity
g. Creating peace in the life of society, nation and state.
 Flashback question:

1. Did you know that Indonesia often experiences

natural disasters? What is the reason?
2. What natural disasters have you personally
seen? Describe in detail what happened?
3. What should be done when a natural disaster
occurs?
4. In your opinion, can humans adapt to
environmental conditions after natural disasters?
 KEYNOTE PRESENTATION

Market

DISASTER PRONE AREAS IN THE

SPREAD OF THE REGION
INDONESIA AND INSTITUTIONS Trends
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Do you know what a disaster- Feedback

prone area is?
Ads
Indonesia is at the
confluence of three
tectonic plates, namely
the Eurasian plate, the
Pacific plate and the
Indo-Australian plate
A disaster-prone area (hazard region)
is an area on the surface of the earth
that is prone to natural disasters due to
natural or non-natural processes.
Disaster vulnerability is the level of
possibility of a disaster object to
experience disruption due to natural
disasters.
Calculation of Indonesia's disaster-
prone index (IRBI) is a disaster analysis
tool in the form of an index that shows
the real history of disasters that have
occurred and caused losses.