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Network Layer Deep Hinglish Notes

The document provides an overview of the Network Layer, detailing its services such as logical addressing, routing, packet forwarding, and fragmentation. It discusses various routing algorithms including static and dynamic routing methods, as well as congestion control principles and algorithms. Additionally, it compares IPv4 and IPv6, highlighting the limitations of IPv4 and the advantages of IPv6 in terms of address availability and security.

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21 views2 pages

Network Layer Deep Hinglish Notes

The document provides an overview of the Network Layer, detailing its services such as logical addressing, routing, packet forwarding, and fragmentation. It discusses various routing algorithms including static and dynamic routing methods, as well as congestion control principles and algorithms. Additionally, it compares IPv4 and IPv6, highlighting the limitations of IPv4 and the advantages of IPv6 in terms of address availability and security.

Uploaded by

m82964107
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Layer - Deep Hinglish Notes

1. Network Layer Services

Network Layer ka kaam hai data ko ek network se dusre tak bhejna. Isme logical addressing (IP address),

routing (best path select karna), packet forwarding (next hop pe bhejna), aur fragmentation/reassembly (bade

packets ko chhota karna) shamil hain.

2. Routing Algorithms

Optimality Principle: Agar router J best path mein aata hai I se K ke beech, toh J se K ka path bhi best hoga.

Static Routing: Routes manually set hote hain, network change hone par auto update nahi hota.

Shortest Path: Dijkstra algorithm ka use karke minimum cost ka rasta nikalte hain.

Flooding: Har packet har outgoing link pe bheja jaata hai, guaranteed delivery hoti hai but congestion bhi

hota hai.

Dynamic Routing:

- Distance Vector: Har router apne neighbors ko distance table bhejta hai (Bellman-Ford).

- Link State: Router poore network ka map banata hai aur Dijkstra algorithm se shortest path nikalta hai.

3. Congestion Control

Jab network mein zyada traffic hota hai toh congestion hota hai. Isse bachne ke liye:

Principles: Early detection, fairness, efficiency.

Policies: Admission control, traffic shaping, packet dropping.


Network Layer - Deep Hinglish Notes

Algorithms:

- Leaky Bucket: Fixed rate se data nikalta hai, burst control karta hai.

- Token Bucket: Tokens collect hote hain, aur har packet bhejne ke liye token chahiye.

4. IPv4

IPv4 32-bit address use karta hai (e.g. 192.168.0.1). Around 4.3 billion addresses milte hain. Simple hai, par

address khatam ho gaye hain. Security built-in nahi hoti.

5. IPv6

IPv6 128-bit address use karta hai (e.g. 2001:db8::1). Bohot saare addresses milte hain (kabhi khatam nahi

honge). Fixed header, better security, aur NAT ki zarurat nahi hoti.

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