CHAPTER TWO

Stress and strain of axially loaded members

Examples
 Examples
1. A hollow circular cylinder is made of cast-iron and has an outside diameter
of 75mm and an inside diameter of 60mm. If the cylinder is loaded by an
axial compressive force of 50KN determine the total shortening in a
600mm length. Also determine the normal stress under this load. Take
P
E=100Gpa.

Given P req.
do=75mm Total shortening,𝛿 =?
di= 60mm Normal stress, 𝜎 =?
L= 600mm
P=50KN
E=100 Gpa
 Cont.
Solution
a. Total shortening, 𝜹
𝑃𝐿
𝜹= ,
𝐴𝐸
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑑𝑜 − 𝑑𝑖 = (75𝑚𝑚)2 − (60𝑚𝑚)2 = 1590.4𝑚𝑚2
2 2
4 4

50 ∗ 103 𝑁 ∗ 0.6𝑚
𝛿= = 0.188 ∗ 10−3 𝑚 = 0.188𝑚𝑚
𝑁
1.59 ∗ 10−3 𝑚2 ∗ 100 ∗ 109
𝑚2

b. Normal stress, 𝝈

p 50 ∗ 103 6
N
σ= = −3 2
= 31.44 ∗ 10 2
A 1.59 ∗ 10 m m
 Cont.
2. The two step steel rod is subjected to three external load as shown in the
figure below. The large and the small sections of the rod have diameter of
30mm and 15mm respectively. Calculate the elongation of the rod. Take
E=200Gpa

𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

500𝐾𝑁 300𝐾𝑁 200KN

𝐷
𝐴 𝐶
𝑩
 Cont.
Given req.
𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑑, 𝛿=?
𝐷𝐶𝐷 = 15𝑚𝑚
𝐿1 = 300𝑚𝑚
𝐿2 = 300𝑚𝑚
𝐿3 = 400𝑚𝑚
𝑝1 = 500𝐾𝑁
𝑝2 = 300𝐾𝑁
𝑝3 = 200𝐾𝑁
E=200 Gpa
 Cont.
Solution
First, compute the normal (axial)
2
force in each segment of the bar
1 3

𝐴 𝐶 𝐷
𝑩
1 2 3

Section -1-1

𝑵𝟏 500KN 300KN
200KN

N1=p1+p3-p2
=500+200-300
=400KN
 Cont.
Section -2-2
N2 200KN
300KN

N2=200-300
=-100KN

Section -3-3
N3 200KN

N3=200KN
 Cont.
𝒑𝟏 𝑳 𝟏 𝒑𝑨𝑩 𝑳𝑨𝑩 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝜹𝟏 = 𝒐𝒓 𝜹𝑨𝑩 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑑 = (30𝑚𝑚)2 = 706.86𝑚𝑚2
𝑨𝟏 𝑬 𝑨𝑨𝑩 𝑬 4 4
400 ∗ 103 𝑁 ∗ 300𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝐴𝐵 = = 0.849𝑚𝑚 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑁
706.86 𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 200 ∗ 103 𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝑑 = (15𝑚𝑚)2 = 176.71𝑚𝑚2
𝑚𝑚2 4 4
𝒑𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝒑𝑩𝑪 𝑳𝑩𝑪
𝜹𝟐 = 𝒐𝒓 𝜹𝑨𝑩 =
𝑨𝟐 𝑬 𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝑬
−100 ∗ 103 𝑁 ∗ 300𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = = −0.212𝑚𝑚
2 3 𝑁
706.86 𝑚𝑚 ∗ 200 ∗ 10
𝑚𝑚2
𝒑𝟑 𝑳 𝟑 𝒑𝑪𝑫 𝑳𝑪𝑫
𝜹𝟑 = 𝒐𝒓 𝜹𝑨𝑩 =
𝑨𝟑 𝑬 𝑨𝑪𝑫 𝑬
200 ∗ 103 𝑁 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝐶𝐷 = = 2.263𝑚𝑚
𝑁
176.71 𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 200 ∗ 103
𝑚𝑚2
Total elongation, 𝛿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝛿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿𝐴𝐵 +𝛿𝐵𝐶 +𝛿𝐶𝐷 = 0.849 − 0.212 + 2.263=2.9mm
 Cont.

3. A flat bar of rectangular cross section is subjected to tensile force p as

shown. It has a length L and a constant thickness t with young’s modulus E.
the width of the bar varies linearly from b1 at end A to b2 at end B.
determine the expression for the axial deformation of the bar.

P L P
A b1 b2 B

Given L req.
Smaller width=b1 Expression for, 𝛿 =?
Larger width=b2
Length=L
Solution
Let’s assume half of the whole section and find the area at some distance x
𝑏2 𝑏1
y − 𝑏2 𝑏𝑖 𝑏1
2 2
𝑏1 𝑏𝑖 𝑏1 = +𝑦
𝑏1
2
2 2 2
2 2 2

x dx
L
=> Use triangle similarity to find the value of y Then, from triangle similarity of
𝐸 triangle ABC and ADE
𝐶 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 𝑦 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 𝑏2 − 𝑏1
= ⇒𝑦= 𝑥
𝑦 2 𝑥 2 2𝐿
𝐴 𝐷 𝑏𝑖 𝑏1 1 𝑏2 − 𝑏1
𝐵 = +𝑦 = 𝑏1 + 𝑥
𝑥 2 2 2 𝐿
𝐿
 Cont.

=> Area of the small deferential element is,

𝑏𝑖
𝐴 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑖 ∗ 𝑡 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑏𝑖 = 2 ∗
2
𝑏2−𝑏1
𝐴 𝑥 = 𝑏1 + 𝑥 *t
𝐿
 Axial deformation of the small element, d𝛿

𝑝𝑑𝑥 𝑝𝑑𝑥
d𝛿 = =
𝐴 𝑥 𝐸 𝑏2 − 𝑏1
𝑏1 + 𝑥 ∗t ∗ 𝐸
𝐿

 Axial deformation of the entire element, 𝛿

𝐿 𝐿
𝑝𝑑𝑥
𝛿= d𝛿 =
𝑏2 − 𝑏1
0 0 𝑏1 + 𝑥 ∗t ∗ 𝐸
𝐿
 Cont.
𝐿
𝑃 𝑑𝑥
δ=
𝑏2 − 𝑏1
…………………………………………1
𝐸𝑡 𝑏1 + 𝑥
0 𝐿
 Solve the above integration using the method of integration by substitution
𝑏2−𝑏1
Let, U = 𝑏1 + 𝑥
𝐿

𝑏2 − 𝑏1
dU = 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
𝐿
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 1
𝑏2 − 𝑏1
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑃 𝑑𝑢 𝑃 𝐿 1 𝑃 𝐿 𝐿
δ= 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 = 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑈
𝐸𝑡 𝑈 𝐸𝑡 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 𝑈 𝐸𝑡 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 0
0 0
 Cont.

Substitute for U
𝐿
𝑃 𝐿 𝑏2 − 𝑏1
= 𝑙𝑛 𝑏1 + 𝑥
𝐸𝑡 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 𝐿 0

𝑃 𝐿
= ln(𝑏2) − ln(𝑏1)
𝐸𝑡 𝑏2 − 𝑏1

𝑃 𝐿 𝑏2
𝛿= 𝑙𝑛
𝐸𝑡 𝑏2 − 𝑏1 𝑏1
 Cont.

4. For the clevis shown below, determine the minimum bolt diameter that will
support a load P=14KN without exceeding shearing stress of 120Mpa.

Given req.
P=14KN minimum bolt diameter, d
𝜏 = 120 𝑀𝑝𝑎
 Cont.
solution

V
P 2V=P => V=P/2
V
𝑉 𝑉 𝑃 14 ∗ 103 𝑁 −3 𝑚2 = 58.33𝑚𝑚2
𝜏= ⇒𝐴= = = = 0.05833 ∗ 10
𝐴 𝜏 2𝜏 2 ∗ 120 ∗ 106 𝑁/𝑚2

Since the cross sectional area of the bolt is circular

𝜋 2 4𝐴 4 ∗ 58.33𝑚𝑚2
𝐴= 𝑑 ⇒𝑑= = = 8.62𝑚𝑚
4 𝜋 𝜋
 Cont.

5. A rod consists of two cylindrical portions Ab and BC is restrained at both

ends. Portion AB is made of brass and portion BC is made of aluminum.
Determine the normal stress induced in portions AB and BC by a
temperature rise of 420 𝐶.
Take 𝐸𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 105𝐺𝑝𝑎, 𝛼𝑏 = 20.9 ∗ 10−6 /𝑜𝐶 and 𝐸𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 72𝐺𝑝𝑎, 𝛼𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 23.9 ∗ 10−6 /𝑜𝐶
Aluminum Brass

40mm diameter 20mm diameter

A B C
1.3m 1.1m
 Cont.

Solution
 Calculate the area of each portion
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑𝐴𝐵 2 = 40𝑚𝑚2 = 1.256 ∗ 10−3 𝑚2 and
4 4
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 20𝑚𝑚2 = 3.14 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2
4 4
 Thermal expansion

P P

𝛿𝑇 = 𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝛼𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑇 + 𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝛼𝑏𝑟 ∆𝑇

= 1.3 ∗ 23.9 ∗ 10−6 /𝑜𝐶 ∗ 42𝑜 𝐶 + 1.1 ∗ 20.9 ∗ 10−6 /𝑜𝐶 ∗ 42𝑜 𝐶

= 2.266mm
 Cont.

 Shortening due to induced compressive force

𝑃𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐿𝐵𝐶
𝛿𝑃 = +
𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐸𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝐵𝐶

𝑃 ∗ 1.3𝑚 𝑃 ∗ 1.1𝑚
= −3 2 9 2
+
1.256 ∗ 10 𝑚 ∗ 72 ∗ 10 𝑁/𝑚 3.14 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ 105 ∗ 109 𝑁/𝑚2

= 0.014 ∗ 10−6 𝑃 + 3.34 ∗ 10−2 𝑃

𝛿𝑃 = 1.43 ∗ 10−4 𝑃
And 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿𝑃
2.266mm = 1.43 ∗ 10−4 𝑃
𝑃 = 15.84 𝑁
 Cont.

 Normal stress in portion AB and BC

𝑃 15.8𝑁 𝑁
𝜎𝐴𝐵 = = = −12,579.6
𝐴𝐴𝐵 1.256 ∗ 10−3 𝑚2 𝑚2

𝑃 15.8𝑁 𝑁
𝜎𝐵𝐶 = = = −50,318.5
𝐴𝐵𝐶 3.14 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 𝑚2
 Cont.

6. An aluminum solid cylinder of diameter 20mm and length L=500mm is

subjected to an axial tensile load of 40KN. If the poison’s ratio is 0.33 and
E=70Gpa what will be the change in diameter of the cylinder.
∆L/2 ∆L/2
∆d/2

P P

∆d/2

500mm
 Cont.

Given req.
D=20mm change in diameter,∆d
L=500mm
P=40KN
𝜐 = 0.33
E=70Gpa
Solution
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝐿
𝜐=− = − ⇒ 𝜖𝐿 = 𝜖𝑎 ∗ 𝜐
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑎
Δ𝐿
And strain 𝜖𝑎 =
𝐿
𝑃𝐿 40∗103 ∗0.5𝑚
Δ𝐿 𝛿 = =𝜋 = 0.909𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐸
4
∗ 0.02 2 𝑚2 ∗70∗109 𝑁/𝑚2
 Cont.
Δ𝐿 0.909𝑚𝑚
𝜖𝑎 = = = 1.82 ∗ 10−3
𝐿 500𝑚𝑚

Then, lateral strain 𝜖𝐿 = −𝜖𝑎 ∗ 𝜐 = −1.82 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 0.33 = −0.6 ∗ 10−3

And lateral strain can be expressed as ,

Δ𝑑
𝜖𝐿 = ⇒ Δ𝑑 = 𝜖𝐿 ∗ 𝑑 = −0.6 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 20mm = −0.012mm
𝑑