Page 1

Ekk=d vkSj foek;sa (UNIT AND DIMENSION)

HkkSfrd jkf”k;k¡ (PHYSICAL QUANTITIES)
os jkf”k;ka ftudks ekid ;a=ksa }kjk ekik tk lds rFkk ftuds }kjk HkkSfrdh ds fu;eksa dk izfriknu fd;k tk lds] ,slh
jksf ”k;ksa dks HkkSfrd jkf”k;ka dgrs gSA nloha d{kk rd geus cgqr lh Hkksfrdh jkf”k;ksa dk v/;;u dj fy;k gSA
tSls yEckbZ osx Roj.k cy] le;] nkc] nzO;eku] ?kuRo vkfn

HkkSfrd jkf’k;k¡ rhu izdkj dh gksrh gS

ewy ;k O;qRiUu HkkSfrd iwjd HkkSfrd

vk/kkj HkkSfrd jkf”k;ka jkf”k;k¡ jkf”k;k¡
1- ewy ¼vk/kkj½ jkf”k;ka (FUNDAMENTAL (BACIS) QUANTITIES)
 ;s ewyHkwr jkf”k;ka gS tks lEiw.kZ HkkSfrdh dks lekfgr djrh gSA
 fdlh Hkh vU; jkf”k dks bls O;qRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSa
 lHkh ewy jkf”k;ka bl izdkj pqu h xbZ gS fd os ,d nwljs ls fHkUu&fHkUu gks vFkkZr ,d nwljs ls LoÙKa= gskA

d
¼tSl%s nwjh (d) le; (t) vkSj osx (v) dks vk/kkj jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa ugha pqu ldrs D;ksfa d ;s rhu V = }kjk
t
lacfa /kr gS½

,d varjkZf ’Vª; laLFkku CGPM : General Conference on weight & measures us fuEu lkr jkf”k;ksa dks ewy
jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa pqukA

yEckbZ le; nzO;eku rki fo|qr /kkjk mn~nhiu rhozrk inkFkZ dh ek=k
(L) (T) (M) (K) (A) (Cd) (mol)
;s jkf”k;ka cgqr gh vk/kkjHkwr jkf”k;ka gSa ¼gekjs xzg ij½ blhfy, bUgsa gh ewy jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa pqu k x;k gSA okLro esa
LorU= jkf”k;ksa ds fdlh Hkh leqPp; dks ewy jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa pquk tk ldrk gS] ftlls vU; lHkh HkkSfrd jkf”k;ka O;qRiUu
dh tk ldsAa

(A) (V) ?kuRo (S) (R) (Cd) (mol)

tSls {ks=Qy osx (p) fof”k’V m"ek izfrjks/k mn~nhiu rhozrk eksy
 Page 2

ds leqg dks Hkh ewy jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa ugha pquk tk ldrk gSA ¼fdlh vU; xzg ij bUgsa ewy jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa iz;ksx Hkh
fd;k tk jgk gksxkA½
ysfdu

(L) (A) (V)

yEckbZ {ks=Qy osx
dks ewy jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa ugh pquk tk ldrk D;ksfa d
{ks=Qy ¾ ¼yEckbZ½2 vr% ;s nksuksa ,d nwljs ls Lora= ugha gSA
2- O;qRiUu jkf”k;ka (DERIVED QUANTITIES)
os HkkSfrd jkf”k;ka ftudks ewy jkf”k;ksa (M,L,T…..) ds inksa eas iznf”kZr fd;k tk lds] mUgsa O;qRiUu jkf”k;ka dgrs gSA vFkkZr~
laoxs
foLFkkiu ML
P = mV = (m) = = M1L1T −1
le; T
;gka [M1L1T −1 ] dks laox s dk foeh; lw= dgrs gS] vkSj ge dg ldrs gS fd laox s esa
M ¼nzO;eku½ dh 1 foek gSA
L ¼ehVj½ dh 1 foek gSA
vkSj T ¼le;½ dh &1 foek gSA
vr% fdlh jkf”k] dk ewy jkf”k;ksa (M,L,T…..) esa izn”kZu dks foeh; lw= dgrs gSa vkSj bl izn”kZu esa ewy jkf”k;ksa ij yxh
?kkrksa dks foek dgrs gSA

3- iwjd jkf”k;k¡ (SUPPLIMENTRY QUANTITIES)

Lkkr ewy jkf”k;ksa ds vykok nks jkf'k;ksa dks iwjd jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA ;s bl izdkj gS &

 leryh; dks.k ¼nks js[kkvksa ds chp dks.k½

 Bksl dks.k

fofHkUu HkkSfrd jkf”k;ksa dh foek,a (DIMENSIONS)

 Å¡pkbZ] pkSM+kbZ] f=T;k] foLFkkiu vkfn ,d izdkj dh yEckbZ;ka gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd budh foek [l] gksxhA

;gk¡ ¼Å¡pkbZ½ dks ^^Å¡pkbZ dh foek** bl izdkj i<+k tkrk gSA

 {kS=Qy ¾ yEckbZ × pkSM+kbZ
vr% {ks=Qy dh foek ¼{kS=Qy½¾¼yEckbZ½ ×¼pkSM+kbZ½
=[L] × [L]
2
= [L ]
o`ÙK ds fy;s
{kS=Qy = πr 2
[{kS=Qy] = [π] [r 2 ]
= [1] [L2 ]
= [L2 ]
 Page 3

;gk¡ π fdlh izdkj dh yEckbZ ;k nzOe;ku ;k le; ugha gSA vr% ;g {kS=Qy dh foek dks izHkkfor ugha djrk pkfg,A
blfy, bldh foek 1(M0L0T 0) gksu h pkfg;s vkSj ge dgsx
a s fd ;g foekghu gksrk gSA bldh rdZ ds vk/kkj ij ge dg
ldrs gSA fd lkjh la[;k,¡ foekghu gksr h gSA

 [vk;ru]¾[yEckbZ]×[pkSM+kbZ]×[Å¡pkbZ]
=L×L×L
3
= [L ]

xksys ds fy;s
4
vk;ru = πr 3
3
4  3
[vk;ru] =  π[r ]
2 
(1) [L3 ] = [L3 ]
vr% vk;ru dh foek [L3] gh jgsxh pkgs ;g ?kukHk dk vk;ru gks ;k xksys dk

fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd jkf”k dh foek ges”kk lkeu jgrh gS] ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj ugha djrh] fdl bl jkf”k ds fy, ge
dkSulk lw= iz;ksx dj jgs gSA
nzO; eku
 ?kuRo =
vk; ru
[ nzO; eku ] M
[?kuRo] = = 3 = [M1L−3 ]
[ vk; ru ] L

foLFkkiu
 osx (V) =
le;
[ foLFkkiu ] L
[V] = = = [M 0L1T −1 ]
[ le; ] T

dV
 Roj.k (a) =
dt
dV → , d izØkj dk osx LT −1
[a] = = = LT −2
dt → , d izØkj dk le; T

 laox
s (P) =mV
[P] = [M] [V]
-1
=[M][LT ]
1 1 -1
= [M L T ]

 cy (F) = ma
[F] = [m] [a]
 Page 4

-2
= [M] [LT ]
1 1 -2
= [M L T ] ¼cy dh foek ;kn j[kuh gS D;ksfa d bldk vkxs cgqr mi;ksx gksrk gS½

 dk;Z dk ÅtkZ ¾ cy × foLFkku

[dk;]¾[cy] [foLFkkiu]
1 1 -2
= [M L T ] [L]
1 2 -2
= [M L T ]
dk; Z
 “kfDr ¾
le;

[ dk; Z] M1L2 T −2
 [“kfDr] = = = [M1L2 T −3 ]
[le; ] T

cy
 nkc =
{kSrzQy
[ cy ] M1L1T 2
[ nkc ] = = = M1L−1T − 2
[ {kSrzQy] L2

1- dks.kh; jkf”k;ksa dh foek, (DIMENSIONA OF ANGULAR QUANTITIES)

 dks.k (θ)
pki
 ¼dks.kh; foLFkkiu½ θ =
frzT; k
[ pki ] L
[θ] = = = [M0L0 T 0 ] ¼foekghu½
[frzT; k ] L
θ
 dks.kh; osx (ω) =
t
[θ] 1
[ω] = = = [M0L0 T −1 ]
[t ] T
dω
 dks.kh; Roj.k (α ) =
dt
[dω] M0L0 T −1
[α] = = = [M0L0 T − 2 ]
[dt ] T

 cykiw.kZ ¾ cy × vk?kw.kZ Hkqtk

[cykiw.kZ] ¾ [cy] × [vk?kw.kZ Hkqtk]
= [M1L1T −2 ] × [L] = [M1L2 T −2 ]

2- HkkSfrd fu;rkadkas dh foek,a (DIMENSIONS OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS)

 xq:Roh; fu;rkad
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;fn m 1 vkSj m 2 nzO;eku dh nks oLrq, r nwjh ij j[kh gks] rks mugsa xq:Rokd’kZ.k cy vuqHko gksrk gSA
Gm1m 2
ftldk eku gksrk gs Fg =
r2
;gka G ,d fu;rkad gS ftls xq:Roh; fu;rkad dgrs gsA
Gm1m 2
Fg =
r2

[G][m1 ][m 2 ]
[Fg ] =
[r 2 ]

[G] = M −1L3 T −2

 fof”k’V Å’ek /kkf

/kkfjrk
jrk
fdlh oLrq dk rki ∆T c<+kus ds fy;s vko”;d Å’ek Q = ms∆T
;gk¡ s ,d fu;rkad gS ftls fof”k’V Å’ek /kkfjrk dgrs gsA
[Q]=[m] [s] [∆T ]
;gk¡ Q Å’ek gS] vkSj Å’ek ,d izdkj dh ÅtkZ gS vr% [Q] = M1L2 T −2
[M1L2 T −2 ] = [M] [S] [K ]
[S] = [M0L2 T −2K −1 ]

 xSl fu;rkad (R):

vkn”kZ xSl ds fy;s nkc (P) vk;ru (V) rki (T) vkSj xSl ds eksy (n) ds chp lac/a k
PV=nRT tgk¡ R ,d fu;rkad gS ftls xSl fu;rkad dgrs gSA
[P] [V] = [n] [R] [T]…..(1)
[ cy ]
tgk¡ [P] [V] = [{ks=Qy × yEckb]
[ {ksrzQy ]
¾ [cy] × [yEckbZ]
1 1 -2 1 1 2 -2
=[M L T ] [L ]=M L T

lehdj.k ¼1½ ls
=[P][V]=[n] [R] [T]

⇒ [M1L2 T -2 ] = [mol] [K]

⇒ [R] = [M1L2 T -2mol -1K -1 ]

 “;kurk xq.kkad
;fn r f=T;k dh ,d xksyh xsna ,d “;ku nzo esa V osx ls xfr dj jgh gS rks ml ij “;ku cy yxrk gSA ftldk eku
gksrk gS&
Fv = 6πηrv
;gka η “;kurk xq.kkad gSA
[Fv ] = [6π] [η] [r ] [v ]
M1L1T −2 = (1) [η] [L] [LT −1 ]
[η] = M1L−1T −1

 iykad fLFkjkad
;fn υ vko`fÙK dk izdk”k fxj jgk gS rks QksVksu dh ÅtkZ gksrh gs& E = hυ ;gk¡ h = Iykad fLFkjkad
 Page 6

1 [1] 1
[E] = [h] [υ] ;gka υ = ⇒ [υ] = =
le; [ le; ]] T
vr % M1L2 T −2 = [h] [T −1 ]
[h] = M1L2 T −1
3- foekvksa ds dqN fo”ks’k xq.k
 ekuk fdlh lw= esa (L + α ) dk in vk jgk gS] ¼tgka L yEckbZ gS½ pwfa d yEckbZ dks dsoy yEckbZ ds lkFk tksM+k
tk dlrk gS] α ,d izdkj dh yEckbZ gksuh pkfg,A
vr % [α] = [L]

 blh izdkj ,d vU; ij (F − β) ij fopkj djrs gS] tgka F ,d cy gS ,d cy dks fdlh vU; cy ls gh tksM+k
;k ?kVk;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj blls tks ifj.kke fudysxk oks Hkh ,d izdkj dk cy gh gksuk pkfg,A vr% β ,d
izdkj dk cy gksuk pkfg, vkSj mldk ifj.kke (F − β) Hkh ,d izdkj dk cy gh gksuk pkfg,A

fu;e la[;k &1

fdlh Hkh jkf”k dks mldh le:i
le:i jkf”k ls gh tksM+k ;k ?kVk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mlls tks ifj.kke vkrk gS] og Hkh mlh
tSlh le:i jkf”k gksuh pkfg,A

Solved Examples
Example 1.
α β
= Fv + 2
t2 x
[α] vkSj [β] foeh; lq= Kkr djks ¼;gka t= le;] F= cy V= osx] x= nwjh½

Solution :

pwfa d Fv dh foek = [Fv ] = [M1L1T −2 ] [L1T −1 ] = [M1L2 T −3 ]

vr%  2  dh Hkh foek M1L2 T −3 gksuh pkfg,A

β
x 
[β]
= M1L2 T −3
[x 2 ]
[β] = M1L4 T −3

vkSj Fv + 2  dh Hkh foek M1L2T-3 gksu h pkfg,A vr% L.H.S. dh foek Hkh M1L2T -3 gksuh pkfg,A
β
 x 

[α]
vr% = M1L2 T -3
[t 2 ]

[α] = M1L2 T -1
 Page 7

Example 2.
n eksy xSl ds fy, oku&Mu&oky lehdj.k gSA
 a 
 P − 2 ( V = b) = nRT
 V 
a vkSj b dk foeh; lw= Kkr djks] ;gka P= xSl nkc] V= xSl dk vk;ru T= xSl dk rki gSA
 a 
P − 2  ( V − b = nRT )
 V 

,d izdkj dk nkc ,d izdkj dk vk;ru

gksuk pkfg, gksuk pkfg,

[a ]
vr% = M1L−1T − 2 vr % [b] = L3
[V 2 ]
[a]
= M −1L−1T −2
[L3 ] 2

⇒ [a] = M1L5 T −2

fu;e la[;k 2%
sin θ in ij fopkj djrs gSA
yEc 
;gk¡ θ foekghu gS vkSj sin θ =  Hkh foekghu gSA
 d.kZ 
⇒ sin(......) ds vUnj tks dqN Hkh gS] og foekghu gksu k pkfg;s vkSj [sin(......)] iwjk Hkh foekghu gksuk pkfg,A
⇒

blh izd kj ls %
⇒

⇒
 Page 8

Solved Examples
Example 3.
F
α= sin(βt ) ¼;gka V= osx] F=cy] t= le;½
V1
α vkSj β dh foek Kkr djksA
Solution :

[F] [M1L1T −2 ]
vr% [α] = = = M1L−1T 0
V2 [L1T −1 ] 2
FV 2  2πβ 
Example4. α= log e 
2 2
 ;gka F= cy] V= osx
β V  
α vkSj β dh foek Kkr djksA

Sol.
[F][ V 2 ] [ 2π][β]
⇒ [α] = 2
⇒ =1
[β ] [V 2 ]
[1][β]
⇒ =1
L2 T − 2
⇒ [β] = L2 T −2
[F][ V 2 ] [M1L1T −2 ][L2 T −2 ]
as [α] = 2
⇒ [α] = 2 −2 2
⇒ [α] = M1L−1T 0
[β ] [L T ]

4- foekvksa ds mi;ksx
lw= dh lR;rk dh tkap djuk %
 Page 9

;fn cka;h rjQ vkSj nka;h rjQ dh foek;sa leku gS] rks ;g lehdj.k foeh; :i ls lgh gS] vr% ;g lehdj.k lR; gks
dlrk gS ;fn L.H.S. vkSj R.H.S. dh foek;sa leku ugha gS] rks lehdj.k foeh; :i ls lgh ugha gSA vr% ;g lehdj.k
lR; ugha gks ldrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ,d lw= fn;k x;k gSA
mv 2
vidsUnzh; cy Fe = ¼F= cy] r= osx f=T;k½
r
gesa tk¡p djuh gS fd ;g lw= lgh gS ;k ugha
L.H.S. dh foek gS ; [F] = [M1L1T 2 ]
[m][ v 2 ] [M][LT −1 ] 2
R.H.S. dh foek gS ; = = [M1L1T − 2 ]
[r ] [L]
vr% ;g lehdj.k de ls de foeh; :i ls rks lgh gSA
⇒ ge dg ldrs gS fd ;g lehdj.k lgh gks ldrh gsA

Solved Examples
Ex.5 tkap dj crkbZ;s fd fuEu lehdj.k lgh gS ;k ugha
3FV 2
nkc Pr = ¼ F= cy] V= osx] t= le;] x= nwjh½
π2t 2 x

Sol, L.H.S. dh foek = [Pr ] = M1L−1T −2

[3][F][ v 2 ] [M1L1T −2 ][L2 T −2 ]

R.H.S. dh foek = 2
= = M1L2 T −6
[ π][ t ][ x ] [T 2 ][L]

L.H.S. vkSj R.H.S. dh foek lkeu ugha gSA vr% ;g lehdj.k lgh gks gh ugha ldrh gSA

dbZ ckj dqN ,sls iz”u iwNz tkrs gS] tks gekjs ikB~;Øe ds ckgj ds yxrs gS] rks fuf”pr gh os foeh; fo”ys’k.k ij vk/kkfjr
gksx
a As
Ex.6 ,d Boomrang dk nzO;eku m, i`’Bh; {kS=y q A,] fuEu lrg dh oØrk f=T;k r gSA rFkk ;g V osx ls ρ ?kuRo okyh
gok esa xfr dj jgk gSA
bl ij yxus okyk izfrjks/kh cy gksu k pkfg, \
2ρVA  ρm  2ρV 2 A  ρA 
(A) log  (B) log 
r2  πAr  r  πm 
 ρAr  2ρV 2 A  ρAr 
(C*) 2ρV 2 A log  (D) 2
log 
 πm  r  πm 
Sol. dsoy C gh foeh; :i ls lgh gSA

 foek ls u;s l`= O;qRiUu djuk
;fn ,d jkf”k vusd jkf”k;ksa ij fuHkZj djs] rks foekvksa dh enn ls ge crk ldrs gS] f dog jkf”k vU; jkf”k;ksa ij fdruk
fuHkZj djrh gSA
 Page 10

Ex.7 ,d ljy yksyd dk vkorZdky fuEu

jkf”k;ksa ij fuHkZj dj ldrk gS

yksyd nzO;eku yksyd dh yEckbZ xq:Roh; Roj.k

(m) (l) (g)
vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd T dk O;atd bl :i ls gksuk pkfg;s&
T= ¼dksbZ la[;k½ (m)a (
)b (g)c
LHS vkSj RHS dh foek cjkcj djus ij
M0L0 T1 = (1) [M1 ] a [L1 ] b [L1T −2 ] c
M0L0 T1 = Ma Lb +c T −2c
M,L vkSj T dh ?kkrksa dh rqyuk djus ij
A = 0, b + c = 0, -2c = 1
1 1
vr% a = 0, b = , c =
2 2
vr% T= ¼dksbZ la[;k½ M0L1/2g-1/2


T= ¼dksbZ la[;k½
g
^^dksbZ la[;k** dk eku izk;ksfxd :i ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA iSUMqyd dh yEckbZ ekiks vkSj mls nksyu djkvksA bldk
vkorZdky fojke ?kM+h ls Kkr djksA
tSls ekuyks
= 1m, yEckbZ ds iSMyq e ds fy, vkorZdky T= sec. vk;k vr%
1
2¾¼dksbZ la[;k½ ⇒ ^^dksbZ la[;k** = 6.28 ≈ 2π.
9.8
Ex.8 ,d can uyh dh ewy vko`fÙK (f) fuEu ij fuHkZj dj ldrh gSA
uyh dh yEckbZ ok;q dk ?kuRo ok;qnkc

uyh dh yEckbZ ok;q dk ?kuRo ok;qnkc

(l) (P) (P)

vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd f = ¼dksbZ la[;k½ (
)a (ρ)b (P)c

1 a −3 b 1 −1 − 2 c
 T  = (1)[L] [ML ] [M L T ]
 
M 0L0 T −1 = Mb+c La −3b −c T −2c
nksuksa i{kksa esa M,L,T dh foekvksa dks cjkcj djus ij gesa izkir gksrk gS&
0=b+c
0=a–b–c
-1 = -2c
get a = -1 , b = -1/2, c = 1/2
1 P
vr% F = ¼dksbZ la[;k½

ρ
 Page 11

 fdlh Hkh vU; jkf”k dks nh xbZ ewy jkf”k;ksa esa O;Dr djuk

Solved Examples
Example 9-
;fn osx (V), cy (F) vkSj le; (T) dks ewy jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa pquk tk, rks (i) nzO;eku (ii) ÅtkZ dks V,F vkSj T ds
inksa esa O;Dr djksA
Sol. ekuk M= ¼dksbZ la[;k ½(V)a(B)b(T)c
nksuksa i{kksa dh foek,a fy[kus ij
M1L0 T 0 = (1)[L1T −1 ] a [M1L1T −2 ][T1 ] c
M1L0 T 0 = Mb La+b T −a− 2b+c
gesa izkIr
gqvk a=-1, b=1, c=1
M= ¼dksbZ la[;k½ ( V −1F1T1 ) ⇒ [M] = [ V −1F1T 1 ]
blh izdkj ge ÅtkZ dks Hkh V,F,T dks inksa esa fy[k ldrs ij
ekuk [E]= [dksbZ la[;k] [ V ] a [F]b [T] c
⇒ [MLT −2 ] = [M0L0 T 0 ][LT −1 ] a [MLT −2 ]b [T] c
⇒ [M1L1T −2 ] = [Mb La −2b+c T −a −2b +c ]
⇒ 1 = b;1 = a − 2b + c; − 2 = −a − 2b + c
gesa izkIr gqvk % a=1 ; b=1 ; c=1
∴ ¼dksbZ la[;k½ V1F1T1 vkSj [E] = [ V 1 ][F1 ][T1 ]

 fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd jkf”k dk ek=d Kkr djuk
ekuyks gesa cy dk ek=d Kkr djuk gSA ge tkurs gS fd cy dh foek gksrh gS % [cy] =[M1L1T-2] pwfa d m dk ek=d
fdyksxzke (kg), L dk ek=d ehVj (m) vkSj le; dk ek=d lSd.M (s) gksrk gSA vr% cy dk ek=d gksxk =(kg)1
1 -2 2
(m) (s) =kg m/s MKS system esa
1 1 -2 2
CGS system, esa cy dk ek=d gksxk =(g) (cm) (s) =g cm/s

foeh; fo”ys’k.k dh lhek,a (LIMITATION OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)

foeh; fo”ys’k.k ls gesa izkIr gqvk Fkk t= ¼dksbZ la[;k½
G
vr% t dk O;atd fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

T=2 T= sin(,,,,,, )
g g

T = 50 T= log(.......)
g g
 Page 12

;k ;k

T = 2π T= + (t 0 )
g g

 foeh; fo”ys’k.k gesa ^^dksbZ la[;k** ds ckjs esa dksbZ tkudkjh ugha feyrh gSA
 ;g fo/kh rHkh mi;ksxh gksrh gS tc dksbZ jkf”k] vU; jkf”k;ksa ij xq.kk ;k ?kkr ls lacfa /kr gks f=xaybzc ;fn dksbZ jkf”k] vU;
jkf”k;ksa ls tksM+ ;k O;odyu ds :i ls lacfa /kr gksrks ;g fof/k dke ugha djsxhA
¼tSls f=x+y-z½
1
tSls ge S = ut + at 2 lEcU/k foeh; fo”ys’k.k ls Kkr ugha dj ldrs gSA
2
 ;g fof/k dke ugha djsxh ;fn dksbZ jkf”k] vU; jkf”k ds lkFk sine, cosine, lograrithmic ;k exponential :i ls
lEcfU/kr gksA ;g fof/k rHkh dke djsxh tc lEcU/k ?kkrh; gksA
 ge M,L vkSj T dh ?kkrksa dks cjkcj djrs gSa ftlls ges dsoy rhu lehdj.k feysx a As vr% gekjs ikl dsoy rhu vKkr
gksus pkfg,A ¼dsoy rhu fuHkZj jkf”k;ka gksuh pkfg,A½
vr% foeh; fo”ys’k.k rHkh dke djsxk tc dksbZ jkf”k dsoy rhu jkf”k;ksa ij fuHkZj dj jgh gS rhu ls vf/kd ij ughaA

Solved Examples
Ex.11 D;k nkc (P), ?kuRo (ρ), vkSj osx (v) dks ewy jkf”k;ksa ds :i esa pquk tk ldrk gS \
Sol. P, ρ vkSj v ijLij Lora= ugha gS] buesa P = ρv 2 ls lEcfU/kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% bUgsa ewy jkf”k;ksa dh rjg ugha
pquk tk ldrk gSA
‘P’, 'ρ'vkSj ‘V’ ijLij Lora= gS ;k ugha] bls tkapus ds fy;s ge fuEu xf.krh; fof/k dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA
[P] = [M1L−1T −2 ] [ρ] = [M1L−3 T 0 ] [ V ] = [M0L1T −1 ]
budh ?kkrksa dk lkjf.kd cukvks A
1 −1 −2
1 −3 0 = 1(3) − ( −1)( −1) − 2(1) = 0
0 1 −1
vr% rhuksa ij vkil esa lEcfU/kr gSA


dqN ekud lw=ksa ls foek Kkr djuk %
dbZ ckj dqN ekud O;atdksa dh foek,sa iwNh tkrh gS] tSls (µ 0 ε 0 ) dh foek Kkr djksA blds fy;s ge µ 0 vkSj ε 0 ' dh
foek Kkr djsx a s vkSj nksu ksa dk xq.kk djsax]s ysfdu ;g rks cgqr cM+k rjhdk gks tk,xkA blds cnys gesa lkspuk pkfg;s fd
iwjh HkkWfrdh esa (µ 0 ε 0 ) tSlk in geus dgk¡ ns[kk gS \
1 1
,slk O;atd vkrk gS → c = esa ¼;gka c= izdk”k dh pky½ ⇒ µ 0ε0 =
µ0ε0 C3
1 1
[µ 0 ε 0 ] = = = L− 2 T 2
C2 (L / T ) 2

Solved Examples
Ex. 20 fuEu dh foek,a Kkr djksA
(i) ε 0E 2 ¼ ε 0 = fuokZr esa fo|qr”khyrk] E= fo|qr {ks=½
 Page 13

B2
(ii) ¼ B= pqEcdh; {ks=] µ 0 = fuokZu dh pqEcd”khyrk½
µ0

1
(iii) ¼ L= LoizsjdRo C= /kkfjrk½
LC

(iv) RC ¼ R= izfrjks/k C= /kkfjrk½

L
(v) ¼ R= izfrjks/k L= Lo&izsjdRo½
R

E
(vi) ¼ E= fo|qr {ks=, B= pqEcdh; {ks=½
B

(vii) Gε 0 ¼ G= lkoZf=d xq:Roh; fu;rkad] ε 0 = fuokZr esa fo|qr”khyrk½

φe
(viii) ¼ φ e= fo|qr ¶yDl φ m = pqEcdh; ¶yDl½
φm
1
Sol. (i) ÅtkZ ?kuRo = ε 0E 2
2
[ÅtkZ ?kuRo] = [ε 0E 2 ]
1 2 [ ÅtkZ] M1L2 T −2
 2 ε 0B  = [ vk; ru ] = = M1L−1T − 2
  L3

1
(ii) ε 0 B 2 = pqEcdh; ÅtkZ ?kuRo
2
1 2
 2 ε 0B  = [pqEcdh; ÅtkZ ?kuRo]
 
[ ÅtkZ ] M1L2 T −2
= = = M1L−1T − 2
[ vk; ru ] L3

1
(iii) = L − C nksyu dh dks.kh; vko`fÙK
LC
 1  1 −1
  = [ω] = = T
 LC  T

(iv) RC=R-C ifjiFk dk le; fu;rkad

[RC] ¾ [le;] ¾ T 1

L
(v) = L − R ifjiFk dk le; fu;rkad
R
L  1
 R  = [le;] =T
 

(vi) pqEcdh; cy Fm=qVB, fo|qr cy Fe=qE

⇒ [Fm ] = [Fe ] ⇒ [qVB] = [qE]
 Page 14

E  −1
 B  = [ V ] = LT
 

Gm 2 1 q2
(vii) xq:Roh; cy Fg = 2
, fo|qrLFkSfrd cy Fe =
r 4πε 0 r 2
 GM 2   1 q  2
 2 = 2 
 r   4πε 0 r 
q2 (it ) 2
[Gε 0 ] = = = A 2 T 2M − 2
m2 m2

 φ e   ES   E  −1
(viii)  =  =  B  = [ v ] ( from part ( vi)) = LT
 m 
φ BS   

fo|qr LFkSfrd vkSj Å’ek ls lEcfU/kr jkf”k;ksa dh foek,a ¼dsoy XII vkSj XIII ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s½
(i) vkos” k (q) →
dq NksVk lk vkos' k izokg
ge tkurs gSA fd fo|qr /kkjk i = =
dt NksVk lk le; varjky
[dq]
[i] =
dt
[q]
[A] = ⇒ [ q] = [ A 1T 1 ]
t

(ii) fuokZr esa fo?kqr”kyrk (ε 0 ) :→

kq1q 2 1 q1q 2
nks vkos”kksa ds chp fo|qrLFkSfrd cy Fe = =
r2 4πε 0 r 2
1 [q1 ][q 2 ]
[Fe ] =
[ 4π][ε 0 ] [r 2 ]

1 [ AT ][ AT ]
M1L1T − 2 =
(1)(ε 0 ) [L] 2

[ε 0 ] = M −1L−3 T 4 A 2

(iii) fo|qr {ks= (E): →

F
fo|qrLFkSfrd cy izfr vkos”k E =
q
[F] [M1L1T −2 ]
[E] = = = M1L1T −3 A 1
[q] [ A 1T 1 ]

(iv) fo|qr foHko ( V ): →

V
fo|qr LFkSfrd fLFkfrt ÅtkZ izfr vkos”k V =
q
[U] [M1L2 T −2 ]
[V] = = 1 1
= M1L2 T −3 A −1
[q] [A T ]

(v) izfrjks/k (R) : →

 Page 15

Ohm ds fu;e ls V = i R
[V] = [i] [R]
[M1L2 T −3 A −2 ] = [ A 1 ][R]
[R] = M1L2 T −3 A 2
(vi) fo|qr /kkfjrk (C) :→
q [q] [ A 1T 1 ]
C= ⇒ [C] = = 1 2 −3 −1
V [ V ] [M L T A ]
[C] = M1L−2 T a A 2
(vi) pqEcdh; {ks= (B) :→
,d /kkjkokgh rkj ij yxus okyk pqEcdh; cy Fm = i
B ⇒ [Fm ] = [i][
][B]
[M1L1T −2 ] = [ A 1 ][L1 ][B]
[B] = M1L0 T −2 A −1
(viii) fuokZr dh pqEcd”khyrk (µ 0 ) :→
F µ 0 i1i 2
nks lekukUrj wires ds chp cy@yEckbZ =

4π r 2
M1L1T −2 [µ 0 ] [ A ][ A ]
1
= ⇒ [µ 0 ] = M1L2 T −2 A − 2
L [ 4π] [L] 2
(ix) izsjdRo (L ) :→
izsjdRo esa lafpr pqEcdh; fLFkfrt ÅtkZ U = 1 / 2Li 2
[U] = [1 / 2][L][i] 2
[M1L1T −2 ] = (1)[L]( A ) 2
[L] = M1L2 T −2 A −2
(x) Å’eh; pkydrk % →
dQ  dT 
pkyd ls Å’ek izokg dh nj = KA  
dt  dx 
[dQ] [dT ]
= [k ][ A ]
[dt ] [dx]
[M1L2 T −2 ] [K ]
= [k ][L2 ] 1
[T ] [L ]
[k ] = M1L1T −3K −1
(xi) LVhQu fu;rkad $ (σ) :→ $
dE
;fn fdlh vkn”kZ d`’.khdk dk rki T gS] rks mlls fodj.k ÅtkZ mRltZu nj = σ AT 4
dt
[dE]
= [σ][ A ][T 4 ]
[dt ]
[M1L2 T −2 ]
= [σ][L2 ][K 4 ]
[T ]
[σ] = [M1L0 T −3K −4 ]
(xii) Wiem dk fu;rkad % →
b
vf/kdre spectral rhozrk ds lacfa /kr rjaxnS/;Z λ m = ¼;gka T= vkn”kZ d`’.khdk dk rki½
T
[b]
[λ m ] =
[T ]
 Page 16

[b]
[L] =
[k ]
[b] = [L1K 1 ]

ek=d (UNIT)

 ek=d %
HkkSfrd jkf”k;ksa ds ekiu dqN varjkZ’Vªh; :i ls ekU; ekudks esa O;Dr fd;s tkrs gS] ftUgsa ek=d dgrs gsA
 SI ek=d
lu~ 1971 eas ,d varjkZf’Vª; la[;k ‘’CGPM” us dqN ek=d fu/kkZfjr fd;s tks varjkZf’Vª; :i ls ekU; gSA bu ek=dksa dks
SI ek=d dgrs gSA

1- ewy jkf”k;ksa ds SI ek=d %

SI i)fr
ewy jkf”k
Ukk
Ukke izrhd ifjHkk’kk
lu~ 1983 esa ifjHkkf’kr ¼orZeku esa½ 1 ehVj og nwjh gS tks izdk”k }kjk 1 lSd.M ds 299] 792]
yEckbZ ehVj m
458 os Hkkx vFkkZr~ 1@299] 792] 458 lsd.M esa fuokZr esa r; dh tkrh gSA
lu~ 1889 esa ifjHkkf’kr 1 fdyksxkz e IysfVue bZjhfM;e ds ml csyu dk nzO;eku gS tks eki
nzO;eku fdyksxzke Kg
rkSy dh vUrjkZ’Vªh; lfefr ds ikl Ýkal esa lholZ uked LFkku ¼isfjl ds ikl½ ij j[kk gSA
1 lSd.M og le;kUrjky gS ftlesa lhft;e 133 ijek.kq }kjk mRlftZr ,d fo”ks’k rjaxnS/;Z
le; lSd.M s
okys fofdj.k ¼izdk”k½ d s 9192]631]770 dEiUu gksrs gS ¼1967½
1 ,fEi;j og oS|rq /kkjk gS tks fuokZr esa 1 ehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr nks lh/ks lekUrj vuUr
fo|qr /kkjk ,sfEi;j A yEckbZ d rkjksa esa izokfgr gksus ij] izR;sd rkj dh izfr ehVj yEckbZ ij rkjksa ds chp 2 ×
10&7 U;wVu dk cy mRiUu djrh gS ¼1948½
m’ek xfrd 1 dsfYou ty ds f=d fcUnq d Å’ekxfrd rk dk 1@273]16 ok¡ Hkkx gSA ¼1967½
dSfYou K
rkieku
inkFkZ dh 1 eksy fdlh inkFkZ dh og ek=k gS ftlesa ml inkFkZ ds ewy vo;oksa dh la[;k dkcZu&12 esa
Eksy mol
ek=k ijek.kqv ksa dh dqy la[;k ds 0-012 fdxzk- ds cjkcj gSA ¼1971½
dsfUMyk t;ksfr rhozrk gS tks fd nh xbZ fn”kk esa ,d o.khZ; L=ksr }kjk mRiUu 540 × 1012
T;ksfr rhozrk dsfUMyk cd gkV~t
Z vko`fÙk ds fofdj.k gS rfkk bl fn”kk ea fofdj.k rhozrk 1@683 okV izfr LVsjfs M;u gSA
¼1979½

2- nks iwjd ek=d Hkh crk, x, gS%

(i) lery dks.k %& ek=d ¾ jsfM;u (rad)
(ii) Bksl dks.k %& ek=d ¾ LVsjfs M;u (sr)

3- vU; izdkj ls oxhZdj.k %

;fn jkf”k esa dsoy yEckbZ] nzO;eku vkSj le; ¼;kaf=dh dh jkf”k;ka½ gh “kkfey gS] rks mlds ek=d dks MKS, CGS ;k
FPS iz.kkyh esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

MKS iz.kkyh CGS iz.kkyh FPS iz.kkyh

Meter kg sec cm gram sec foot pound sec

 Page 17

 MKS iz.kkyh ds fy;s %

bl iz.kkyh esa yEckbZ] nzO;eku vkSj le; dks meter, kg vkSj sec. esa iznf”kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 CGS iz.kkyh ds fy;s%
bl iz.kkyh esa yEckbZ] nzO;eku vkSjle; dks Øe”k% cm, gm vkSj second eas iznf”kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 EPS iz.kkyh ds fy;s %
blesa yEckbZ] nzO;eku vkSj le; dks Øe”k% foot, pound vkSj second eas iznf”kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

4- O;qRiUu jkf”k;ksa ds SI ek=d %

foLFkkiu
 osx = ehVj lSd.M
le;
vr% osx dk ek=d gksxk m/s
osx esa ifjorZu m / s m
 Roj.k = ¾ = 2
le; s s

 laox
s = mV
 vr% laox
s dk ek=d gksxk = (kg) (m/s) = kg m/s
 cy =ma
 ek=d gksxk =(kg) × (m/s2) = kg m/s2 ftls (N) dgrs gSA
 dk;Z = FS
 ek=d =(N) × (m) = N m fdls twy (J) dgrs gSA

dk; Z
 “kfDr ¾ ek=d = J /s ftls okWV (w) dgrs gsA
le;

5- dqN HkkSfrd fu;rkadks ds ek=d %

 ^^lkoZf=d xq: Roh; fu;rkad** (G)
G(m1 )(m 2 ) kg × m G(kg)(kh) m3
F= ⇒ = vr% ek=d gksxk G :
r2 s2 m2 kgs 2
 fof”k’V Å’ek /kkjfrk dk ek=d
Q = ms ∆T
J = (kg) (S) (K)
vr% ek=e gksxk S = J / kg K
 µ 0 dk ek=d%
F µ 0 i1i 2
nks yEcs lekukarj rkjksa ds e/; yxus okyk cy gksxk =

4π r 2
N µ 0 ( A )( A ) N.m
= µ 0 dk ek=d =
m (1) (m 2 ) A2
6. SI milxZ :
ekuk fd dksVk vkSj t;iqj dh e/; nwjh 3000 m. vr%
d = 3000 m = 3 × 1000 m

kilo (k)
=3 km ¼;gka ‘k’ ,d milxZ gS tks 1000 (103) ds fy;s iz;Dq r gksrk gS½
ekuk ,d rkj dh eksVkbZ gS = 0.05 m
 Page 18

-2
d=0.05 m = 5 × 10 m

centi (c)

= 5 cm ¼;gka ‘c’ ,d milxZ gS tks (10-2) ds fy;s iz;Dq r gqvk gSA½

blh izdkj HkkSfrd jkf”k;ksa dk ifjek.k cgqr vf/kd ijkl rd cnyrk gSA vr% cgqr vf/kd ifjek.k vkSj cgqr de ifjek.k
dks laf{kIr :i ls fy[kus ds fy;s ‘’CGPM’’ us dqN milxZ fu/kkZfjr fd; gS] tks fd 10 fuf”pr ?kkrksa ds rqY; gSA

Power of 10 Prefix Symbol Power of 10 Prefix Symbol

18 -1
10 exa E 10 deci d
1015 peta P 10-2 centi c
12 -3
10 tera T 10 milli m
9 -6 µ
10 giga G 10 micro
6 -9
10 mega M 10 nano n
3 -12
10 kilo k 10 pico P
2 -15
10 hacto h 10 femto f
1 -18
10 deca da 10 atto a

Solved Examples
Exa.12 fuEu dks ehVj (m) esa ifjofrZr djksA
(i) 5 µm. (ii) 3 km (iii) 20 mm (iv) 73 pm (v) 7.5 nm

Sol. (i) 5 µm. (ii) 3 km (iii) 20 mm (iv) 73 pm (v) 7.5 nm

-6 3 -3 -9
=5 × 10 m = 3 × 10 m = 20 × 10 m = 7.5 × 10 m

Ex.13 F=5 N dks CGS esa ifjofrZ djksA

kg × m (10 3 g)(100 cm)
F=5 2
= (5)
s s2
gcm g cm
= 5 × 10 5 (CGS system esa bl ek=d ( ) dks Mkbu dgrs gSA
s3 s3

m3
Ex.14 G = 6.67 × 10 −11 dks CGS esa cnyks
kg s 2
m3 (100 cm) 3 cm 3
G = 6.67 × 10 −11 2
= (6.67 × 10 −11 ) 2
= 6.67 × 10 −8
kg s (1000 g)s gs 2
Ex.15 ρ = 2g / cm 3 dks MKS esa cnyks
10 −3 kg kg
ρ = 2 g / cm 3 = ( 2) −2 3
= 2 × 10 3
(10 m) m3

Ex.16 V=90 km / hour dks m / s esa cnyks

(1000m)
V=90 km / hour = (90)
(60 × 60 sec ond)
 1000  m 5 m
V=(90)   V = 90 ×
 3600  s 18 s
V = 25 m/s
 Page 19

Lej.kh; fcUnq
km m 5
ls esa cnyus ds fy;s dk xq.k djsx
a As
hour sec 18

Solved Examples
Ex.17 7 pm dks µm esa cnysAa
Sol. ekuk 7 pm = ( x ) µm , vc LHS vkSj RHS nksuksa dks ehVj esa cnyrs gsA
-12 -6
7 × (10 )m=(x)x10 m
-6
izkIr gqvk x= 7×10
-6
vr% 7 pm = (7×10 ) µm

O;qRiUu jkf”k;ksa ds dqN ek=dksa ds uke mi oSKkfudksa ds uke ij j[ks x, gS] ftugksua s ml {ks= esa cgqr ;ksxnku fn;k gSA


7- oSKkfudksa ds uke ij j[ks x, SI ek=d
Ø- SI Ekk=d
HkkSfrd jkfl Ekk=d dk Ekk=d dk vU; ek=dksa ds ewy ek=dksa ds
uke ladrs inksa esa fu:i.k inksa esa fu:ir
1 -1
1- vko`fRr ( f = ) gV~t
Z (hertz) Hz nkSyu@s s
T
2- Cy (F= ma) U;wVu (Newton) N ------------ kg m / s2
3- ÅtkZ] dk;Z] m’ek twy (Joule) J Nm kg m / s
2 2
(W = Fs)
F 2 2
4- Nkc] izfrcy (P = ) ikLdy (Pascal) Pa N/m Kg / m s
A
“kfDr]
2 3
5- W okV (Watt) W J/s kg m / s
¼”kfDr¾ ½
t
6- fo|qr vkos”k (q=it) Dqyke (Coulomb) C ---------- As
fo|qr foHko] fo|qr okgd
3 3
7- cy ( V = )
U oksYV (volt) V J/C kg m / s A
q
q 4 -1 -2
8- fo|qr /kkfjrk (c = ) QsjM (Farad) F C/V A s kg m
v
2 -3 -2
9- Izfrjks/k vkse (Ohm) Ω V/A kg m s A
fo|qr pkydrk
Lkbeu (Siemen) -1 -2 3 2
10- 1 1 s, o A/V Kg m s A
(c = = ) Egks (mho)
R V
2 -2 -1
11- pqEcdh; {kS= VsLyk (Tesla) T Wb / m kg s A
12- pqEcdh; ¶yDl oscj (Weber) Wb V s or J/A
2 -2 -1
kg m s A
13- izsjdYo gsujh (henry) H Wb / A kg m 2 s-2 A-2
jsfM;kslfØ; inkFkZ dh fo?kVu -1
14- csdwjy (Becquerel) Bq s
lfØ;rk lSd.M
 Page 20

8- dqN fof”k’V ukeksa ds inksa esa vkSj ewy ek=dksa ds inksa esa dqN SI ek=d
SI Ekk=d
HkkSfrd jkfl
fof”k’V ukeksa ds inksa esa ewy ek=dksa ds inksa esa
cykiw.kZ ( τ = Fr ) Nm
2
Kg m / s
2

dv
Xfrd “;kurk (Fv = η A ) Poiseiulles (P
) or Pa s Kg m / s
dr
vkosx (J = F ∆t ) NS Kg m / s
stress 2 2
izR;kLFkrk xq.kkad ( Y = ) N/m Kg m / s
strain
F 2 2
i`’B ruko fu;rkad (T = ) N/m or J/m Kg / s


dQ dT cal 2 -2 -1
fof'k’V Å’eh; /kkfjdk (s) (
= KA ) J/kg K (old unit is ) m s K
dt dr g.0 C
Å’eh; pkydrk (s) (Q = ms ∆T ) W /m K m kg s K
-3 -1

F
fo|qr {kS= dh rhozrk E = V/m or N/C m kg s A
-3 -1
q
xSl fu;rkad (R)(PV=nRT) ;k eksyj Å’ek
Q J / K mol m 2 kg s-2 k-1 mol-1
/kkfjrk (C = )
M∆T

ek=d ds lkFk vkafdd ekuksa esa ifjorZu

; fn bls ehVj 7
ekuk fdlh dh yEckbZ gS
= 7 cm = m
esa cnyuk gks rks gesa feysxk 100
1
ge dg ldrs gS fd ;fn geus ek=d dks 100 xquk dj fn;k (cm → m), rks vkafdd eku xquk gks x;k
100
 7 
7 → 
 100 
1
vr% ge ;g dg ldrs gS fd vkafdd eku ∝
unit
bls ge vkSipkfjd :i ls ,sls Hkh dg ldrs gS&
fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd jkf”k dk ifjeki ¾ ¼mldk vkafdd eku½ ¼ek=d½
=(n) (u)
fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd jkf”k dk ifjek.k lnSo leku jgsxk] ;fn ge bls fdlh nwljs ek=d esa O;Dr djs] rc Hkh bldk ifjek.k
rks ugha cnysxkA

vr%
(n) (u) = fu;rkad

1
n= n1u1 = n2u2
u
vr%
1
;k vkafdd eku ∝
ekrzd
 Page 21

Solved Examples
Ex.18 ;fn yEckbZ ds ek=d dks nqxu q k djs rks {kS=y dk vkafdd eku fdrus xqu k gks tk,xk\
Sol. yEckbZ ds ek=d dks nqxuq k djus ij] {ks=Qy dk ek=d 22=4 xquk tk,xkA
1
vr% {ks=Qy dk vkafdd eku ,d pkSFkkbZ gks tk,xk] D;ksfa d vkafdd eku ∝
ekrzd
Ex.19 ,d oLrq ij yxus okyk cy gS 5 N ;fn yEckbZ] vkSj le; ds ek=d ds nqxu
q k dj fn;k tk, vkSj nzO;eku ds ek=d dks
vk/kk dj fy;k tk, rks bl u;h ek=d iz.kkyh esa cy dk vkafdd eku fdruk gksxk \
kg × m
Sol. cy ¾ 5
sec 2
pqfa d yEckbZ vkSjle; ds ek=d dks nqxuq k vkSj nzO;eku ds ek=d dks vk/kk dj fn;k gSA vr% cy dk ek=d gks tk,xkA
1 
 ×2
 2 = 1 xqu k
 ( 2) 2  4
 
 
1
vr% cy dk vkafdd eku 4 xquk gks tk,xk ¼D;ksfa d vkafdd eku ∝ ½
ekrzd
 Page 22

Note: **fn;s x;s iz”u d{kk XII ds lsy c

s l eas iz;Dq r jkf”k;ksa dh tkudkjh dh t:jr gSA
Note : *,d ld vf/kd fodYi lgh gSA
Exercise # 1
PART – I : SHORT QUESTIONS BASED ON FUNDAMENTALS
1- oxZ igsyh dks ijk djks%

1 2
3 4
5

6 7

8 9
10 11
12
13
14

15 16

cka;s ls nks;a Åij ls uhps

N 1- 10-12m= ,d …………….(9)
1- nkc dh foek = ................(6)
m2
2- ijekf.kd nwfj;ksa dks ukius esa iz;Dq r yEckbZ dk ek=d
3- M’L2T -3 foek okyh HkkSfrd jkf”k dh bdkbZ-----------¼4½ 3- pqEcdh; ¶yDl dh bdkbZ ----¼5½
4- pqEcdh; {ks= dh bdkb-------¼5½
5- [kxksfy; nwfj;ksa dks ukius ds fy;s iz;Dq r nwjh dh bdkbZ
ftldk dk eku 3.08×1016m, gS ----¼6½
6-pkydrk dk ek=d  = 
1
 tksfd Siemens ds rqY;-----¼3½
 izfrjks/k 
7- ,slh HkkSfrd jkf”k ftldh foek vkSj ÅtkZ dh
foek leku gS------¼6½
8- nkc dh bdkbZ ¼Hg dk 1mm nkc½-----¼4½ 9- d.kksa dh ek=k-----esa ukih tkrh gS ¼4½
10- nwjh dh bdkbZ ftldk eku 10-6m gS ------¼5½ 11- foekghu HkkSfrd jkf”k ftldh bdkbZ ----- gS¼6½
12- ukfHkdh; nqfj;ka------esa ukih tkrh gS ------¼5½ 12- /kkfjrk dh foek-----¼5½
13- T;ksfr rhozrk dh bdkbZ -------gSA (7)
14- lkekU;r% ia[ks dh dks.kh; pky----- eas fy[kh tkrh gS ¼3½
15- vxZ@lseh- ¾--------¼4½
16- izsjdRo dh bdkbZ -----¼5½
 Page 23

2- lqefs yr dhft,%
HkkSfrd jkf”k foek bdkbZ
1 1 -1
¼1½ xq:Rokd’kZ.k fu;rkad ‘G” (P) M L T (a) N.m
-1 3 2
¼2½ cy vk?kw.kZ (Q) M L T (b) N.S
1 -1 -2
¼3½ laoxs (R) M L T (c) Nm 2/kg2
1 2 -2
¼4½ nkc (S) M L T (d) ikLdy

3**- lqefs yr dhft,%

HkkSfrd jkf”k foek bdkbZ
1 0 -2 -2 2
(i) LVhQj fu;krkad ' σ' (P) M L T A (a) W/m
1 0 -3 -4
(ii) ohu fu;rkad ‘b’ (Q) M L T K (b) K.m
1 0 -3
(iii) “;kurk xq.kkad ' η' (R) M L T (c) VsLyk .m/A
0 1 0 1 2 4
(iv) fofdj.k dh mRltZu {kerk (S) M L T K (d) W/m .K
¼mRlftZr rhozrk½
1 2 -2 -2
(v) vU;ksU; izsjdRo ‘M’ (T) M L T A (e) Iok;t
1 -1 -1
(v) pqEcd”khyrk ' µ 0 ' (U) M L T (f) gsujh

4- oDrO;&1 cy vk?kw.kZ dk ek=d twy gSA

D;ksfd
oDro&2 cy vk?kw.kZ dk ek=d N-m gksuk pkfg, vkSj ;g twy dgykrk gSA
(A) nksuksa oDrO; lR; gS rFkk oDrO; 2] oDrO; 1 dh lgh O;k[;k djrk gSA
(B) nksuksa oDrO; lR; gS ijUrq oDrO; 2] oDrO; 1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha djrk gSA
(C) oDrO; 1 lR; gS rFkk oDrO; 2 vlR; gSA
(D) oDrO; 1 vlR; gS fdUrq oDrO; 2 lR; gSA
5- oDrO;&1 osx] vk;ru vkSj Roj.k dks ewy pj fy;k tk ldrk gS
D;ksfa d
oDÙKo;&2 rhuksa ,d&nwljs ls Lora= gSA
(A) nksuksa oDrO; lR; gS rFkk oDrO; 2] oDrO; 1 dh lgh O;k[;k djrk gSA
(B) nksuksa oDrO; lR; gS ijUrq oDrO; 2] oDrO; 1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha djrk gSA
(C) oDrO; 1 lR; gS rFkk oDrO; 2 vlR; gSA
(D) oDrO; 1 vlR; gS fdUrq oDrO; 2 lR; gSA

6- oDrO; &1 ;fn HkkSfrd jkf”k;ks dh foek,sa leku gks rks fuf”pr :i ls mudks tksM+k ;k ?kVk;k tk ldrk gS
D;ksfa d
oDrO;&2 ;fn nksuksa jkf”k;ksa dh foek,sa leku gS rks nksuksa HkkSfrd jkf”k;ka leku gksuh pkfg,A
(A) nksuksa oDrO; lR; gS rFkk oDrO; 2] oDrO; 1 dh lgh O;k[;k djrk gSA
(B) nksuksa oDrO; lR; gS ijUrq oDrO; 2] oDrO; 1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha djrk gSA
(C) oDrO; 1 lR; gS rFkk oDrO; 2 vlR; gSA
(D) oDrO; 1 vlR; gS fdUrq oDrO; 2 lR; gSA
a
nRT RTV
7- lw= p = e , esa ‘a’ vkSj ‘b’, dh foek,sa Kkr djksA ;gka ij p= nkc] n= eksyksa dh la[;k] T= rkieku V=
V −b
vk;ru rFkk R= lkoZf=d xSl fu;rkad gSA

8- ;fn izdk”k dk osx ‘c’ xq:Rokd’kZ.k fu;rkad ‘G’ vkSj Iykad fu;rkad ‘h’ dks ewy ek=d ekus rks nzO;eku] yEckbZ vkSj
le; dk bl ubZ i)fr esa foek,a Kkr djksA

9- foeh; :i ls fuEu lehdj.kksa ds lR;rk dh tkap djks &

2S cos θ P π Pr 4 t 1 mg

(a) h = (b) v = (c) V = (d) f =
ρrg ρ 8η
2π Ι
tgka h= Å¡pkbZ S= i`’B ruko ρ = ?kuRo] P= nkc] V= vk;ru] η = “;kurk xq.kka] v= vko`f` ÙK rFkk Ι = tM+Ro
vk?kw.kZA
 Page 24

10-
foLFkkiu x = a sin ωt ls fn;k tkrk gSA

bl lehdj.k esa ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd ω oy; dh f=T;k (r), oy; ds nzO;eku (m) vkSj xq:Rokd’kZ.k fu;rkad (G) ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA
foeh; fo”ys’k.k dh lgk;rk ls m,r vkSj G ds inksa esa ω dk O;atd Kkr djksA
PART – II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1- fuEu esa ls dl leqPp dks fdlh Hkh i)fr dh ewy jkf”k;ksa dh lwph esa ugha ys ldrs&
(A) yEckbZ] nzO;eku vkSj osx (B) yEckbZ] le; vkSj osx
(C) nzO;eku] le; vkSj osx (D) yEckbZ] le; vkSj nzO;eku

2- ,d foekghu jkf”k dk
(A) ek=d ugha gksrk gSA (B) ges”kk ek=d gksrk gSA (C) ek=d gks ldrk gSA (D) vfLÙKo ugha gSA

3- ,d ek=dghu jkf”k dh
(A) dHkh Hkh v”kwU; foek,a ugha gksrh (B) ges”kk v”kwU; foek,a gksrh gSA
(C) v”kwU; foek,a gks ldrh gSA (D) vfLÙKo ugha gSA

4-* lgh dFku pqfu,&

(A) lHkh jkf”k;ksa dks ewy jkf”k;ksa ds inksa es foeh; :i ls iznf”kZr dj ldrs gSA
(B) fdlh Hkh ewy jkf”k dks ckdh cph gqbZ ewy jkf”k;ksa ds inksa esa foeh; :i ls iznf”kZr ugha dj ldrs A
(C) fdlh Hkh ewy jkf”k dh nwljh ewy jkf”k;ksa esa foek ges”kk “kwU; gksrh gSA
(D) O;qRiUu jkf”k dh foek ewy jkf”k;ksa ds inksa esa dHkh Hkh “kwU; ugha gksrhA

5- cy F le; t vkSj nwjh x ds inksa esa

F = A sin C t + B cos D x
A C
ls fn;k tkrk gS rks vkSj dh foek gksxh&
B D
(A) MLT −2 , M 0 L0 T −1 (B) MLT −2 , M 0 L−1 T 0
(C) M 0 L0 T 0 , M 0 L1 T −1 (D) M 0 L1 T −1 , M 0 L0 T 0

6- okLrfod xSl ds 1 eksy ds fy, okUMjoky lehdj.k gS&

 a 
 P + 2 ( V − b) = RT
 V 
tgka P nkc v vk;ru T ijerki] R eksyj xSl fu;rkad rFkk a,b okUMjoky fu;rkad gSA rks a dh foek fdlds leku
gsA
2 2
(A) PV (B) PV (C) P V (D) P/V
7- mijksDr iz”u esa b dh foek leku gS &
(A) P (B) V (C) PV (D) nRT

8- mijksDr iz”u esa ,ab dk oeh; lw= gksxk&

 Page 25

2 -2 4 -2 6 -2 8 -2
(A) ML T (B) ML T (C) ML T (D) ML T
9- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl tksM+s esa foek,a ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gS&
(A) vkosx vkSj js[kh; laox
s (B) Iykad fu;rkad vkSj dks.kh; laoxs
(C) tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ vkSj cy&vk?kw.kZ (D) ;ax xq.kkad vkSj nkc

10-** fo|qr izfrjks/k dh foek D;k gS \

(A) ML2 T −2 Ι 2 (B) ML2 T −3 Ι −2 (C) ML2 T −3 Ι 2 (D) ML2 T −2 Ι −2

11- tyrjax dk osx Øe”k% bldh rjaxnS/;Z λ ikuh dk ?kuRo ρ vkSj xq: Roh; Roj.k g ij fuHkZj dk ldrkgS rks foeh;
fof/k }kjk bu jkf”k;ksa esa lEcU/k gksxk&
(A) v 2 = kλ−1 g −1ρ −1 (B) v 2 = k g λ (C) v 2 = k g λ ρ (D) v 2 = k λ3 g −1ρ −1
;gka foekghu fLFkjkad gSA

12-* lR; dFku pqfu,&

(A)foeh; :i ls larfq yr lehdj.k lgh gks ldrh gSA
(B)foeh; :i ls larfq yr lehdj.k xyr gks ldrh gSA
(C)foeh; :i ls vlUrqfyr lehj.k lgh gks ldrh gSA
(D)foeh; :i ls vlUrqfyr lehdj.k xyr gh gksuh pkfg;sA
-11
13- G dk eku G = 6.67×10 gS rks CGS i)fr esa bldk eku gksxk%
-8 -6 -5
(A) 6.67 × 10 (B) 6.67 × 10 (C) 6.67 (D) 6.67×10

dx x 
14- ∫ 2ax − x 2
= a n sin −1  − 1 rks n dk eku gS&
a 
(A) 0 (B) -1 (C) 1 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

15- ikuh dh /kkjk }kjk yxk;k x;k cy] ikuh ds ?kuRo (ρ) /kkjk dk osx (v) /kkjk ds vuqizLFk dkV {ks= (A) ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA cy dk O;atd gksuk pkfg,&
(A) ρAv (B) ρAv 2 (C) ρ 2 Av (D) ρA 2 v

2ma  2β

16- ,d vKkr jkf”k " α" dks α = log1 +  ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS&
β  ma 
tgka m= nzO;eku] a= Roj.k]
= yEckbZ
rks α dk ek=d gksuk pkfg,&
2 -1
(A) ehVj (B) m/s (C) m/s (D) s

17- ;fn yEckbZ vkSj le; dh bdkbZ;ka nqxuq h dj nh tk; ‘g’ ¼xq:Roh; Roj.k½ dk eku gksxk%
(A) nqxuk (B) vk/kk (C) pkj xquk (D) vifjofrZr jgsxkA

h
18**- ,d HkkSfrd jkf”k α bl izdkj ifjHkkf’kr gS α = ¼tgka σ = LVhQu fu;rkad] h = Iykad fLFkjkad] θ = ijerki½
σθ 4
2 2
(A) ' α' dh foek gksxh L T
(B) ' α' dk ek=d m 2s2 gks ldrk gSA
( Weber )(Ω) 2 (Farad) 2
(C) ' α' dk ek=d gks ldrk gSA
(Tesla)
 Ri 
(D) ' α' dh foek   dh foek ds cjkcj gksxh tgka R = xSl fu;rkad] i = fo|qr /kkjk] φ m = pqEcdh; ¶yDl
 φm 
 Exercise # 2
JEE PROBLEMS (LAST 10 YEARS)
1*- fuEu esa ls dkSu ls ;qXe dh foek,sa leku gS&
(A) jsu kWYM la[;k vkSj ?k’kZ.k xq.kkad
(B) xqIr Å’ek vkSj xq:Roh; foHko
(C) D;wjh vkSj izdk”k rjax vko`fÙK
(D) Iykad fu;rkad vkSj cy&vk?kw.kZ
[JEE – 1995’ 2/100]
2**- lw= X=3YZ2 esa X o Z Øe”k% /kkjfrk o pqEcdh; izsj.k dh foek,sa gS rks MKSQ i)fr esa Y foek D;k gksxh \
[JEE – 1995’ 2/100]
(A) [M-3L-1T 3Q4] (B) [M-3L-2T4Q4] (C) [M-2L-2T4Q4] (D) [M-3L-2T4Q1]

3*- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls ;qXe dh foek,sa leku gsA

(A) cyk?kw.kZ o dk;Z (B) dks.kh; laoxs o dk;Z
(C) ÅtkZ o ;ax xq.kkad (D) izdk”k o’kZ o rjax nS/;Z
[JEE – 1996’ 2/200]
4- fuEu esa ls dkSu yEckbZ dk ek=d ugha gs&
(A) ekbØksu (B) izdk”k o’kZ (C) ,axLVªkx
s (D) jsfM;u
[JEE – 1998’ 2/200]
5*- izsjdRo dk SI ek=d gsujh gSA gSujh dks fy[k ldrs gS%
(A) oscj@,Eih;j (B) oksYV&lSd.M@,Eih;j (C) twy@¼,Eih;u½2 (D) vkse&lSd.M

6*- ekuk [ε 0 ] o [µ 0 ] Øe”k% fuokZr dh fo|qr”khyrk o fuokZr dh pqEcdu”khyrk dks fu:fir djrs gsA ;fn M = nzO;eku L
= yEckbZ] T = le; Ι = fo|qr /kkjk gks rks% [JEE – 1998’ 2/200]
(A) [ε 0 ] = M −1L−3 T 2 Ι (B) [ε 0 ] = M −1L−3 T 4 Ι 2 (C) [µ 0 ] = MLT −2 Ι −2 (D) [µ 0 ] = MLT −1 Ι
1
7**-   ε 0E 2 dh foek gksxh \ ¼ ε 0 = eqDr vkdk”k dh fo|qr”khyrk] E: fo|qr {ks=½ [JEE Sc. 2000’ 2/200]
2
-1 2 -2 -1 -2 2 -1
(A) MLT (B) ML T (C)ML T (D) ML T

∆V
8**- ,d jkf”k X, ε 0L ls nh tkrh gSA ;gka ε 0 eqDr vkdk”k dh fo|qr”khrk] L yEckbZ] ∆V foHkokUrj vkSj ∆t le;kUrj
∆t
gSA rks X dk foeh; lw= fdlds leku gksxk& [JEE Sc. 2000’ 3/105]
(A) izfrjks/k (B) vkos”k (C) foHko (D) /kkjk

fdlh nwjh ij nkc P = exp −  ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA ;gka α, β fLFkjkad z nwjh k oksYV~teSu fLFkjkad vkSj
α αz
9-
β  kθ 
θ rkieku gS rks β dh foek gksxh& [JEE – 2004s’ 3/84]
0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 2 0 -1 1 2
(A) M L T (B) M L T (C) M L T (D) M L T

10**- fuEu esa ls dkSuls leqPp; dh foek,sa vleku gS\ [JEE – 2005S ; 3/60]
(A) nkc] ;ax xq.kkad] izfrcy (B) fo-ok-cy- foHkokUrj fo|qr foHko
(C) Å’ek] dk;Z] ÅtkZ (D) f}/kzqo vk?kw.kZ] fo|qr ¶yDl] fo|qr {ks=
 Page 27

11-** dkWye ΙΙ esa dqN HkkSfrd jkf”k;ka nh xbZ gS vkSj dkWye ΙΙ esa dqN lEHkkfor SΙ bdkbZ;ka nh xbZ gS ftuesa bu jkf”k;ksa dks
O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSAS dkWye Ι esa nh xbZ HkkSfrd jkf”k;ksa dk dkWye ΙΙ essa nh xbZ bdkbZ;ksa ds lkFk lqey
s djk;sa rfkk
vius mÙKj dks ORS esa fn;s x;s 4 × 4 eSfVªDl ds mfpr cqYyksa dks dkyk djds n”kkZ;Asa
dkWye Ι dkWye ΙΙ
(A) GMeMs (p) ¼oksYV½ ¼dwykWEc½ ¼ehVj½
G & lkoZf=d xq:Rokd’kZ.k fLFkjkad
Me & i`Foh dk nzO;eku
Ms & lw;Z dk nzO;eku

3RT 3
(B) (q) ¼fdyksxzke½ ¼ehVj½ ¼lSd.M½-2
M
R lkoZf=d xSl fLFkjkad
T & ije rki
M & eksyj nzO;eku

F2
(C) (r) ¼ehVj½2 ¼lSd.M½-2
q 2B 2
F& cy
q vkos”k
B pqEcdh; {ks=

GM e
(D) (s) ¼QSjM½ ¼oksYV½2 ¼fdyksxzke½-1
Re
G & lkoZf=d xq:Rokd’kZ.k fLFkjkad
Me & i`Foh dk nzO;eku
Re & i`Foh dh f=T;k

Answers
Exercise -1 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (D)
PART – 1 5 -2 -1 3
1. 7. [a] = ML T mol [b] = L
1/2 1/2 -1/2
1
P A S C A
2
L
8. [M] = [h . C . G ];
3 4 [L] = [h 1/2. C-3//2. G1/2];
I N W A T T 1/2 -5/2 1/2
[T] = [h . C . G ]
5
C G P E E
O S A B S 9. foeh; :i ls lHkh lR; gS
6 7
M H O T O R Q U E L Gm
10. ω = ¼dksbZ la[;k½
E R S R A r3
8 9
T O R R O E M PART – II
10 11
R M C R O 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B) (C) 5. (C)
12
F E R M I A L 6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (C) 10. (B)
A
13
C A N D E L A 11. (B) 12. (A)(B)(D) 13. (A) 14. (A)
14
A P I 15. (B) 16. (A)
17. (A) 18. (A)(B)(C)
A A
15 16
D Y N E H E N R Y
Exercise – 2
1. (A)(B)(C) 2. (B) 3. (A)(D)
2. (1) → (q) → (c); (2) → (s) → (a); 4. (D) 5. (A)(B)(C)(D) 6. (B)(C)
(3) → (p) → (b); (4) → (r) → (c) 7. (C) 8. (D) 9. (C)
3. (i) → (Q) → (d); (ii) → (S) → (b) 10. (D)
(iii) → (U) → (e); (iv) → (R) → (a) 11. (A) → (p) → (q); (B) → (r) → (s);
(v) → (T) → (f); (vi) → (P) → (c) (C) → (r) → (s); (D) → (r) → (s)