Chapter 15 and Chapter 16

adaptation artificial selection behavioral isolation common descent descent with modification directional selection disruptive selection evolution fitness fossil founder effect gene pool genetic drift genetic equilibrium geographic isolation Hardy-Weinberg principle homologous structure inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding principle that all living things have a common ancestor principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves Form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two. changes over time ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population combined genetic information of all the members of a particular ppopulation random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations situation in which allele frequencies remain constant Form of reproductive isolation in which two population are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water. principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

natural selection natural variation polygenic trait relative frequency reproductive isolation single-gene trait speciation stabilizing selection struggle for existence survival of the fittest temporal isolation theory vestigial organ

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; survival of the fittest Differences among individuals of a species trait controlled by two or more genes number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring trait controlled by a single gene formation of new species form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life. process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; natural selection form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times well-tested explanation Organ that serves no useful function

Chapter 1 and Chapter 2

Acid Activation energy Adhesion Amino acid Asexual reproduction Atom Base Biology Buffer Carbohydrate Catalyst Cell Cell culture Cell fractionation Chemical reaction Cohesion Compound Compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution Energy needed to get a reaction started Attraction between molecules of different substances Compound with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself Basic unit of matter Compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution Science that seeks to understand the living world Weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life Group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell Technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals Attraction between molecules of the same substance Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

Compound light microscope Controlled experiment Covalent bond Data Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Electron Electron microscope Element Enzyme Homeostasis Hypothesis Inference Ion Ionic bond Isotope Lipid Manipulated variable Metabolism

Microscope that allows light pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image A test of the effect of a single variable by changing it while keeping all other variables the same Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms Evidence; information gathered from observations Nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose Negatively charged particle device that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen Substance consisting entirely of one type of atom Protein that acts as a biological catalyst Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment Possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question Logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience Atom that has a positive or negative charge Bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another Atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element Macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms like fats, oils and waxes Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes (aka independent variable) Set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks downmaterials as it carries out its life processes

Metric system Microscope Mixture Molecule Monomer Monosaccharide Nucleic acid Nucleotide Nucleus Observation pH scale Polymer Polysaccharide Product Protein Reactant Responding variable Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of 10. Device that produces magnified images of structure that are too small to see with the unaided eye Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined. Smallest unit of most compounds Small unit that can join together with other small units to for polymers Single sugar molecule Macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base The center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons Use of one or more of the senses sight, hearing, touch, smell, and sometimes taste to gather information Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution ranging from 0-14 Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers Large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides Element or compound produced by a chemical reaction Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction Factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe (aka dependent variable) Single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Science Sexual reproduction Solute Solution Solvent Spontaneous generation Substrate Suspension Theory Van der Waals forces

Organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world Process by which two cells from different parents unite tot produce the first cell of a new organism Substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution Mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution Disproven hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving matter Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction Mixture of water and nondissolved materials Well-tested explanation A slight attraction that develops between the ooppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

Chapter 3 and Chapter 4

Abiotic factor Algal bloom Aphotic zone Autotroph Benthos Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biome Biosphere Biotic factor Canopy Carnivore Chemosynthesis Climate Coastal ocean Commensalisms Community Physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem An immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient Permanently dark layer of the oceans below the photic zones Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds (aka producer) Organisms that live attached to or near the ocean floor Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another Total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level Group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities Part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air Biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem Dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall rain trees. Organism that obtains energy by eating animals Process by which some organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates Average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region Marine zone that extends from the low tide mark to the end of the continental shelf Symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed Assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area

Competitive exclusion principle Coniferous Consumer Coral reef Deciduous Decomposer Denitrification Detritivore Detritus Ecological pyramid Ecological succession Ecology Ecosystem Estuary Evaporation Food chain Food web Greenhouse effect

Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time Term used to refer to trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles Organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply (aka heterotroph) Diverse and productive environment named for the coral animals that makes up its primary structure Term used to refer to a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year Organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter. Conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas Organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter. Particles of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of an estuarys food web Diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web Gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment Collection of all organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment Wetlands formed where rivers meet the ocean Process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmosphere Series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earths atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

Habitat Herbivore Heterotroph Humus Kelp forest Limiting nutrient Mangrove swamp Microclimate Mutualism Niche Nitrogen fixation Nutrient Omnivore Parasitism Permafrost Photic zone Photosynthesis Phytopolankton

The area where an organism lives Organism that obtains energy by eating only plants Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; (aka consumers) Material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter Coastal ocean community named for its dominant organism kelp Single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limitng the growth of organisms in an ecosystem Coastal wetland dominated by mangroves, salt-tolerant woody plants Climate within a small area that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship Full range of physical and biological conditions in which and organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia Chemical substance that an organism requires to live Organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it Layer of permanently frozen subsoil in the tundra Well-lit upper layer of the ocean Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reaction that convert H2O and CO2 into O2, sugar and starch Population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton

Pioneer species Plankton Polar zone Population Predation Primary productivity Primary succession Producer Resource Salt marsh Secondary succession Species Symbiosis Temperate zone Transpiration Trophic level Tropical zone Understory

First species to populate an area during primary succession Tiny, free-floating, weakly swimming organisms that occur in aquatic environments Cold climate zone where the suns rays strike Earth at a very low angle Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism Rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds (aka autotrophs) Any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space. Temperate-zone estuary dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low tide line and by seagrasses under water Succession following a disturbance that destroys aa community without destroying the soil Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Relationship in which two species live closely together Moderate climate zone between the polar zones and the tropics Loss of water from a plant through its leaves Step in a food chain or food web Warm climate zone that receives direct or nearly direct sunlight year round Layer in a rain forest formed by shorter trees and vines

Weather Wetland Zonation Zooplankton

Condition of Earths atmosphere at a particular time and place Ecosystem in which water either covers the soil, or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year Prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat Tiny animals that form part of the plankton

Chapter 5 and Chapter 6

Acid rain Age-structure diagram Agriculture Aquaculture Biodiversity Biological magnification Carrying capacity Conservation Deforestation Demographic transition Demography Density-dependent limiting factor Density-independent limiting factor Desertification Ecosystem diversity Emigration Endangered species Rain containing nitric and sulfuric acids Graph of the numbers of males and females within different age groups of a popoulation The practice of farming Farming of aquatic organisms the sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere Increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web Largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support Wise management of natural resources , including the preservation of habitats and wildlife Destruction of forests Change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates Scientific study of human populations Limiting factor that depends on population size Limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size In areas of dry climates, a process caused by a combination of poor farming practices, overgrazing, and drought that turns productive land into desert Variety of habitats, living communities, and ecological processes in the living world Movement of individuals out of a population Species whose population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues

Exponential growth Extinction Genetic diversity Global warming Green revolution Habitat fragmentation Immigration Invasive species Limiting factor Logistic growth Monoculture Nonrenewable resource Ozone layer Pollutant Population density Predator-prey relationship Renewable resource Smog

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate Disappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range Sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth tody Increase in the average temperatures on Earth Introduction of intensive farming practices that lead to a substantial increase in crop yields Splitting of ecosystems into small fragments Movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population Plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native Factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease Growth pattern in which a populations growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth Farming strategy in which large fields are cleared, plowed, and planted with a single, highly productive crop year after year Resource that cannot be replenished by natural processes Band of ozone, a gaze made up of three oxygen atoms Harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air, or water Number of individuals per unit of area Mechanism of population control in which a population is regulated by predation Resource that can regenerate quickly and that is replaceable Gray-brown mixture of chemicals that occurs as a haze in the atmosphere

Soil erosion Species diversity Subsistence hunting Sustainable use

Wearing away of surface soil by water and wind Number of different species in the biosphere Hunting only to acquire basic necessities for survival Using natural resources at a rate that does not deplete them