Unit

Relationships Within
5 Triangles
©Jeff Schmaltz/LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response/NASA

Environmental Chemist
Environmental chemists use STEM Task
their chemistry knowledge to
study the impact of chemicals One factor that promotes Western Lake Erie-
undesired HAB growth is Cyanobacteria Response
introduced into the land, water,
and air. They work to develop excess phosphorus. A mild y
Maximum 30 Day

1800
HAB occurs at a biomass
Avg. Biomass

and advocate for regulations

that protect our natural of 783. The goal for the 1200
resources. Harmful algal blooms Maumee River load is 40%
(HABs) are becoming more of the current load, 2315. 600
p_body_callout
prevalent in lakes worldwide, Is this a reasonable goal? x
releasing harmful toxins that Explain your reasoning. 0 500 1000 1500 2000
affect drinking water and Maumee River Total
Phosphorus Load
recreational activities.

Unit 5 253
 Learning Mindset
Challenge-Seeking Builds Confidence

How can you sustain your belief that success is possible? Whenever you
approach a new topic, determine what you already know about it. Break
down the task into smaller steps to allow yourself to slowly build your
understanding in more manageable pieces. Remember that learning is a
collaborative effort; help others build their confidence, and they will help
you. Here are some questions you can ask yourself to build confidence in
your ability to learn and improve:

■■ What are my strengths in working with triangles? How can I use prior
knowledge to improve my understanding?

©Chris Sattlberger/Photodisc/Getty Images

■■ What is my learning goal? How can I break that goal into smaller
pieces? What can I accomplish today? What can I accomplish by the
end of the week?

■■ How can I challenge myself to use what I’m learning in useful ways?

■■ Is there someone with whom I can exchange ideas to expand our

knowledge of topics and build confidence for future successes?

Reflect

Q How have you strengthened your abilities in areas in which you once
considered yourself weak? How does that experience affect how you
approach new challenges?

Q If you were an environmental chemist, how might you take on more

responsibilities as you continue to develop your career?

254 
 Module

9 Properties of Triangles

Module Performance Task: Spies and AnalystsTM

(t) ©Rashid Valitov/Shutterstock; (b) ©Thomas Warnack/picture-alliance/dpa/AP Images

The Grass Is
Always Greener
How can we water all of the grass?

Module 9 255
 ON LI N E

Are You Ready?

Complete these problems to review prior concepts and skills you will need for this module.

Slopes of Lines
Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.

1. ​​(5, 1)​​, (​​ 2, -1)​​ 2. ​​(−4, 3)​​, (​​ −2, −3)​​

3. ​​(1, −6)​​, (​​ 5, −1)​​ 4. ​​(3, 8)​​, (​​ 7, 6)​​

Angle Relationships in Triangles

Find the value of x.

5. 6.
(5x)° (8x - 4)° (6x - 12)°
(3x)°

(9x + 8)°

(2x + 13)°

Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Find the length and midpoint of each line segment.

7. y 8. y
4 4
A

2 2
B
x x
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
B
-2 -2

-4 -4
A

Connecting Past and Present Learning

Previously, you learned:

• to determine the midpoint of a line segment,
• to calculate unknown angle measures in triangles, and
• to construct perpendicular bisectors and angle bisectors.

In this module, you will learn:

• to determine the lengths of special segments within triangles,
• to locate points of concurrency within triangles, and
• to prove theorems about triangles.

256
 9.1

Angle Relationships in Triangles

I Can prove theorems about triangle angles.

Spark Your Learning

As part of a dog agility competition, a dog must run up and down the ramp shown. The
height of the ramp can be adjusted by changing the length of the chain attached to both
sides of the ramp.
©Apple Tree House/Photodisc/Getty Images

Complete Part A as a whole class. Then complete Parts B and C in small groups.

A. What is a geometric question you can ask about this ramp?

B. To answer your question, what strategy and tool would you use along with
all the information you have? What answer do you get?

C. Does your answer make sense in the context of this situation? How do
you know?

Turn and Talk Suppose the chain is parallel to the ground. How is the
triangle formed by the sides of the ramp and the ground related to the
smaller triangle formed by the chain and the sides of the ramp?

Module 9 • Lesson 9.1 257

 Build Understanding

Prove the Triangle Sum Theorem

interior angles
An interior angle is an angle formed by two sides of a polygon
with a common vertex.

An auxiliary line is a line drawn in a figure to aid in a proof. The word auxiliary means
something that is helpful or gives assistance.

Triangle Sum Theorem

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

1 Prove the Triangle Sum Theorem.

A. Look at the diagram below. How is the auxiliary line l used in the proof?
What do you know about each of the angles in the diagram?
B
B. What reason should be given for Step 2? I
4 2 5
Given: △ABC
1 3
A C
Prove: m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = 180°

Statements Reasons
1. Draw line l _
through point B 1. Parallel Postulate
​​  .
parallel to AC​​

2. ∠1 ≅ ∠4, ∠3 ≅ ∠5 2. ?

3. m∠1 = m∠4, m∠3 = m∠5 3. Definition of congruent angles

4. m∠4 + m∠2 + m∠5 = 180° 4. Angle Addition Postulate and

definition of a straight angle

5. m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = 180° 5. Substitution Property of Equality

Turn and Talk How can the Triangle Sum Theorem help you solve problems?

Prove the Exterior Angle Theorem

remote
An exterior angle is an angle formed by one side interior
of a polygon and the extension of an adjacent side. angles exterior angle

A remote interior angle is an interior angle that

is not adjacent to the exterior angle.
You can find the relationship between exterior angles and interior angles as well.

Exterior Angle Theorem

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of its remote interior angles.

258 
 2 Prove the Exterior Angle Theorem.

A. What do you know about the relationship B

between ∠3 and ∠4 from the diagram? 2
What theorem(s) allow you to reach your
conclusion? 1 3 4
A
C
Given: ∠4 is an exterior angle of △ABC.
Prove: m∠4 = m∠1 + m∠2

Statements Reasons
1. ∠4 and ∠3 are supplementary. 1. Linear Pairs Theorem

2. m∠4 + m∠3 = 180° 2. Definition of supplementary angles

3. m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = 180° 3. Triangle Sum Theorem

4. m∠4 + m∠3 = m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 4. Substitution Property of Equality

5. m∠4 = m∠1 + m∠2 5. Subtraction Property of Equality

B. Describe how the Triangle Sum Theorem is being used to prove the Exterior
Angle Theorem.

Prove the Isosceles Triangle Theorem

Recall that an isosceles triangle is a triangle with a least two congruent sides.

Isosceles Triangle Theorem

If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the two angles opposite the
congruent sides are congruent.
A
3 Prove the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.
_
A. AD​​
​​ is drawn so that it bisects ∠A. Explain why △ADB ≅ △ADC.
_ _
​ ​
Given: ​​ AB​​ ≅ AC​​
Prove: ∠B ≅ ∠C B D C

Statements Reasons
_ _
1. ​​ AB​​≅ AC​
​​  ​ 1. Given
_
2. Draw AD​​ ​​  so that it bisects ∠A. 2. An angle has one angle bisector.

3. ∠DAB ≅ ∠DAC 3. Definition of angle bisector

_ _
4. ​​ AD​​≅ AD​
​​  ​ 4. Reflexive Property of Congruence

5. △ADB ≅ △ADC 5. SAS Triangle Congruence Theorem

6. ∠B ≅ ∠C 6. CPCFC
_
B. The Isosceles Triangle_Theorem can also be proven by drawing AD​​
​​  so that
D is the midpoint of BC​​
​​  . Explain the steps of this proof.

Module 9 • Lesson 9.1 259

 Step It Out

Apply Triangle Theorems

A corollary is a theorem whose proof follows directly from another theorem.

Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem

The two acute angles in a right triangle are complementary.
N

4 The proof for the Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem is given.

Given: △LMN is a right triangle.

Prove: ∠M and ∠N are complementary.

M L

Statements Reasons
1. △LMN is a right triangle. 1. Given

2. m∠L = 90° 2. Definition of a

right angle
A. What justifies the
3. m∠L + m∠M + m∠N = 180° 3. ? third statement?
4. 90° + m∠M + m∠N = 180° 4. Substitution Property
of Equality
B. What justifies the
5. m∠M + m∠N = 90° 5. ? fifth statement?
6. ∠M and ∠N are complementary. 6. Definition of complementary
angles

5 Find the value of the unknown angle measure.

72° + 25° + x° = 180°

©D_M/Shutterstock
97° + x° = 180° 72°
25°
x° = 83°

What theorem was used x°

to write this equation?

Turn and Talk For each triangle, which theorem(s) do you

apply to write an equation to find the value of the varaible?
53º
xº

126º
74º x°

260 
 Check Understanding
1. If the interior angles of a triangle are congruent, what is the measure of each angle?

2. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is 54°. The measure of one of the
remote interior angles is 33°. What is the measure of the other remote interior
angle? What is the measure of the other angle of the triangle?

3. If an isosceles triangle has a right angle, what are the measures of the other
interior angles?
Find the measure of the unknown interior angle.

4. X 5. D

65°

Z
58° 52°
77° E
F
Y

On Your Own
Reason In Problems 6–8, answer each question and explain
your reasoning.

6. Is it possible for a triangle to have two obtuse angles?

7. Is it possible for an exterior angle of a triangle to be a right angle?

8. An isosceles triangle has an angle that measures 100°. Do you have enough
(l) ©Gerard Lemoine/EyeEm/Getty Images; (r) ©Matsumoto/Shutterstock

information to determine the other two angles of the triangle?

9. Write a two-column proof of the converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.

If two angles of a triangle are congruent, A
the two sides opposite the angles are
congruent.
Given: ∠B ≅ ∠C
_ _
​​  ≅ AC​​
Prove: AB​​ ​​ 
B C
An asterism is a group of stars that is easier to recognize than a constellation.
Find the value of x in each asterism.
10. Vega 11.
x°
Procyon Betelgeuse
Deneb 83° 62°

Altair x°
37°
Sirius

The Summer Triangle The Winter Triangle

Module 9 • Lesson 9.1 261

 Find the value of x.
x°
12. x° 13.
150°
72°
80°

74°

14. 15.
x°
x°

40° 30°

57°

16. 17.
x°
74° 30°

32°

x°

18. Critique Reasoning A triangle has two angles that measure

82° and 44°. Jessica states that the measure of the exterior angle of the unknown
angle is 126°. Tristan states that the measure of the exterior angle is 54°. Who is
correct? Explain your reasoning.

19. Open Ended Write a problem that uses the Triangle Sum Theorem to find the
value of a variable.

20. Two spotlights illuminate a stage as shown. Find the value of x, y, and z.

99° 97°

y°

61° x° z° 53°

21. Lily is cutting triangular shapes from fabric for a quilt she is making. One piece she
cuts has an angle that measures 54°. The measure of one of the unknown angles
is twice the measure of the other unknown angle. What are the measures of the
unknown angles?
262 
22. A person at T is observing a drone flying along
←→ ​
​​  AC ​​. The drone’s path is parallel to a horizontal line B C
at the person’s eye level. At point A, the angle of A 240 ft
elevation to the drone is 35°. After the drone has
traveled 240 feet to point B, the angle of elevation
is 70°.What is BT? Explain your reasoning.
70°
23. Reason If you know the measure of an
exterior angle of a triangle, can you determine 35° T
the measures of the remote interior angles?
Explain your reasoning.

24. Consider △XYZ shown. If m∠X is five

times as great as m∠Y, find m∠X and m∠Y.

120°
Z

Find the measure of each interior angle of the triangle.

25. (5x - 7)° 26. B
A

(4m + 3)°

(x + 16)°
(8x + 3)° (6m + 22)° (3m - 3)°
B
A C
C

27. A (17x + 1)° 28. B

A (13t - 16)°

(20x + 8)° B

(4t + 2)°
C (24x - 12)°
C

B
29. (11y - 16)° 30.
B
(7y)°
A
(a + 9)°
A
(6a - 25)°

C (3a)°

C
Module 9 • Lesson 9.1 263
 In Problems 31 and 32, find MN.
31. N 32. N

4d + 3
4x + 15 7x - 12

M
M L
6d - 13
L
33. Construct Arguments In isosceles △ABC, ∠B and ∠C are the base angles.
The measures of the interior angles are integers. How do you know that the measure
of the vertex angle, ∠A, is an even number?

34. Open Middle™ Using the integers from 1 to 9 at most one time each, fill in the
boxes to give possible measures for the angles in the triangle.

° B
m∠KAB = ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​
°
m∠ABC = ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​
°
m∠BCA = ​ ​ ​
​ ​​ K A C

Spiral Review • Assessment Readiness

35. What value of x makes D 37. Line m and line n are perpendicular. The slope
△EDG ≅ △FDG ? of line m is 3. What is the slope of line n?
A 3 A 3
-1 ​​
C  ​​ _
3
B 5 2x + 9 5x - 6 1
_
B   ​​   ​​ D -3
3
C 9
38. Which theorem can be used most directly to show
D 26 that △ABC ≅ △DEF? B F
E G F
A
36. Rectangle PQRS
_ is divided into two triangles
by diagonal ​​ PR​​. Which congruence statement
D
is correct?
A △PRS ≅ △RPQ C
A ASA Triangle Congruence Theorem E
B △RSP ≅ △QRP
B AAS Triangle Congruence Theorem
C △PRS ≅ △QRP
C SAS Triangle Congruence Theorem
D △SPR ≅ △PQR
D SSS Triangle Congruence Theorem

I’m in a Learning Mindset!

How do I proactively seek out additional learning opportunities?

264  Keep Going to Journal and Practice Workbook

 9.2

Perpendicular Bisectors
in Triangles
I Can construct perpendicular bisectors and use the point of concurrency
to circumscribe triangles with circles.

Spark Your Learning

A catering company that has food trucks in three locations wants to relocate its main
office to a central location.

Complete Part A as a whole class. Then complete Parts B–D in small groups.

A. What is a mathematical question you can ask about this situation? What
information would you need to know to answer your question?

B. How could you answer your question visually?

©BluIz60/Shutterstock

C. To answer your question, what strategy and tool would you use along
with all the information you have? What answer do you get?

D. What is the answer to your question?

Turn and Talk Can you think of any reasons that the new main office
could not be built at the exact central location?

Module 9 • Lesson 9.2 265

 Build Understanding

Investigate Perpendicular Bisectors

A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a segment that is perpendicular to
and bisects a side of a triangle.

1 Use a geometric drawing tool

to draw a triangle. Construct
Construct Transform
the midpoint of each side of the
triangle and a line perpendicular
to each side through the midpoint. Select Point Circle Polygon Angle

A. Move the vertices of the

triangle. What is true about Segment Line Ray Vector Arc

their perpendicular bisectors?

Compass Midpoint Parallel Perpendicular
Line Line
B. In what type of triangle
is the intersection of the
perpendicular bisectors inside
the triangle? outside the
triangle? on the triangle?

Prove that Perpendicular Bisectors Are Concurrent

In Task 1, the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle intersect in ℓ
A
a point. Concurrent lines are three or more lines that intersect at one point.
The point of concurrency is the point where concurrent lines intersect. m
2 Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle are concurrent. P

Given: Lines ℓ, m, and n are perpendicular bisectors of △ABC. C

B
Prove: Lines ℓ, m, and n are concurrent. n

A. Why do you know line ℓ and line m intersect?

B. Explain how you know that lines ℓ, m, and n are concurrent in Step 6.

Statements Reasons
1. Lines ℓ, m, and n are perpendicular 1. Given
bisectors of △ABC.

2. Let P be the intersection of m and ℓ. 2. Definition of intersecting lines

3. PB = PC; PB = PA 3. Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

4. PA = PC 4. Transitive Property of Equality

5. P is on line n. 5. Converse of Perpendicular Bisector

Theorem

6. Lines ℓ, m, and n are concurrent. 6. ?

266 
Prove the Circumcenter Theorem
The point of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle is called the
circumcenter of a triangle.

A circle that contains all the vertices of a polygon is circumscribed about the polygon.
A circle circumscribed about a polygon is called the circumcircle of the polygon.

Circumcenter Theorem
The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle B
intersect at a point that is equidistant from the
vertices of the triangle.
PA = PB = PC
P

C
A

ℓ
A
3 Show that the distance from the circumcenter of the triangle
to each vertex of the triangle is equal. m
P
Given: Lines ℓ, m, and n are perpendicular bisectors of △ABC.
P is the circumcenter of △ABC. C
B
Prove: PA = PB = PC
n

Statements Reasons
1. Lines ℓ, m, and n are perpendicular bisectors of △ABC. 1. Given

2. P is the circumcenter of △ABC. 2. Given

_
​ ​, so PA = PB.
3. P is on the perpendicular bisector of AB​ 3. ?
_
​ ​, so PB = PC.
4. P is on the perpendicular bisector of BC​ 4. ?

5. PA = PB = PC 5. ?

A. What reasons should be given in Steps 3, 4, and 5?_

Should a step be included
stating that P is on the perpendicular bisector of AC​​
​​  ? Why or why not?

B. Draw a triangle and

_construct the circumcenter. Using the circumcenter
as the center and AP​​
​​  as the radius, construct a circle. Why is the point
of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle called the
circumcenter of the triangle?

C. The circumcenter of a triangle is used to draw a circle circumscribed about

the triangle. If one side of the triangle is a diameter of the circumcircle,
then how can you classify the triangle by its angles?

Turn and Talk Why is it only necessary to construct two perpendicular bisectors
to circumscribe a triangle with a circle?

Module 9 • Lesson 9.2 267

 Step It Out

Use Circumcenters to Solve Problems

4 The diagram shows a bass player
(point A), a drummer (point B), y
and a guitar player (point C) in a 14
recording studio. Where should an
overhead microphone be placed so 12 B
that it is the same distance from
10
each musician?

Find 8
_the perpendicular bisector
of ​​ AB​​.
6
midpoint of
( )
_ 0 + 8 0_
,​  +  ​ 12 ​​ = ​​ 4, 6 ​​ 4
​​ AB​​ = ​​ _
​   ​
2 2
( )
_
​​  12 - 0 ​​= _ ​​  12 ​​ = _ ​​  3 ​​
2
slope of AB​​​​  =_
8-0 8 2
_ A C x
The perpendicular bisector of AB​​ ​​  0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
__
2 __
26
is y = -​​  3 ​​x + ​​  3 ​​.

A. How was this equation determined?

_
Find the perpendicular bisector of ​​ AC​​.
_
​​  = (​​ 9, 0)​​.
The midpoint of AC​​
B. How was this equation determined?
_
The perpendicular bisector of AC​​ ​​  is x = 9.
C. What are the
Find the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors. coordinates of the
circumcenter?
​​  26 ​​ and x = 9 intersect at y = -​​ _
2 ​​  x + _
y = -​​ _ 2 ​​​​(9)​​ + _ 8 ​​.
​​  26 ​​ = ​​ _
3 3 3 3 3

Turn and Talk Compare the processes of circumscribing a triangle with a circle
on and off the coordinate plane.
_
5 The circumcenter of △ABC is P. Find the length of PC​​
​​  . A

Solve for x.

7x + 15 = 10x - 9 Why is this

7x + 15 P
equation true? 10x - 9
      15 = 3x - 9 B
                               24 = 3x
C
         8 = x
Substitute the value of x into the expression for PC.

PC = 10​​(8)​​ - 9 = 80 - 9 = 71
_
The length of PC​​
​​  is 71.
268 
Check Understanding
Copy each triangle. Construct the perpendicular bisectors of each side.

1. 2.

3. Critique Reasoning Alice states that the circumcenter of a triangle must

be within the triangle. Nancy says that it is possible for the circumcenter to be
outside of the triangle. Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

4. Sketch a triangle on a coordinate plane with vertices at (​​ −1, 1)​​, (​​ 4, −2)​​, and ​​(3, 3)​​.
Estimate the coordinates of the circumcenter of the triangle.

5. Point N is the circumcenter of △QPR, QN = 4x - 5, and RN = 2x + 3. Is it

possible to find the value of x? If so, explain how.

On Your Own
6. Use Structure Sketch three different right triangles. Find the circumcenter
of each triangle. What do you notice about the circumcenter of each right triangle?

7. Use Structure Sketch three different obtuse triangles. Find the circumcenter
of each triangle. What do you notice about the circumcenter of each obtuse triangle?

Copy each triangle. Construct the circumcircle of the triangle.

8. 9.

10. 11.

Module 9 • Lesson 9.2 269

 12. Construct Arguments Use a flow proof to prove the ℓ
A
Circumcenter Theorem.
Given: L_ ines_ ℓ, m, and_n are the perpendicular bisectors of m
AB​​ ​​  , and ​​ BC​​. P is the intersection of ℓ, m, and n.
​​  , AC​​
P
Prove: PA = PB = PC
C
13. Construct Arguments Use geometry software to draw a B
circle. Draw a quadrilateral inside the circle so that all four vertices n
lie on the circle. What do you notice about the measures of the
opposite angles in the quadrilateral?

14. A cell phone company plans to build a new tower

that is the same distance from the three existing A 24 45

towers shown in the diagram. Copy the points and

show where the new tower 60
should be located.
60 B

62

C
24
45

Some cell phone

towers are built
to look like trees.

Find the circumcenter of the triangle.

15. y 16. A y
4 4
C
2 2

©James Hackland/Alamy
C x x
-4 -2 0 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
-2
A B B
-4 -4

17. y 18. y
4 4
A A
2 B 2
x x
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
-2 -2
B C C
-4 -4

270 
19. Reason Suppose you are finding the circumcenter of a triangle on a
coordinate plane. Why might you want to find the perpendicular bisector of a
horizontal or vertical side of the triangle first?

20. Reason When finding the circumcenter of a triangle on a coordinate plane,

only two perpendicular bisectors are needed. Explain why. Then explain how the
third perpendicular bisector can be used to check your answer.
The circumcenter P of △ABC on a coordinate plane is given. Find the unknown
coordinate of the vertices of the triangle.

21. circumcenter: P​​(3, 2)​​; vertices: A​​(1, 3)​​, B​​(4, ?)​​, C​​(5, 1)​​

22. circumcenter: P​​(-1, 3)​​; vertices: A​​(-4, 0)​​, B​​(-4, 6)​​, and C​​(?, 0)​​

23. circumcenter: P​​(2.5, 2)​​; vertices: A​​(7, ?)​​, B​​(-1, -1)​​, and C​​(-2, 1)​​

The circumcenter of △ABC is P. Find the value of x.

24. P x+2 25. C

2x - 5 B
A
9x - 19

C P
6x + 11
A B

26. C 27. C
3(x + 4)

7x + 1

A P
B
2x + 41 A
P 6x - 3
B
_ _ _
Use the diagram for Problems 28–31. DE​​
​​  , DF​​
​​  , and ​​ DG​​ are the perpendicular
bisectors of △ABC. Use the given information to find the lengths. Note that
the figure is not drawn to scale.
A
28. Given: FD = 24, DA = 46, GC = 32
Find: AC and DB
F
G
29. Given: BD = 25, DE = 7, BC = 48
Find: BE and DC D

B
30. Given: BC = 30, DC = 17 E
C
Find: DE

31. Name a segment that is a radius of the circumcircle of △ABC.

Module 9 • Lesson 9.2 271

 _ _ _ _
In
_ the diagram,
_ PK​​
​​  , PL​​
​​  , and ​​  PM​​ are the perpendicular bisectors of sides AB​​
​​  , P
​​ BC​​, and ​​ AC​​ , respectively. Tell whether the given statement is justified by the figure.

32. AK = KB 33. PA = PB 34. PM = PL B

K
L

_ A M D C
The circumcenter of △ABC is P. Find the length of PA​​
​​  .

35. B 36. 5y + 8
B
A
P
9z - 18
7z + 4 C 13y

P C
A

37. C 38. B
B 4a - 25

10m + 13
P
P A 2a + 9

A 14m - 3
C

Spiral Review • Assessment Readiness

39. What is the measure of ∠B? 41. Which theorem can you use to show that
A 13° A △FGH ≅ △RST? H
B 35° (5x - 5)° T
G
C 60°
(x + 22)° C
D 85°
(6x + 7)°
R
B F S
40. The measure of ∠JKL is 88°, and ∠JKL is
‒‒
A ASA Triangle Congruence
​→
bisected by KM ​​
​​ . What is the value of x if B AAS Triangle Congruence
m∠JKM = (​​ 7x - 12)​​°?
C SAS Triangle Congruence
A 8 C 44
D SSS Triangle Congruence
B 14 D 56

I’m in a Learning Mindset!

What are my strengths when finding and using perpendicular bisectors?

272  Keep Going to Journal and Practice Workbook

 9.3

Angle Bisectors in Triangles

I Can prove that angle bisectors are concurrent and inscribe circles in triangles.

Spark Your Learning

A group of friends are making scrapbooks. Maria wants to cut a circle out of a triangular
piece of paper.

Complete Part A as a whole class. Then complete Parts B–D in small groups.

A. What is a geometric question you can ask about this situation? What
information would you need to know to answer your question?

B. To answer your question, what strategy and tool would you use along
with all the information you have? What answer do you get?
©John Birdsall/age fotostock

C. How should the edge of the circle relate to the sides of the triangle?

D. How can you check that the center of the circle is in the correct location?

Turn and Talk Do you notice anything about the center of the circle
that relates to the sides, vertices, or angles of the triangle?

Module 9 • Lesson 9.3 273

 Build Understanding

Prove the Angle Bisector Theorem

An angle bisector of a triangle is a ray that divides an angle into two congruent angles. You
can find the relationship between an angle bisector and the sides of the angle it bisects.

Angle Bisector Theorem

If a point is on the bisector of an angle, then it is
equidistant from the two sides of the angle.
A
‒‒
​⇀
If ​​PC ​​ bisects ∠APB, AC​​ ‒‒
_ ​⇀
​​ ⊥ PA ​​
_ ​⇀
‒‒
​​ ⊥ ​​PB ​​,
​​ , and BC​​
C

then AC = BC.
P
B

1 Prove the Angle Bisector Theorem. P

Z
A. Many segments can be drawn from a point to a ray. In ∠PQR, Y
X
‒
which segment appears to represent the distance from point R
​→
to QP ​​
​​ ? Explain your reasoning. Q
R
B. The theorem claims that WX = WZ. How can congruent
triangles be used to show that WX = WZ? How can you show
X
that the triangles are congruent if you know that ∠XYW ≅ ∠ZYW?
​→‒‒
Given: YW ​​
​​ bisects ∠XYZ, WX​​
​​ 
_ ​→
⊥ YX ​ ‒
​​ , ​and WZ​​
​​ 
_ ​→ ‒
⊥ YZ ​
​​ .​ Y
W

Prove: WX = WZ
Z

Statements Reasons
‒
​→ _ ​→ ‒
​​ _ bisects ∠XYZ, ​​ WX​​ ⊥ YX ​
‒
1. YW ​​ ​​ ,​and 1. Given
​→
​​ WZ​​ ⊥ ​​ YZ ​.​

2. ∠XYW ≅ ∠ZYW 2. Definition of angle bisector

3. ∠WXY and ∠WZY are right angles. 3. Definition of perpendicular lines

4. ∠WXY ≅ ∠WZY 4. All right angles are congruent.

_ _
5. ​​ YW​​ ≅ YW​​
​​  5. Reflexive Property of Congruence

6. △YXW ≅ △YZW 6. AAS Triangle Congruence Theorem

_ _
7. ​​ WX​​ ≅ WZ​​
​​  7. Corresponding parts of congruent figures
are congruent.

8. WX = WZ 8. Definition of congruent segments

Turn and Talk How is an angle bisector similar to a perpendicular bisector?

274 
Prove the Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem
The converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem is true as well.

Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem

If a point in the interior of an angle is equidistant from
the sides of the angle, then it is on the bisector of the angle. A

If AC​​
​​  ‒‒
_ ​⇀ _ ​⇀
⊥ PA ​​ ‒‒ ​⇀ ‒‒
​​ , ​​ BC​​ ⊥ ​​ PB ​​, and AC = BC, then ​​PC ​​ bisects ∠APB.
C

P B

2 Prove the Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem.

A. In the statement of the Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem, why is it

important to state that the point is in the interior of the angle?
X
‒‒
B. What do you need to show before you can state
​→
that YW ​​
​​ bisects ∠XYZ?
‒ ‒
W
_ ​→ _ ​→ Y
Given: WX​​
​​  ⊥ YX ​​
​​ , ​​ WZ​​ ⊥ YZ ​​
​​ , and WX = WZ.
‒‒
​→
​​ bisects ∠XYZ.
Prove: YW ​​ Z

Statements Reasons
1. WX​​
​​ 
_ ​‒→ _ ​ →
⊥ YX ​​
​​ , WZ​​
​​  ‒
⊥ ​​ YZ ​​, and 1. Given
WX = WZ.
_ _
2. ​​ WX​​ ≅ WZ​​
​​  2. Definition of congruent segments

3. ∠WXY and ∠WZY are right 3. Definition of perpendicular lines

angles.

4. △YXW and △YZW are right 4. Definition of a right triangle

triangles.
_ _
5. ​​YW​​ ≅ YW​​
​​  5. Reflexive Property of Congruence

6. △YXW ≅ △YZW 6. HL Triangle Congruence Theorem

7. ∠XYW ≅ ∠ZYW 7. Corresponding parts of congruent figures

are congruent.
‒
​→
8. ​​YW ​​ bisects ∠XYZ. 8. Definition of angle bisector

C. Compare the proofs for the Angle Bisector Theorem and its converse. How
are the proofs alike? How are they different?

Turn and Talk Suppose m∠XYZ = 68° and m∠XYW = (​​ 3x + 7)​​°. Do you have
enough information to solve for x? Explain your reasoning.

Module 9 • Lesson 9.3 275

 Step It Out

Prove the Incenter Theorem

Recall that concurrent lines are three or more lines that intersect at one point, called
the point of concurrency. An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment from a vertex
of the triangle that divides that interior angle into two congruent angles. The point of
concurrency of angle bisectors of a triangle is called the incenter of the triangle. You
can show that the incenter is equidistant from the sides of the triangle.

Incenter Theorem
The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point that B
is equidistant from the sides of the triangle.
Y Z
_ _ _
If AP​​
​​ , BP​​ ​​ are angle bisectors of △ABC,
​​ , and CP​​
P
then PX = PY = PZ.
C
A X

3 Prove the Incenter Theorem. B

Given: Angle bisectors of ∠A, ∠B, and ∠C in △ABC.

Prove: The angle bisectors_intersect

_ at_ a point
equidistant from ​​ AB​​, BC​​
​​  , and ​​ AC​​. C
A
The bisectors of ∠A and ∠C intersect at point P.
B
Perpendicular
_ _ segments
_ _ are drawn _from_ point P
so that ​​ PX​​ ⊥ AC​​ ​​  ⊥ AB​​
​​  , PY​​ ​​  ⊥ BC​​
​​  , and PZ​​ ​​  . Y Z
So, PX = PY and PX = PZ.
P
C
A X
A. How do you know that PX = PY and PX = PZ?

Using the Transitive Property of Equality, PY = PZ.

This means that P lies on the angle bisector of ∠B.

B. How do you know that P lies the angle bisector of ∠B?

_ _ _
Because PX = PY = PZ, point P is equidistant from AB​​
​​  , BC​​
​​  , and ​​ AC​​.

Use Properties of Angle Bisectors Z

X
A circle is inscribed in a triangle if each side of the triangle is
tangent to the circle. In the figure, circle C is inscribed in △XYZ.
C
The center of the circle is the incenter of △XYZ.

276 
 4 A circular tent will be set up for a graduation ceremony at a university. The tent
will be located on a triangular section of land between a sculpture, a corner of
the library building, and a gazebo.

Library

Sculpture

Scale
0.25 in. : 8 ft Gazebo

Reggie uses a scale drawing of the area to determine the largest circular tent
that can be used. Reggie’s steps are shown below.

Step 1 Draw the angle bisector of each angle. A. How can you construct an angle bisector
using a compass and a straightedge?
Step 2 Find the incenter of the triangle. Using a
compass, construct an inscribed circle. B. How is the radius of the circle determined?

Step 3 Use a ruler to measure the radius.

​​ 5 ​​, or 0.625, inch.

The radius is _
8
Step 4 Use the scale to determine the diameter of the largest possible circular
tent that can be used.

​​ _ 0.25 in. 0.625 in.

 ​​ = ​​ _  ​​   →  x = 20
8 ft x ft
The largest circular tent that will fit has a radius of 20 feet.

Turn and Talk Is it possible to use only two angle bisectors to find the incenter?
Explain.

P
5 Point Z is the incenter of △PQR. What is m∠QPZ?

Use the Triangle Sum Theorem to write an equation.

13°
m∠QPR + m∠PRQ + m∠RQP = 180° Z

      m∠QPR + 2​​(13°)​​ + 122° = 180° Q

122°
R

          m∠QPR + 148° = 180°

A. How do you know that m∠PRQ = 2​​(13°)​​?
m∠QPR = 32°
             

The measure of ∠QPZ is half the measure B. How do you know that the measure
​​  12 ​​​​(32°)​​ = 16°.
of ∠QPR: m∠QPZ = __ of ∠QPZ is half the measure of ∠QPR?

Module 9 • Lesson 9.3 277

 Check Understanding
_
1. ​​ BD​​ bisects ∠ABC. What is the 2. For what value of x does D lie on the
value of x? bisector of ∠ABC?
B B C
x
A 53° x C
D
16 16 27
A

D
Point G is the incenter of △KLM. Tell whether each L
statement can be determined from the given information.
_ _ P
3. ​​ PG​​ ≅ QG​ ​​  ​ Q
_ _
4. ​​ LG​​≅ MG​
​​  ​ G

5. ∠QMG ≅ ∠RMG M
R
K
6. ∠PGK ≅ ∠LGQ

7. Copy the triangle. Construct the angle bisectors of

each angle. Then label the incenter of the triangle.

On Your Own
8. Use Tools Use a geometric drawing tool to draw a triangle. Construct
angle bisectors of each angle.
A. Move the vertices of the triangle. What is true about the angle bisectors?
B. Is it possible to move the vertices in such a way that the intersection of the
angle bisectors is outside the triangle? Explain.
Can you determine that AQ = CQ? Explain your reasoning.
9. 10.
A A

Q Q
B B
C C
​‒→
Can you determine that BQ ​​
​​ bisects ∠ABC? Explain your reasoning.
11. 12.
A
A

B B Q
Q

C C

278 
Copy the triangle. Then construct an inscribed circle for each triangle.

13. 14.

15. Open Ended Draw a triangle. Find the incenter of the triangle. Inscribe a circle
in the triangle.

16. David is installing crown molding. The molding creates a triangular gap with the
wall and the ceiling through which a circular tube, called conduit, will be run. The
conduit will hold wires and cables.
A. Copy the triangle in the diagram, which shows 2.75 in.
a cross section of the triangular space created
by the molding. Draw an inscribed circle to
represent the largest conduit that can be run
3.5 in.
through this space.
B. Use a ruler and the dimensions given on the
diagram to estimate the diameter of the largest
conduit that will fit in the space.

Find each measure.

17. m∠ABD 18. DC

A
54
A
D 8x + 3
(7x + 1)°
D
B (2x + 36)° 54 B
11x - 3

19. WZ 20. m∠XYW

X
X 6x - 11
64
W W
(5x - 9)°

(3x + 5)° Y
64
39° 4x + 5
Y 39°
Z
Z

Module 9 • Lesson 9.3 279

 P
21. Critique Reasoning P and Q are the incenter and circumcenter
of the triangle, but not necessarily in that order. Michael states that
the incenter of the triangle is P and the circumcenter is Q. Eve states
that the incenter of the triangle is Q and the circumcenter is P. Who is
Q
correct? Explain your reasoning.
_ _
​​ AP​​ and ​​ BP​​ are angle bisectors of △ABC. Find each measure.
A
_
22. distance from P to BC​​
​​  6.4
Q
23. m∠PAC C
P 28°
24. m∠QPB 29°
_ _ B
​​ AP​​ and ​​ BP​​ are angle bisectors of △ABC.
Determine whether each statement is true or false. A 24°

25. P lies on the angle bisector of ∠ACB.

_ _ P 24°
Q
26. PQ​​
​​  is a perpendicular bisector of AB​​
​​  . C
B
Spiral Review • Assessment Readiness
27. What is the measure of ∠ABD? 29. The circumcenter of △ABC is D. What is AD?
A C
(2x + 12)°

D 3b - 4
(4x - 14)°

B
A D
(x + 10)° B
C
A 36° C 86° b + 14
B 46° D 130° A 2 C 9
what value of t is Y is the midpoint
28. For_ B 5 D 23
of XZ​​
​​  ?
30. Which of the following set of statements does
7t - 2
4t + 7 not allow you to conclude that △ABC ≅ △DEF?
Y
Z _ _
X A ∠A ≅ ∠D, ∠B ≅ ∠E, BC​​ ​​  ≅ EF​​ ​​ 
_ _ _ _
2 B ∠A ≅ ∠D, AC​​ ​​  ≅ DF​​ ​​  ≅ DE​​
​​  , AB​​ ​​ 
A 1​​ _ ​​ C 9 _ _ _ _ _ _
3
C  ​​ AB​​ ≅ DE​​ ​​  ≅ EF​​
​​  , BC​​ ​​  , AC​​​​  ≅ DF​​
​​ 
B 3 D 27 _ _ _ _
D ∠A ≅ ∠D, AB​​ ​​  ≅ DE​​
​​  , BC​​ ​​  ≅ EF​​ ​​ 

I’m in a Learning Mindset!

How do my time-management skills impact decision-making?

280  Keep Going to Journal and Practice Workbook

 9.4

Medians and Altitudes

in Triangles
I Can construct medians and altitudes to find centroids and orthocenters.

Spark Your Learning

A city planner is creating an architectural model that shows the redevelopment plans for
an area of the city. The model needs to include a miniature version of the sculpture shown.

Complete Part A as a whole class. Then complete Parts B–D in small groups.

A. What is a mathematical question you can ask about this sculpture?

B. To answer your question, what strategy and tool would you use along
with all the information you have? What answer do you get?
©Radu Bercan/Shutterstock

C. Is it easier to balance the triangle on a pole that has a flat top like the
one shown or on a pole that comes to a point like the tip of a pencil?
Explain.

D. How do you think the shape of the triangle affects the location of the
balance point of the triangle?

Turn and Talk Is it important that the triangle has an even thickness
and density?

Module 9 • Lesson 9.4 281

 Build Understanding

Medians and the Centroid Theorem

A median of a triangle is a segment whose endpoints are a vertex of the B
triangle and the midpoint of the opposite side. median
Every triangle has three distinct medians. The medians of a triangle are
concurrent. The point of concurrency is called the centroid of the triangle. A C

Centroid Theorem
The centroid of a triangle is located __
​​ 23 ​​ A
of the distance from each vertex to the
midpoint of the opposite side. Y Z

AP = ​​ _ ​​  2 ​​  BY   CP = _

2 ​​  AX   BP = _ ​​  2 ​​  CZ
3 3 3 C B
X

P (centroid)

1 Use a geometric drawing tool

to draw a triangle. Construct
Construct Transform
the midpoint of each side of the
triangle. Then construct a line
segment from each vertex to the
Select Point Circle Polygon Angle M
midpoint of the opposite side.
Segment Line Ray Vector Arc
C
P A
L
Compass Midpoint Parallel Perpendicular
Line Line
B N

A. Move the vertices of the triangle. What is true about the medians?

B. Move the vertices to make acute, obtuse, and right triangles. Describe the
location of the centroid in relation to the triangle.

C. Measure the distance from the centroid to the vertex and the centroid to the
midpoint for one segment. What relationship do the lengths have? Is this
true for each of the segments?

Turn and Talk

• What do you think might be true about the area of the triangles MPN, MPL, and LPN?
What information would you need to justify this conjecture?
• How does the centroid of a triangle compare to the circumcenter and incenter?

282 
Altitudes and the Orthocenter
A
An altitude of a triangle is a perpendicular altitude
segment from a vertex to the opposite side or to
a line that contains the opposite side. An altitude
can be inside, outside, or on the triangle. C B

Every triangle has three altitudes. The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. The point
of concurrency is called the orthocenter of the triangle. The orthocenter can be inside,
outside, or on the triangle.
A

orthocenter
P

C B

2 Copy △JKL. Construct an altitude at each vertex. In some cases, you may have
to extend a side of the triangle to construct the altitude, as shown below.

K K

J L J L

A. Do you think the orthocenter of △JKL will be inside, outside,

or on the triangle?

B. Extend the altitudes and locate the orthocenter of the triangle.

Where is the orthocenter located?

C. Construct additional triangles and orthocenters. Match the type of

triangle on the left with the location of its orthocenter on the right.

Type of Triangle Location of Orthocenter

A. Acute 1. Outside the triangle

B. Right 2. Inside the triangle

C. Obtuse 3. On the triangle

Turn and Talk Suppose the orthocenter of △PQR occurs at a vertex of the
triangle. What type of triangle is △PQR?

Module 9 • Lesson 9.4 283

 Step It Out

Find the Center of Gravity

3 A bicycle frame consists of two triangles.
Describe the location of the center of gravity of
each triangle given that AH = BG = 13.8 in. and
BF = DE = 18 in.

If an object has a consistent density, then its

center of gravity is its centroid. E C
B
Since point P is the centroid of △ABD,
Q
AP = __ ​​  23 ​​​​(13.8)​​ = 9.2 inches
​​  23 ​​AH = __ H F
P
Since point Q is the centroid of △BCD, A
BQ = __ ​​  23 ​​​​(18)​​ = 12 inches
​​  23 ​​BF = __ G D

So, the center of gravity of △ABD is 9.2 inches

Explain why P is the centroid of △ABD,
from A and B, and the center of gravity of
and why Q is the centroid △BCD.
△BCD is 12 inches from B and D.

Turn and Talk Describe how you could modify the frame to lower
its center of gravity to increase its stability.

Find the Orthocenter of a Triangle on the Coordinate Plane

4 Find the orthocenter of △PQR with vertices y
10
P​​(1, 3)​​, Q​​(7, 9)​​, and R​​(9, 3)​​. Q

Find the altitude from vertex Q. 8

Since the side opposite vertex Q is horizontal, 6

the altitude will be vertical.
4
The altitude is a segment on the vertical line R
that passes through (​​ 7, 9)​​. 2
P

Find the altitude from vertex P. x

0 2 4 6 8 10
The slope of the side opposite vertex P is -3.
y
10
A. How do you know the slope is -3? Q
_ 8
​​  is ​​ __31 ​​.
The slope of the line perpendicular to QR​​
Use this information to draw the altitude from P. 6

4
B. How do you use this information R
to draw the altitude? P
2

Locate the orthocenter. x

0
The two altitudes intersect at (​​ 7, 5)​​. 2 4 6 8 10
284 
 Check Understanding
1. Copy the triangle. Construct the 2. Copy the triangle. Construct the
medians and identify the centroid of altitudes and identify the orthocenter
the triangle. of the triangle.

3. Suppose the orthocenter of △PQR occurs outside of the triangle. What type of
triangle is △PQR?

4. Is it possible for the centroid and the orthocenter a triangle to be the same point?
Explain.
_ _
5. In △XYZ, medians XM​​ ​​  and ​​ YN​​ intersect at K. If XM = 21, what is XK?

6. On a coordinate plane, △ABC has vertices A​​(0, 5)​​, B​​(10, 0)​​, and C​​(0, 0)​​.
What are the coordinates of the orthocenter of the triangle?

On Your Own
Copy each triangle and find its centroid.
7. 8.
©Jean-Pierre Pieuchot/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images

9. STEM In a cable-stayed bridge, cables are used to help support the weight of the
bridge. The cables form triangles that are symmetric to each pylon. In the diagram,
←→​
△ABC, △ADF, and △AGH are all symmetric about ​​ AZ ​​. Use the diagram to
explain why the triangles formed by the cables all have the same centroid.

H F C Z B D G

Module 9 • Lesson 9.4 285

 10. Reason The centroid of △ABC is located at (​​ 4, 5)​​. y
10
A. Choose one vertex and find the coordinates of the endpoints B
of the median from that vertex. 8
B. Show that the Centroid Theorem is true for the median.
6
11. Critique Reasoning Joe draws a triangle and claims that
the centroid of his triangle is outside of the triangle. Do you think 4
A
this is possible? Explain your reasoning.
2
C
12. Construct Arguments Another term for the centroid of a x
triangle is the balancing point of a triangle. Why do you think this 0 2 4 6 8 10
phrase is used to describe the centroid?
Copy each triangle and find its orthocenter. State whether the orthocenter is inside,
outside, or on the triangle.
13. 14.

15. 16.

In Problems 17–22, find each measure. A

17. AG if AE = 15 18. GF if BF = 24
D F
19. CD if CG = 34 20. GE if AG = 54 G

21. BF if GF = 12 22. CG if DG = 9 E
B C
23. Reason If you are given the distance from a vertex of
a triangle to the centroid, can you determine the length of
that median? Explain.

286 
Point G is the centroid of △ABC. Find the value of the variable.
24. A 25. B
5n + 9

E
E

D 7x - 1 F
A G
G 3n
4x - 2 B D

F
C
C

26. C 27. B
7t - 8
E
5t + 14 4a + 21
A D
D E
G 8a + 5
F G
A C
B F

28. E 29. A
A B 5w - 7
F
9t + 5 3w + 13
D G
F
B
3t + 4
E
G
C
D

A map of a campground is drawn on a coordinate plane. The y

coordinates of three cabins are A​​(0, 4)​​, B​​(10, 1)​​, and C​​(2, -5)​​.
Find the coordinates of each feature of the campground.
_ A
30. the main lodge, which is the midpoint of AB​​ ​​ 
_
31. the fire pit, which is the midpoint of AC​​
​​  2
_
32. the archery range, which is the midpoint of BC​​ ​​  B
-2 2 4 x
33. the centroid of △ABC
-2
34. Open Ended Draw a triangle on a coordinate plane.
-4
Use the medians of the triangle to find the coordinates
C
of the centroid of the triangle.
Find the centroid of each triangle with the given vertices.

35. A​​(0, 4)​​, B​(​ 4, 7)​​, C​​(8, 1)​​ 36. A​​(-2, 2)​​, B​​(0, -2)​​, C​​(5, 0)​​

37. A​​(-3, -3)​​, B​​(4, -4)​​, C​​(5, 4)​​ 38. A​​(-5, -4)​​, B​(​ -2, -1)​​, C​(​ -5, -1)​​

39. A​(​ -6, -7)​​, B​​(6, 2)​​, C​​(0, 5)​​ 40. A​​(2, 4)​​, B​​(7, 2)​​, C​​(3, -3)​​

Module 9 • Lesson 9.4 287

 Find the orthocenter of each triangle with the given vertices.

41. A​​(11, 0)​​, B​​(7, 4)​​, C​​(5, -2)​​ 42. A​​(12, 3)​​, B​​(7, -2)​​, C​​(1, 3)​​

43. A​​(-2, -1)​​, B​​(2, 3)​​, C​​(-4, 5)​​ 44. A​​(-1, 1)​​, B​​(3, 6)​​, C​​(3, 1)​​

45. A​​(-1, 0)​​, B​​(6, 7)​​, C​​(4, 0)​​ 46. A​​(5, 6)​​, B​​(5, -2)​​, C​​(-2, -1)​​

47. Sergio is creating a pattern that he is going to use to cut out triangular y
pieces of wood. He draws his pattern on a coordinate plane. What are
6
the coordinates of the orthocenter?

48. Open Ended Draw a triangle on a coordinate plane with an 4

orthocenter that is is outside of the triangle. Draw a triangle on a
2
coordinate plane with an orthocenter that is is on the triangle.
x
49. Open Middle™ Using the digits 1 to 9, at most one time each, 0 2 4 6 8
replace the boxes to create two triangles. One triangle should have
an altitude x that is less than 5, and the other triangle should have
an altitude y that is greater than 5.

? ? ? y ?
x

? ?

Spiral Review • Assessment Readiness

_
50. What is the measure of ∠B? 51. What is the midpoint M of ​​ JK​​?
A 6° B A M​​(0, 2)​​ y K
(5x + 4)°
B 34° B M​​(1, 2)​​ 2
A J
C 73° C M​​(2, 1)​​ x
D 146° (12x + 1)° C D M​​(2, 1.5)​​ -2 0 2 4

©mis-Tery/Shutterstock
52. Determine whether the statement describes the incenter or circumcenter of a triangle.

Statement Incenter Circumcenter

A. T
 his point is equidistant from the
? ?
sides of the triangle.

B. T
 his point is equidistant from the
? ?
vertices of the triangle.

I’m in a Learning Mindset!

How will I know when my goal is met successfully?

288  Keep Going to Journal and Practice Workbook

 9.5

The Triangle Midsegment Theorem

I Can construct midsegments and prove the Triangle Midsegment Theorem.

Spark Your Learning

The A-frame cabins at a camp have a second floor for sleeping.

Complete Part A as a whole class. Then complete Parts B–D in small groups.

A. What is a mathematical question you can ask about this situation? What
information would you need to know to answer your question?

B. What should be true about the angles in the triangles formed by the
floors and the roof?

C. To answer your question, what strategy and tool would you use along
with all the information you have? What answer do you get?

D. What are some factors that determine the location of the second floor
in relation to the the first floor?
©yorgil/Alamy

Turn and Talk What do you notice about the width of the second floor
compared to the width of the first floor?

Module 9 • Lesson 9.5 289

 Build Understanding

Investigate Midsegments of a Triangle

A midsegment of a triangle is a segment that joins the midpoints of two sides
of a triangle. Every triangle has three midsegments.

X Y _ _ _
​​ XY​​, YZ​​
​​  , and ​​ ZX​​ are
midsegments of △ABC.
A C
Z

1 You can use a compass and straightedge to construct a midsegment

of a triangle. Start by finding the midpoint of one side of the triangle.

Q Q

P R P R

Then find the midpoint of another side, and connect the midpoints.

Q Q

F G
F G

P R P R

_
A. Explain why ​​ FG​​ is a midsegment of △PQR.

B. How can you construct the other two midsegments of the triangle?
_ _
C. Use a ruler to measure FG​​
​​  and ​​ PR​​. How are the measures of the
segments related?

_to measure ∠QFG and ∠QPR. What does this tell you
D. Use a protractor
_
about ​​ FG​​ and ​​ PR​​? Explain.

E. Make a conjecture about the midsegment of a triangle. Then construct

the other two midsegments in the triangle and test your conjecture.

Turn and Talk

• Is it possible for the midsegments of a triangle to intersect in one point?
Explain.
• The midsegments divide the original triangle into four smaller triangles.
What appears to be true about these triangles? Justify your conjecture.

290 
Step It Out

Use the Triangle Midsegment Theorem

Triangle Midsegment Theorem

The segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side of the triangle, and its length is half of the length of that side.

2 The walking path connecting Holiday Street to

Lakeview Avenue is a midsegment of the triangle 12
formed by the roads. Verify that the midsegment 11
10
is parallel to a side and half the length of that side. 9
8
Compare slopes.
7
9 − 1  ​​ = _
slope of Meadow Dr. = ​​  _ ​​  8  ​​ = -4
6 Lakeview Ave
2 - 4 -2 5
4 Meadow
5 - 1  ​​ = _
slope of path = ​​  _ ​​  4  ​​ = -4 Drive
3
7 - 8 -1
2
The side and midsegment are parallel. 1
Holiday Street
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
A. How do you know that the side and
midsegment of the triangle are parallel?
B. How can you verify that the path
is a midsegment of the triangle?
Compare lengths.
―――――――
  
length of Meadow Dr. from (​​ 2, 9)​​ to ​​(4, 1)​​ = ​​  √(​​ 4 - 2)​​ ​ + (​​ 1 - 9)​​ ​ ​​
2 2

                  = ​​  √― 68 ​​

                  = 2​​  √― 17 ​​
―――――――
8 - 7)​​ ​ + (​​ 1 - 5)​​ ​ ​​ = ​​  √―
length of path = ​​  √​​(  
2 2
17 ​​

The length of the midsegment is half the length of the side of the triangle.

3 What is the value of x? Y

M
1 ​​​​(34)​​
4x + 5 = ​​ _ Z
2 4x + 5
34
4x + 5 = 17 Why is this equation true? N
X
4x = 12

   x = 3

Turn and Talk Suppose you know that m∠ZMN = 78° and m∠YXZ = 65°.
What is m∠Z?

Module 9 • Lesson 9.5 291

 Check Understanding
Copy the triangle. Construct the midsegment parallel to the given side of
the triangle.
_ _
1. ST​​
​​  S 2. EF​​
​​  F

R
E

3. A triangle has vertices F​​(-2, 3)​​, G​(​_

4, 3)​​, and H​​(2, -1)​​. What are the endpoints of
the midsegment that is parallel to GH​​​​  ?
Find the value of x.

4. C 5. A

42
E 32 D
D

3x A
E C 5x + 4 B
B

On Your Own K
_
6. Critique Reasoning Henry claims that MN​​
​​  is a
midsegment of △JKL. Explain why this is not true. M N

J L

Q
7. Reason Triangle PQR is an isosceles triangle.
A. Copy the triangle and construct the midsegments of the triangle. R
B. What type of triangle is formed by the midsegments? Explain
your reasoning.
P
B
8. An example of a Sierpinski triangle is shown at the right.
This triangle is a fractal formed by connecting the
midpoints of a large triangle to form a smaller
triangle. In the fractal, AC is 48. What is ST?
S T

9. Reason △DEF is an equilateral triangle.

The midsegments of △DEF form △ABC.
What type of triangle is △ABC? Explain
your reasoning. A C

292 
In Problems 10–15, find each measure.

10. CB 60
A E B
11. FE
22.5
12. m∠DFC 64°
D F
13. AE 57
14. m∠DFB
C
15. DF
_ Y
16. Use Repeated Reasoning ​​ AB​​ is a midsegment of △XYZ.
_ _
CD​​
​​  is a midsegment of △AYB. EF​​
​​  is a midsegment of △CYD. E 3 F

A. Copy and complete the table. C 2 D

Midsegment 1 2 3 A 1 B

Length ? ? ?

B. If this pattern continues, what will be the length

of midsegment 8? X Z
64
C. Write an algebraic expression to represent the length
of midsegment n. (Hint: Relate the pattern to powers of 2.)

17. Sara is making a trophy for the winner of a math club

contest. The base is a right triangle, and its dimensions
are shown in the diagram. A midsegment is drawn
so that it is parallel to the hypotenuse of the triangle.
What is the perimeter of the smaller triangle that is 68 cm
32 cm
formed? Is this triangle also a right triangle? Explain
your reasoning.
60 cm
18. Construct Arguments Use coordinates to prove
the Triangle Midsegment Theorem.
_
A. M is the midpoint of HJ​​​​  . What are its coordinates? y
_ J(2a, 2b)
B. N is the midpoint of JK​​
​​  . What are its coordinates?
_ _
C. Find the slopes of MN​​
​​  and ​​ HK​​. What can
you conclude? M N

D. Find MN and HK. What can you conclude? x

H(0, 0) K(2c, 0)
The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are given.
Find the coordinates of the endpoints of the midsegment
parallel to the given side of the triangle.
_ _
19. A​​(-2, 5)​​, B​​(4, 9)​​, C​​(8, 3)​​; BC​​
​​  20. A​(​ 1, 1)​​, B​​(7, -1)​​, C​​(9, 3)​​; AB​​
​​ 
_ _
21. A​​(3, -1)​​, B​​(-3, -3)​​, C​​(-1, 5)​​; AC​​
​​  22. A​​(2, -3)​​, B​​(-4, -3)​​, C​​(4, 3)​​; AB​​ ​​ 

Module 9 • Lesson 9.5 293

 The vertices of △ABC are A​​(3, -4)​​, B​​(-5, 2)​​, and C​​(5, 4)​​. Verify that each
segment is parallel to a side of the triangle and half the length of that side.
_
23. LM​​
​​  with endpoints L​​(0, 3)​​ and M​​(4, 0)​​
_
24. MN​​
​​  with endpoints M​​(4, 0)​​ and N​​(-1, -1)​​

Find the value of the variable.

25. A 26. B
D
A
3v - 2 E 4r
D
10r - 14
E
C 3v + 11 B
C

27. B 28. 3h - 1 C
B
D
12n + 20 h + 10 E
7n + 1 D
A
E
C A

Spiral Review • Assessment Readiness

29. P is the centroid of △ABC. 30. Which of the following values of x make
What is the value of x? B the inequality true? Select all that apply.
6x + 5 D
A 2 x + 5 > 17
A
B 17 E A x=5 C x = 12
P
C 34 F B x = 11 D x = 13
D 51 E x = 17
11x + 12 C

31. Match the segments of a triangle with the term for the point of concurrency
of the segments.
Segments Point of Concurrence
A. altitudes 1. centroid
B. medians 2. circumcenter
C. angle bisectors 3. orthocenter
D. perpendicular bisectors 4. incenter

I’m in a Learning Mindset!

What is my plan for improving my performance with segments of triangles?

294  Keep Going to Journal and Practice Workbook

 Module

9 Review

Triangle Sum Theorem Perpendicular Bisectors

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of The perpendicular bisectors of a triangle are
a triangle is 180°. concurrent. The point of concurrency is called
B the circumcenter of the triangle.
76°
B
A 47° F The circumcenter
A is equidistant
D from the vertices
57° P
E of the triangle.
C
​m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 47° + 76° + 57° = 180°​ C

​PA = PB = PC​

Angle Bisectors Medians

The angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent. The medians of a triangle are drawn from a
The point of concurrency is called the incenter vertex to the midpoint of the side opposite
of the triangle. the vertex and are concurrent. The point of
B
F concurrency is called the centroid of the triangle.
B
A D
The incenter is D The centroid divides
P A each median into a
equidistant from P
E E 2:3 ratio.
the sides of the
triangle. F
C
​PA = PB = PC​ C
​  2 ​ BF, AP = _
​ P= _
B ​  2 ​ AE,​ C ​  2 ​  CD​
​ P= _
3 3 3

Altitudes Midsegments
The altitudes of a triangle are drawn from a vertex The midsegments are drawn from the midpoints
perpendicular to the side opposite the vertex and of the sides of the triangle and are parallel to the
are concurrent. The point of concurrency is called third side.
the orthocenter of the triangle. B
D
B The triangle created
A
E by the midsegments
A represents a dilation.
P F

• Acute – inside triangle

C
• Right – on hypotenuse
C A​B = 2FE, BC = 2DF, AC = 2DE​
• Obtuse – outside triangle
_ _ _ __ _
​​  ǁ FE​
AB​ ​  , CA​
​  ǁ DF​
​  , BC​ ​  ​
​  ǁ ED​
Module 9 295
 Vocabulary
Choose the correct term from the box to complete each sentence. Vocabulary

1. A(n) ? is a segment whose endpoints are a vertex of the triangle altitude of a triangle
and the midpoint of the opposite side. concurrent
exterior angle
2. An angle formed by one side of a polygon and an extension of an median of a triangle
adjacent side is a(n) ? . point of concurrency

3. A(n) ? is a perpendicular segment from a vertex to the line

containing the opposite side.

4. Three or more lines that intersect at one point are ? lines.

The point of intersection is the ? .

Concepts and Skills

Determine each measure.
5. m∠B A 6. AB A
D
96° C
31

150° E
C
B
B
7. PD A 8. m∠ABC A

D
17
F P
B D
18 C 31°
E 17
B
C
9. Determine the circumcenter of a triangle with vertices at A​​(2, 4)​​, B​​(8, 2)​​,
and C​​(4, -2)​​.

10. A right triangle has an angle that measures 26°. What are the angle measures of all
three angles of the triangle?
11. The coordinate of the vertices of a triangle are X​​(1, 5)​​, Y​​(9, 3)​​, and
_ Z​​(3, 1)​​. Find
the coordinates of the endpoints of the midsegment parallel to XY​​
​​  .

12. Use Tools The coordinate of the vertices of a triangle are J​​(-2, 4)​​, K​​(-1, -6)​​,
and L​​(3, 2)​​. Find the coordinates of the centroid of the triangle. State what strategy and
tool you will use to answer the question, explain your choice, and then find the answer.

13. Explain why the circumcenter is equidistant to each vertex using properties
of perpendicular bisectors.

14. Explain why the incenter is equidistant to each side using properties
of angle bisectors.

15. What transformation maps a side of a triangle to the midsegment connecting the
other two sides?
296 
 Module

10 Triangle Inequalities

Module Performance Task: Focus on STEM

Robotic Scissor Lift

Triangles are commonly used in robotics to add stability and flexibility
to the design. The control system of a robotic scissor lift uses an elastic
belt to adjust the height of the lift.

A. The lengths of the metal bars, AB and AC,

are 8 inches. What is the range of possible
A
(t), (b) ©Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

lengths of the rubber band? Explain

your reasoning.
B. What type of triangle is formed by these
B
components? Explain your reasoning.
C. At one setting, the length of the rubber C
band is 3 inches. At another setting, the
length of the rubber band is 5 inches.
At which setting is the measure of ∠ A
greater? Explain your reasoning.
D. How does the length of the rubber band
affect the height of the scissor lift? Explain
your reasoning.

Module 10 297
 ON LI N E

Are You Ready?

Complete these problems to review prior concepts and skills you will need for
this module.

Solve Two-Step Inequalities

Solve each inequality and graph the solution on a number line.

1. 3x − 5 > 10 2. 4z + 7 ≤ 23

3. 7t − 4 ≥ −32 4. −2b + 4 > 6

5. 2x + 6 < 10 6. −5y - 4 ≤ 11

Draw Triangles with Given Conditions

Draw a triangle with the given measurements, if possible.

7. Side Lengths: 11, 15, 20 8. Side Lengths: 6, 9, 17

9. Angle Measures: 50°, 50°, 80° 10. Angle Measures: 30°, 50°, 90°

Solve Compound Inequalities

Solve each compound inequality and graph the solution on a number line.

11. −4 < 3x − 1 < 8 12. 2x + 5 < −1 OR 2x − 5 ≥ 3

13. 5x + 3 ≤ 8 OR 4x + 1 ≥ 17 14. -2 ≤ 3x - 8 AND 3x - 8 < 16

15. 1 ≤ 2x + 3 ≤ 7 16. 2x − 1 < −7 AND −3x + 9 < −3

17. 5y − 16 ≤ −1 AND 3y + 4 > 13 18. -4x + 3 > 7 OR 6x − 15 ≥ 3

Connecting Past and Present Learning

Previously, you learned:

• to write and solve inequalities that model geometric figures,
• to prove theorems about triangles, and
• to find the measure of an angle of a triangle using the other angle measures.

In this module, you will learn:

• to write inequalities comparing the side and angle measures within a triangle,
• to write inequalities comparing the side measures of two triangles, and
• to write inequalities comparing the angle measures of two triangles.

298
10.1

Inequalities Within a Triangle

I Can determine the relative sizes of angles and sides in a triangle.

Spark Your Learning

The map shows two paths through a ropes course, one orange and one purple.

END

START

Complete Part A as a whole class. Then complete Parts B–D in small groups.

A. What is a mathematical question you can ask about this situation? What
information would you need to know to answer your question?

B. What variable(s) are involved in this situation? What unit of measurement

would you use for each variable?

C. To answer your question, what strategy and tool would you use along with
all the information you have? What answer do you get?

D. Does your answer make sense in the context of the situation? How do
you know?

Turn and Talk Create a new path that is longer than any of the given paths.
How do you know it is longer?

Module 10 • Lesson 10.1 299

 Build Understanding

Explore Triangle Inequalities

You have learned what combinations of angles are possible in a triangle and the
relationships that exist among those angles. A relationship exists among the lengths
of the sides of a triangle as well.

1 A. In △ABC, AB = 3 inches and BC = 1.5 inches. To draw △ABC, first

draw a segment that is 3 inches long with endpoints A and B.

To determine all possible locations for vertex C, draw a

circle centered at B with a radius of 1.5 inches. A B

How many triangles can be formed that have a side length

of 3 inches and a side length of 1.5 inches?

B. Is it possible to place vertex C on the circle so that △ABC will have side
lengths 1.5 inches, 3 inches, and 4 inches? Explain.

C. Is it possible to place vertex C on the circle so that AC will be greater than the
sum of AB and BC? Explain.

D. Choose a placement for vertex C on the circle and draw the segments to form
the triangle. Measure the side lengths and the angles. Where is the smallest
angle in relation to the smallest side? Where is the largest angle in relation to
the largest side?

Turn and Talk Is it possible to place vertex C on the circle so that △ABC will
be an isosceles triangle? Explain.

Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem

The relationship among the lengths of the sides of a triangle has been summarized in
the following theorem.

Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a A
triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
AB + BC > AC
BC + AC > AB
AC + AB > BC

B C

To be able to form a triangle, each of the three inequalities must be true. So, given three
values, you can test to determine if they can be used as side lengths to form a triangle.
To show that three values cannot be the side lengths of a triangle, you only need to
show that one of the three triangle inequalities is false.

300 
 2 In an art class, Disha is designing a triangular picture frame
using wooden strips of different lengths. Determine
whether each set of wooden strips will form a triangle.
Set 1 Set 2

4 in., 5 in., 7 in. 3 in., 6 in., 11 in.

Compare the sum of each pair of possible side lengths to the

third side length.
Set 1 Set 2

4+5>7 3 + 6 ≯ 11
5+7>4
7+4>5
A. Explain why the wooden strips in Set 1 will form a triangle.

B. Why is only one inequality listed for Set 2?

C. What does the Triangle Inequality tell you about Set 2?

Turn and Talk In the same class, Arturo creates another design using three wooden
strips with lengths 5 inches, 5 inches, and 5 inches. Does Arturo need to check all
three inequalities to determine whether the design will form a triangle? Why?

3 Find the possible range of values for x in the

triangle shown. 10 cm x

A. What is being compared in each of the

inequalities below?
18 cm

10 + 18 > x x + 10 > 18 x + 18 > 10

28 > x x>8 x > -8
©Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

B. What information about the C. Since 18 > 10, is the

value of x is given in the first information given about
two inequalities? x useful? Explain.

Since the information in the third inequality is not useful, the range
of values for x can be determined using the first two inequalities.

D. What is the range of values for x?

Turn and Talk Notice the range of values for x is between the sum of the
two given side lengths and the difference of the two given side lengths. Is this
relationship true for all triangles? Give examples to support your answer.

Module 10 • Lesson 10.1 301

 Step It Out

Use Side-Angle Relationships in Triangles

The side-angle relationships describe how the measures of the angles in a triangle are
related to the side lengths of a triangle.

Side-Angle Relationships in Triangles

If one side of a triangle is longer than another side, then C
the angle opposite the longer side is larger than the
angle opposite the shorter side.
10 5
AC > BC, so m∠B > m∠A.

A 8 B

If one angle of a triangle is larger than another E

angle, then the side opposite the larger angle is 79°
longer than the side opposite the smaller angle.
m∠D > m∠F, so EF > DE.

68° 33°
D F

4 List the sides and angles in order from smallest to largest. R

A. Why should the sides be listed in order from smallest to largest 44

first, before listing the angles in order from smallest to largest? 32
_ _ _ S
Sides from smallest to largest: RT​​
​​  , RS​​
​​  , ST​​
​​ 
53
Angles from smallest to largest: ∠S, ∠T, ∠R T

B. How do you know that C. How do you know that

∠S is the smallest angle? ∠R is the largest angle?

5 List the sides and angles in order from smallest to largest.

A. What theorem is used to find the missing angle measure?

F
m∠G = 180° - (​​ 90° + 68°)​​ = 22°
68°
Angles from smallest to largest: ∠G, ∠F, ∠H
_ _ _
Sides from smallest to largest: FH​​
​​  , GH​​
​​  , FG​​
​​ 

B. Why must the hypotenuse of a right triangle always be H G

longer than either leg?

Turn and Talk Suppose ∠F and ∠G have the same measure. What can you
conclude about the sides opposite those angles?

302 
 Check Understanding
Use a compass and straightedge to decide whether each set of lengths can
form a triangle. Explain your reasoning.

1. 7 cm, 9 cm, 18 cm 2. 2 in., 4 in., 5 in.

Determine whether a triangle can be formed with the given side lengths.

3. 3, 9, 11 4. 9, 12, 21

5. A triangle has sides with lengths 15, 23, and x. What is the range of possible
values of x? D

6. Name each angle in the triangle at the right. For each angle, name the side
that is opposite that angle.
F
7. If you know the side lengths of a triangle, how can you determine which
angle is the largest and which angle is the smallest?
E
In Problems 8–10, use the given information about △ABC to list the sides
and angles in order from smallest to largest.
A
8. m∠A = 60°, m∠B = 75°, m∠C = 45°

9. m∠A = 82°, m∠B = 48°, m∠C = 50°

C
10. AB = 14, BC = 26, AC = 20
B
On Your Own
11. The construction below shows two possible triangles that can be formed when
_
AB = 3 inches and BC = 1.5 inches. Describe what happens to the length of AC​​
​​ 
as point C moves counterclockwise around the circle toward point A.

C
C

A B A B
©Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

12. Jeannine is decorating pot holders with strips of fabric. She

wants to make triangles using strips of fabric. Can she make
a triangle with any of the following sets of strips of fabric?
Explain your reasoning.
A. 4 inches, 2 inches, and 5 inches
B. 4 inches, 2 inches, and 1 inch
C. 3 inches, 2 inches, and 5 inches

Module 10 • Lesson 10.1 303

 Use the two given side lengths of a triangle to describe the possible values for x,
which represents the third side length.

13. 7, 13 14. 45, 44

15. 23, 14 16. 9, 15

17. STEM Nakia is an architect designing a house with a

B
peaked roof. She is trying to decide what the limitations
are on her design. If AB is 8 feet and △ABC will be
A C
isosceles, describe the possible lengths for AC.

18. Describe the values

_that
_are possible
_ A
for the lengths of BE​​
​​  , CF​​
​​  , and ​​ DE​​.
4 cm

B E

3 cm
C
F 6 cm D

In Problems 19 and 20, use the diagram to prove the Triangle Inequality Theorem. B

2
Given: △ABC 3

Prove: (​​ 1)​​ AB + BC > AC

(​​ 2)​​ AB + AC > BC 1
A C D
(​​ 3)​​ AC + BC > AB
_
19. If the longest side of △ABC is AB​​
​​  , why are (1) and (2) true?

20. Copy and complete the proof to prove (​​ 3)​​ AC + BC > AB.

Statements Reasons

©Andy Dean Photography/Shutterstock

1. ? 1. Given
‒ ​→
​​ so that BC = DC.
2. Locate D on AC ​​ 2. Ruler Postulate

3. AC + DC = ? 3. Segment Addition Postulate

4. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 4. ?

5. m∠1 = m∠2 5. ?

6. m∠ABD = m∠2 + ? 6. Angle Addition Postulate

7. m∠ABD > m∠2 7. Comparison Property of Inequality

8. m∠ABD > m∠1 8. ?

9. AD > AB 9. ?

10. AC + DC > AB 10. ?

11. ? 11. Substitution

304 
List the sides and angles in order from smallest to largest.

21. L 22. 33 N
M

37 20
28 46

P
42 J
K

23. G 24. X
29°
64°
F 47°
104°
53°
H Z Y

25. Navigation A large ship is sailing

between three small islands. To do so,
the ship must sail between two pairs
X
of islands, avoiding sailing between a Y
third pair. The safest route is to avoid 58°
73°
the closest pair of islands. Which is
the safest route for the ship? N
Z
26. Three cell phone towers form △PQR. Port
W E
The measure of ∠Q is 10° less than
the measure of ∠P. The measure of S

∠R is 5° greater than the measure of

∠Q. Which two towers are closest together?
_ _
27. In any triangle ABC, suppose you know the lengths
_of AB​​
​​  and ​​ BC​​, and suppose
that AB > BC. If x is the length of the third side AC​​
​​  , use the Triangle Inequality
Theorem to show that AB - BC < x < AB + BC. That is, x must be between the
difference and the sum of the other two side lengths.
Prove that the statements are true.

28. Given: △ABC ≅ △DEF 29. Given: △ABC

Prove: d + e > c Prove: AC > AB

A E B

b c
f d

C a B
D e F C
X
A

Module 10 • Lesson 10.1 305

 30. Analyzing Cases A hole on a golf course is a dogleg,
meaning that it bends in the middle. A golfer will
A
usually start by driving for the bend in the dogleg (from
A to B), and then use a second shot to get the ball to the
green (from B to C). Sandy believes she may be able to 102 yd
drive the ball far enough to reach the green in one shot,
avoiding the bend (from A directly to C). Sandy knows B C
135 yd
she can accurately drive a distance of 250 yards. Should
she attempt to drive for the green on her first shot?
Explain.

31. Open Middle™ Fill in the boxes with possible measures for the three angles
such that the measure of angle A is the greatest possible. Use each digit from
1 to 9 at most one time.
A

Spiral Review • Assessment Readiness

_
32. Find the length of VW​​
​​  . 33. A triangle has angles that measure 46° and 76°.
What is the measure of the third angle?
X
A 14° C 58°
W B 44° D 122°
V 4a + 7 Y
34. Find GF if BF = 45.
11a - 1 A
Z

8
A  ​​ _ ​​
81
C  ​​ _ ​​
D F
7 7 G
B 5 D 27
E
B
C

A 15 C 45
B 30 D 60

I’m in a Learning Mindset!

Did I have any biases that affected my attempt to understand inequalities in

one triangle? How did I address them?

306  Keep Going to Journal and Practice Workbook

10.2

Inequalities Between
Two Triangles
I Can determine the relative sizes of angles and sides in two triangles.

Spark Your Learning

A passenger, flying in a small plane, has two options of flights to get from the starting
airport to the destination airport.

W E

S
D
C

B Port Southern Bay

A

Complete Part A as a whole class. Then complete Parts B–D in small groups.

A. What is a mathematical question you can ask about this situation?

What information would you need to know to answer your question?

B. What variable(s) are involved in this situation?

C. To answer your question, what strategy and tool would you use along
with all the information you have? What answer do you get?

D. Does your answer make sense in the context of the situation? How
do you know?

Turn and Talk Predict how your answer would change if the measure
of the angle in the left triangle was 39° and the measure of the angle in
the right triangle was 36°.

Module 10 • Lesson 10.2 307

 Build Understanding

Explore Inequalities in Two Triangles

B
1 Join two paper strips that have different lengths at point A to create △ABC

A. Move the paper strips so that ∠A is the largest angle in

△ABC. Which side of the triangle is the longest?
A
B. Move the paper strips so that ∠A is the smallest angle in
△ABC. Which side of the triangle is the shortest?
C
Join another pair of paper strips at point D to create △DEF. The paper strips E
should be the same lengths as the paper strips used in △ABC.

C. Adjust the_ _ so that ∠A is larger than ∠D.

paper strips D
How are BC​​
​​  and ​​ EF​​ related?

D. Which corresponding parts in △ABC and △DEF are congruent? Explain. F

E. If you are given that two sides of a triangle are congruent to two sides of
another triangle, and the included angle in the first triangle is larger than
the included angle in the second triangle, what can you conclude about the
sides opposite the included angles?

Turn and Talk Suppose you are given that two sides of a triangle are congruent
to two sides of another triangle, and the third side of the first triangle is longer
than the third side of the second triangle. What can you conclude about the
angles included between the two congruent sides? Use diagrams of the triangles
to support your answer.

2 Two positions of a swinging circular gondola ride at an amusement park

are shown. The triangles show the position of the gondola in relation to
its starting point.

Position 1 Position 2

B
A
A

C C

A. Which corresponding sides of the triangles are congruent?

B. The distance from B to C in Position 1 is less than the distance from B to C

in Position 2. What can you conclude about the angles opposite these sides?

308 
Step It Out

The Hinge Theorem and Its Converse

You have learned how to apply inequalities to relate the sides and angles in one
triangle. The following theorems relate the sides and angles in two triangles.

Hinge Theorem

If two sides of one triangle are H M

congruent to two sides of another
triangle, and the included angle
in the first triangle is larger than
the included angle in the second
triangle, then the third side of G 105° 86°
L
the first triangle is longer than
the third side of the second triangle. N
J HJ > MN

Converse of the Hinge Theorem

If two sides of one triangle are H M

congruent to two sides of another
triangle, and the third side of the
first triangle is longer than the 17
22
third side of the second triangle,
then the included angle in the G
L
first triangle is larger than the
included angle in the second triangle. m∠G > m∠L N
J

28°
3 Compare DC and BC using the information given in the diagram. A
Compare the sides and angles in △ADC and △ABC. B
_ _ _ _ 32°
m∠DAC > m∠BAC ​​ AD​​ ≅ AB​​ ​​    ​​ AC​​ ≅ AC​​
​​ 

A. How do you know that B. Why is this congruence D C

m∠DAC > m∠BAC? statement listed?

By the Hinge Theorem, DC > BC. C. Why can the Hinge Theorem be
applied to compare DC and BC?

Turn and Talk The Hinge Theorem is also called the Side–Angle–Side
Inequality Theorem. Explain why both names are appropriate for this theorem.

Module 10 • Lesson 10.2 309

 4 Find the range of possible values for x. R (2x - 5)°

Compare the sides and angles in △

​ QRT​and △
​ SRT​. 22 65° 22

The Converse of the Hinge Theorem can be used to

T
​ ∠SRT < m∠QRT​.
conclude that m Q 16 14 S

2x − 5 < 65 A. Why can the Converse of the

2x < 70 Hinge Theorem be applied
x < 35 to make this conclusion?

​ ∠SRT​.
Find all positive values for m

2x − 5 > 0 B. Why is this step necessary?

2x > 5
x > 2.5

The range of values for x is 2.5 < x < 35.

​ ∠SRT​
Turn and Talk Write a different variable expression to represent m
so that the value of the variable can be negative while the measure of the
angle is positive.

Use the Hinge Theorem in a Proof

5 ​ M > NP​.
Use the Hinge Theorem to prove that L
_ _
​​  ≅ MP​
Given: LN​ ​  ​ L M
2
Prove: ​LM > NP​ 1
P
N

Statements Reasons
_ _
1. LN​​​  ≅ MP​
​  ​ 1. Given
_ _
2. ​​ LP​≅ LP​
​  ​ 2. Reflexive Property
of Congruence
3. ​∠1​is an exterior angle 3. Definition of an
of ​△LPN​. exterior angle
4. m∠1 = m∠2 + m∠LNP 4. Exterior Angle Theorem A. Explain this property
in words rather than
5. m∠2 + m∠LNP > m∠2 5. If a = b + c, where c is
in symbols.
positive, then a > b.
6. ​m∠1 > m∠2​ 6. Substitution
7. ​LM > NP​ 7. Hinge Theorem

B. Why can the Hinge Theorem

be applied to make this
conclusion?

310 
Write an Indirect Proof
In an indirect proof, you begin by assuming that the conclusion is false.
Then you show that this assumption leads to a contradiction. This type
of proof is also called a proof by contradiction.

How to Write an Indirect Proof

Step 1: Identify the statement to be proven.
Step 2: Assume the opposite (negation) of that statement is true.
Step 3: Use direct reasoning until you reach a contradiction.
Step 4: Conclude that since the assumption is false, the original
statement must be true.

6 Prove the Converse of the Hinge Theorem. B E

_ _ _ _
Given: ​​ AB​≅ DE​
​  , AC​
​  ≅ DF​
​  , BC > EF​
Prove: ​m∠A > m∠D​

A
A. Why do you want to D
make this assumption?
F
C

Assume ​m∠A ≯ m∠D​. So, either m

​ ∠A < m∠D​ or ​m∠A = m∠D​.

Check if each case is true.

Case 1 B. Why can you use SAS

If ​m∠A < m∠D​, then B​ C < EF​by the Triangle Congruence to
Hinge Theorem. This contradicts the given show the triangles are
​ C > EF​. So, ​m∠A ≮ m∠D​.
information that B congruent?

Case 2
If ​m∠A = m∠D​, then ∠ ​ A≅_ ∠D​. So_△​ ABC ≅ △DEF​by SAS Triangle
Congruence Theorem. Then BC​ ​​  ≅ EF​
​  ​by CPCTC, and BC = EF. This
contradicts the given information that B ​ C > EF​. So, ​m∠A ≠ m∠D​.

​ ∠A ≯ m∠D​is false. Therefore m

The assumption m ​ ∠A > m∠D​.

Turn and Talk Use the information below to write an S

indirect proof to show that a right triangle cannot have
an obtuse angle.
Given: ​△RST​is a triangle with right angle ∠
​ R​.
Prove: ​△RST​does not have an obtuse angle.
R T

Module 10 • Lesson 10.2 311

 Check Understanding
_ _ _ _
1. Consider ​△ABC​
_ and _ △
​ XYZ​with ​AB​≅ XY​
​ ​and ​AC​≅ XZ​
​ ​. If ∠
​ A​is smaller than ​
∠X​, how are BC​
​ ​and ​YZ​​related?
S
2. Consider ​△ABC​and ​△RST​. A B R
​ _ _ ​
If AC​
​​  ​is shorter than RT​​ 
​​  , what can you conclude
about the angles opposite these sides?

C T
In Problems 3–6, use the triangles shown.
E D
3. Compare ​m∠D​and m
​ ∠G​. (8x - 6)°
​ ​
4. Compare BC and HJ.
20
5. Describe the restrictions on x. B

6. Suppose the Hinge Theorem is being H

used to prove that EF is greater than HJ. 12
F
What criteria need to be stated in the 50°
proof before the Hinge Theorem can A C J G
be applied? ​ ​
7. Explain why an indirect proof is called proof by contradiction.

On Your Own
8. Two positions of an open gate are shown. The triangles show the position of the
gate in relation to its closed position. The distance from G to H in Position 1 is
less than the distance from G to H in Position 2. What can you conclude about
the angles opposite these sides?

Position 1 Position 2

G F G F

Compare the given measures.

9. ST and VW 10. AB and BD 11. VW and CZ
S V A B Z
W

54° 52° V
R T U W 56°
66° D
C 47° C

27°
Y
312 
Compare the given measures.

12. ​m∠1​and m
​ ∠2​ ​ ​ 13. ​m∠L​and m
​ ∠D​ ​ ​ 14. ​m∠1​and m
​ ∠2​ ​ ​
M E

33 25 2
14
29 D F
31
L N
1 2
1 8

Use the Hinge Theorem and its converse to describe the restrictions
on the value of the variable.
15. B (4x - 8) ft C 16. x 12 17.
26° 45
40° 41
18
52°
12 126° 18
36 (x + 18)°
30°
A
41
(2x + 12) ft 3x - 2
D

A B
18. Geography The road from A to E and the road from C and D
Zana
are perpendicular and intersect at point F. Theresa’s house is at C, Tan
500 feet from the intersection. Ray’s house is at D, 750 feet from C D
F
the intersection. Ivy’s house is at E, 750 feet from the intersection.
Zana’s house is at A, 500 feet from the intersection, and Tan’s house Ray
Theresa
is at B, 750 feet from F. Which distance is longer, the distance from
Zana’s house to Tan’s house or the distance from Theresa’s house to E Ivy
Ivy’s house? Show how you know.

19. Two pairs of hikers leave the same camp heading in opposite directions. Each
travels 2 miles, then changes direction and travels 1.2 miles. The first pair starts
due east and then turns 50° toward north. The second pair starts due west and then
turns 40° toward south. Which pair is farther from camp? Explain your reasoning.

20. ​ B > CD​

Critique Reasoning Terrence says that A A 45° B
by the Hinge Theorem. Is he right? Explain why or why not. 32°
60°
40°
D
C
21. The triangles at the right show the paths in a town’s public square.
A. Write an inequality for the possible values of x. 4x + 3

​ ​​(x - 1)
B. If the triangle with the side length 2
2(x - 1) 8
is equilateral, what is the value of x? 8
96° 85°
22°
C. Using the value of x you found in Part B,
6x - 10
what are the lengths of the sides represented
by 4x + 3 and 6x - 10?

Module 10 • Lesson 10.2 313

 22. Prove that ∠
​ BCD > m∠ABC​using the B
Converse of the Hinge Theorem.
A
_ _
​ ≅ CD​
Given: AB​ ​ ​ 40
Prove: ​∠BCD > m∠ABC​ 34

C D

23. Write an indirect proof to prove that two supplementary angles

cannot both be obtuse angles.
Given: ​∠1​and ​∠2​are supplementary.
Prove: ​∠1​and ∠
​ 2​cannot both be obtuse.

24. Critique Reasoning Tiffany says an indirect proof is less

reliable than a direct proof because you have to start by assuming
something. Is Tiffany right? Explain why or why not.
B
25. Open Ended Reginald is trying to design a stage riser A
as shown. AC must be equal to CD but the other lengths
are flexible. Construct a set of triangles as
_shown
_that fit
the requirements. Which side is longer, ​AB​or ​BD​​?

C D
Spiral Review • Assessment Readiness
26. If a line joins a vertex of a triangle to the 28. If ​△ABC​has sides 4 and 11 which of the
midpoint of the opposing side, bisecting it, following are possible measures for the
it is the ? . length of the third side? Select all that apply.
A altitude A 2 D 9
B perpendicular bisector B 5 E 11
C angle bisector C 7.5 F 15
D median
29. Which angles are congruent to ∠
​ 1​?
_
27. In the picture shown, DE​
​​  ​is which of Select all that apply.
1 2
the following? A
∠2​
A  ​ ∠5​
D  ​ 4 3
A altitude
∠3​
B  ​ ∠6​
E  ​ 5 6
B median D E 8 7
C ​∠4​ F ∠
​ 7​
C bisector
D midsegment B C

I’m in a Learning Mindset!

How did I assert my own needs and viewpoints when learning about
inequalities in two triangles?

314  Keep Going to Journal and Practice Workbook

 Module

10 Review

Side-Angle Relationships
The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180​°.​ D
84°
To determine the measure of ∠E, subtract the other angles from 180​°.​
m∠E = 180​°​ − 84​°​ − 67​°​= 29​°​ 67°
F E
The angles in order greatest to least measure are ∠D, ∠F, ∠E.

If one angle of a triangle is larger than another angle, then the side opposite
the larger angle is longer than the side opposite the smaller angle.

Opposite ∠F
Opposite ∠D Opposite ∠E

_ _ _
So, the sides in order from greatest to least length are EF​​
​​ , DE​​
​​ , DF​​
​​ .

Triangle Inequality Theorem

Not every combination of sides can be used to form a triangle.

There is no point of There are two points There is one point of

intersection, so there of intersection, so intersection, so there
is no triangle. there is a triangle. is no triangle.

b c c
b c b
a a a

a>b+c a=b+c
a<b+c

Hinge Theorem
_ _
When two triangles have two pairs of congruent W ​ ​ by the
​​ ZX​​ ≅ ZX​​
sides but the included angles differ, then the sides Reflexive Property.
opposite the included angle differ accordingly.
m∠YZX is greater than m∠WZX, 67°
Z X
73°
so YX is greater than WX.
YX is greater
than WX.
Y
Module 10 315
 Vocabulary
Choose the correct term from the box to complete each sentence. Vocabulary

1. A(n) ? is a statement that has been proven. converse

indirect proof
2. The ? is a statement formed by exchanging the hypothesis and inequality
conclusion of a condition statement. theorem
triangle
3. A(n) ? is a three-sided polygon.

4. A(n) ? is a proof in which the statement to be proved is assumed

to be false and a contradiction is shown.

5. A(n) ? is a statement that compares two expressions by using

one of the following signs: >, <, ≥, ≤, ≠.

Concepts and Skills

6. Explain why you can not create △ABC such that AC ≥ AB + BC.
Determine whether a triangle can be formed with the given side lengths.
Explain your reasoning.

7. 7 in., 2 in., 8 in. 8. 4 cm, 11 cm, 6 cm

9. 16 m, 10 m, 5 m 10. 23 ft, 16 ft, 38 ft

Find the range of possible values of x using the Triangle Inequality Theorem.

11. 12.
48 13
x x
33
21

13. A. Compare BC and EF. Explain your reasoning. 3.4 C

A
78°
1.8 3.4
B. Compare m∠B and m∠E. Explain your reasoning F
D
B 85°
1.8

14. A. Compare m∠JGI and m∠HGI. G

Explain your reasoning.
B. Use Tools Write an indirect proof to J H
prove that ∠JGI is not congruent to ∠HGI. 12 11
State what strategy and tool you will use I
to answer the question, explain your choice,
and then find the answer.

316