APPLICATION OF GIS IN
MAPPING
Assessment and Monitoring
Dr Mohamed Khaled
Dr Mohamed Khaled
introduction
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• The earth’s limited resources are usually under
constant pressure due to limited supply and
unlimited demand.
• This has resulted in multiple problems requiring
multiple approaches to solutions.
• Solving such problems require multi-disciplinary,
multi-agencies, and multi-sector approaches in
order to understand the problems, i.e. an integrated
approach and information is the key to solution.
Dr Mohamed Khaled
introduction
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• Historically, different organisations or disciplines have
invested in separate technologies, distinct methods,
and different organisational structures making it
difficult to have a multi-disciplinary or multi-sector
solution.
• This has resulted in a need for a technology that can go
across the barriers of different technologies and
operations structures of organisations in order to
provide holistic approach to an integrated view of the
earth’s resources.
• Geography provides a common platform for integrating
information from different disciplines or organisations.
Thus GIS
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Defining GIS
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It is not very easy to give an exact definition of GIS as it means different things to different persons due to
its multi-disciplinary origin and multi-application fields. GIS is an acronym for Geographic
(sometimes Geographical) Information Systems.
A typical GIS can be understood by the help of various definitions given below:-
• A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things
that exist and events that happen on Earth
• "Set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the
real world for a particular set of purposes“
• "a computer based system that provides four sets of capabilities to handle geo-referenced data :
▫ data input
▫ data management (data storage and retrieval)
▫ manipulation and analysis
▫ data output. “
Hence GIS is looked upon as a tool to assist in decision-making and management of
attributes that needs to be analyzed spatially.
Definition by capability of GIS Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Location, Condition, Trends, patterns, Modeling, Aspatial questions, Spatial questions.
There are five type of questions that a sophisticated GIS can
answer:
Location What is at………….?
The first of these questions seeks to find out what exists at
a particular location. A location can be described in many
ways, using, for example place name, post code, or
geographic reference such as longitude/latitude or x & y.
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Condition Where is it………….?
The second question is the converse of the first
and requires spatial data to answer. Instead of
identifying what exists at a given location, one
may wish to find location(s) where certain
conditions are satisfied (e.g. un forested section
of at-least 2000 square meters in size, within
100 meters of road, and with soils suitable for
supporting buildings)
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Trends What has changed since…………..?
The third question might involve both the first two and seeks to
find the differences (e.g. in land use or elevation) over time.
Patterns What spatial patterns exists…………..?
This question is more sophisticated. One might ask this
question to determine whether landslides are mostly occurring
near streams. It might be just as important to know how many
anomalies there are that do not fit the pattern and where they
are located.
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Modeling What if……………..?
"What if…" questions are posed to determine
what happens, for example, if a new road is
added to a network or if a toxic substance seeps
into the local ground water supply. Answering
this type of question requires both geographic
and other information (as well as specific
models). GIS permits spatial operation.
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Aspatial Questions
"What's the average number of people working with GIS in
each location?" is an aspatial question - the answer to which
does not require the stored value of latitude and longitude;
nor does it describe where the places are in relation with each
other.
Spatial Questions
" Which centres lie within 10 Kms. of each other? ", OR "
What is the shortest route passing through all these centres".
These are spatial questions that can only be answered using
latitude and longitude data and other information such as the
radius of earth. Geographic Information Systems can answer
such questions.
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• GIS should not be confused with cartographic
systems that store maps in Automated form.
• It is the ability of GIS to integrate data that sets
it apart from these mapping systems.
• While the main function of the Cartographic
system is to generate computer-stored maps, the
function of GIS is, in a sense, to create
information by integrating data layers to show
the original data in different ways and from
different perspective
Why GIS? Dr Mohamed Khaled
[email protected]• GIS data are in digital format and are more physically compact
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than that of paper maps, tabulations or other conventional
types.
• Large quantities of data can be maintained and retrieved at
greater speeds and lower cost per unit.
• The ability to manipulate spatial data and corresponding
attribute information and to integrate different types of data in
a single analysis and at high speed are unmatched by any
manual method.
• The ability to perform spatial analyses rapidly provides a
quantitative as well as a qualitative advantage.
• Provides for iterative process in a faster and relatively lower
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• Spatial analysis capabilities of GIS distinguish it
from related graphics-oriented systems like CAD.
• Integration of data sets plus diverse procedures.
• A GIS is not the solution to all georeferenced
information processing requirements.
• Other factors to be considered include the
organisation environment, objectives or problems
to be solved, cost, and implementation.
GIS Development and Major Application Areas Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Development and applications of GIS are as diverse as the
interest fields, objectives, and product requirements. GIS has
evolved from many fields and there is continued contribution of
new fields due to the versatility of geographic data. Initially, the
major fields that contributed to the development of GIS are:
Geography
Survey
Cartography
Geodesy
Photogrammetry
Geology
Mathematics
Remote Sensing
Statistics Soil Science
Engineering
The number and type of applications and
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GIS are as large and diverse as the available geographic data. Examples of
major application areas are
• Archaeological Land Use and
Exploration and Agricultural planning.
Excavation. Regional Planning.
• Military Planning and Forestry Management.
Operation. Environmental
• National Mapping and Monitoring and
Up-dates. Management.
• Urban Physical Wildlife Management.
Planning. Geological Mapping
and Mineral
• Disaster Management. Exploration
• Security and Emergency Traffic Control.
Management.
• Postal Services
Planning.
Working with gis Dr Mohamed Khaled
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• To use GIS to make a decision, there is need for
knowledge about the complex world.
• In most cases, the complete knowledge is not
available and decisions are made using simplified
representation of the complex whole.
• This result in creating a conceptual model of the
world.
• A model is a set of relationships or information
about the real world.
• A conceptual model of something is the
understanding of what it is and how it behaves
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• The collection of information to be used in a model
creation constitutes a data set or database.
• The organisation of the database constitutes a simple
database system.
• A database system provides for the input, storage, and
retrieval of data.
• A database is an organised collection of related stored
data.
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• A “good” information system is one that
provides the necessary data relevantly organised
so that the right decisions can be made about the
real world.
• The “right decision” is the one that best achieves
the objectives of the organisation the system is
serving.
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Components of GIS
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GIS constitutes of five key components:
• Hardware
• Software
• Database
• People
• Method
Hardware
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Software module
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• Operating system
• Special/application
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Data input components in software modules
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Maps Existing Field Observations Sensors
Interchange Terminal Digitizer Text Files Scanners Magnetic Media
DATA INPUT
Database module
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Input
Database
GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE
Query
Input Position
Topology Attributes
Management System
Transformation
Retrieval
Feedback mechanism Dr Mohamed Khaled
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MANAGEMENT
Information for management Aims and Queries from management
Data Gathering
Gis processes
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• The data input component converts data from their existing
form into one that can be used by the GIS
▫ paper maps, tables of attributes, electronic files
• Data management functions include activities needed to store
and retrieve data from the database
▫ Speed of retrieval & storage
• Data manipulation and analysis functions determine the
information that can be generated by the GIS.
▫ Necessary functions & performance levels for analysis
• Output or reporting functions of GIS varies more in quality,
accuracy, and ease of use than in the capabilities available
▫ Maps, tables ,values or text in hard or soft copy
Sources of GIS data Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Spatial
• Topographical maps(survey maps)
▫ Thematic (soil,vegetation,hydrological,population etc)
▫ Baseline
• GPS (global positioning system) data
• Aerial photo interpretation
• Satellites images
▫ Low resolution (NOAA,LANDSAT,SPOT)
▫ High resolution( IKANOS, QUICKBIRD)
Aspatial
▫ databases or reports (population census, animal or bird
counts etc)
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Methods of Data capture/Input
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• Manual Digitizing (tablet or on-screen)
• Automated digitizing (specialized software)
• Scanning( use of wide format scanners)
• GPS downloading
• Data entry (reports)
Dr Mohamed Khaled
Data Representation formats
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What really makes GIS a powerful tool is its
ability to manipulate different data types.
This data types can be classified as:
• Feature attribute table (non
spatial/Aspatial)
• Feature data (vector)
• Grid cell and Image data ( Rasta data)
Feature attribute table Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Feature attributes provide multiple themes from the same
coverage.
Tables support many fundamental GIS operations:
• organize and manage descriptive data about features.
• are used for statistical summaries of descriptive data.
• are used to select features, and to calculate new information for
features.
• Modeling and analyses are performed on tabular data after spatial
operations have combined attributes from multiple coverages. Model
results are stored in new fields and can be viewed as new features (for
example, suitable sites for development).
• Attributes can model and represent many complex geographic features,
such as parcels, streets, sewer lines, and power networks.
• Tables are used to relate other information with features, such as an
attribute image or a CAD drawing associated to a feature by recording
the image's (or drawing's) pathname as a feature attribute.
Spatial & Non-Spatial Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Interactive maps -GIS Power
Feature attribute table
Each record (or row) of data is
connected to – and helps describe
- a graphical feature in the data
Feature data
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This can are subdivided into
• Depending on the scale of map it can be
classified into three formats
▫ Point
▫ Poly/Line (arcs)
▫ Polygon (enclosed area)
The vector system uses a series of points with x, y
coordinates to define a boundary of the object of
interest.
Point
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Each point is stored by its location (X, Y) together with the table attribute of
this point.
For example, 4 points below has their coordinate location in (X, Y) and each
point has attributes of deep and amount of water contamination.
Line/Arc/Polyline
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Each line is stored by the sequence of first and last point together with
the associated table attribute of this line. For example, three lines
below (a, b and c) have their first and last node to distinguish their
location and each line has attributes of flow and capacity of the
sewerage pipe. Notice that each node has coordinate (X, Y) that is
stored in another table.
Polygon
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Polygon is represented by a closed sequence of lines. Unlike line or
poly-line (sequence of line), polygon always closed. That is, the first
point is equal to the last point. A polygon can be represented by a
sequence of nodes where the last node is equal to the first node.
Using polygon, several geometric attributes such as area and perimeters can be
derived easily.
Rasta data
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• Uses the concept of mesh wire being draped on an
area such that the features in that area can be
described by a cell value they fall into.
Image data
• Image data is generally a more static type of GIS
data. It does not have features that correspond to
records in an attribute table, but it can be viewed in
conjunction with feature data
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Data Analysis
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wetlands
roads • Data is broken down into
contours
individual layers in
depending on features
forest
being represented to form
grass
a stack of layers
• The process of compiling
the data is called
overlaying
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Overlay Analysis
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Various themes
Elevation
Composite map
Rivers
Infrastructure
Land use
Buffer Analysis Dr Mohamed Khaled
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•Buffer or dilation is an area covering a feature (point, line, or polygon) up
to some distance.
•Buffer operation is very important to determine area of influence of the
feature
•Buffer . will create a circular region around a point or a corridor around a
line and wider region around a polygon.
•Buffer transformation in GIS has many applications, for example:
•If you set your retail store as a point in the map and setting several ring
buffers (say 1 km, 5 km and 10 km), you may distinguish your potential
customer by distance.
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Buffering of fire station and hydrant on the map gives potential service
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of current situation. When two buffers of hydrant actually overlap, in
that area, the two hydrants can be used in case of fire. If some area on
the map is not included in any fire service buffer, this area is
potentially vulnerable to fire hazard. The distance of buffer can be set
based on the time for a fire truck to reach that place within a few
minute after the call.
Scope of GIS Dr Mohamed Khaled
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• At the lowest level of effort, the G.I.S. and G.I.S. data can be
used to supply inventory information such as presence or
absence of an object in spatial dimensions
• At a higher level we can consider the change in these
variables on a spatial and temporal basis
• More specifically, GIS can provide a spatial database of
information to support modelling of phenomena.
• The GIS supplies the spatial data in a form that can be fed
into deterministic or statistical models.
• The spatial power of the GIS database is used in full by the
model, and more detailed and spatially averaged results are
produced.
Dr Mohamed Khaled
MAPPING RESOURCES:
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• Maps as tools for environmental assessment
▫ Topographic maps
▫ Thematic maps (soil, vegetation etc)
▫ Policy maps
▫ Quantitative map
▫ Isomer maps
• These maps can appear in both digital and paper
formats
Dr Mohamed Khaled
Resource Mapping Objectives
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There are two primary mapping objectives:-
Resource mapping involving the acquisition of
baseline data on type, extent and health of the
ecosystem
The second type of mapping involves the detection
of change, from natural or anthropogenic sources.
The two stages of mapping are essential for potential
users especially for the mapping involving
detection of change.
The manager must differentiate the two objectives
Example parameters Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Scale 1:12,000 -60,000 Scale 1:10,000 -24,000
Baseline data Change detection data
Boundary delineation development of
Area vegetation patterns
Edge, drainage,density Natural vegetation
Shape of habitats removal
Vegetation growth form drainage change
Cover, density and Sediments
distribution Turbidity
species composition Erosion
inlets and outlets Ground scaring
erosion Veg stress /damage
Invasive contamination spills
Eutrification
EXAMPLE OF
INVENTORY MAP
The “Five Water Towers”
1. Mt. Elgon
2. Cherangani Hills
3. Mau Complex
4. Aberdare Range
5. Mt. Kenya
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The Mau Forest Complex: Degrading Forests
1973
2008
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Mount Kenya: Disappearing Glaciers
1976
2007
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The Aberdare Range: Forest Devastation
1987
2006
Forest regeneration
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Mount Elgon: Legal Logging
1973
2003
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Population density change within the Kenyan portion of
Lake Victoria Basin, 1960-2005
1960
1980
2000
2005
Increased population
density since 1960
exerts greater
pressures on the
region’s
resources
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Lake Naivasha Greenhouse Footprints
1973
2008
Many commercial
greenhouse
flower farms have
been built since
the early 1980s.
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Lake Elmentaita: Flamingoes Leave Habitat
1987
2008
A record of the
lake’s water
levels since
1958 shows a
steady decline
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Management questions that GIS can answer
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• Where are the wetlands?
• What type are they?
• What size are they?
• What are the wetlands' hydrological, biological,
and physical status?
• Who owns the wetland properties?
• What wetland-related permitting activities have
been conducted in the wetlands?
• Which wetlands are most vulnerable to future
loss?
Wetland
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Size
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Wetland Wetland Valuation System:
Interior
Multi-Criteria GIS Modelling
Wetland
Edge
Adjacent
Vegetation
Wetland Map Calculator Wetland Valuation System
Disturbance Addition Overlay GIS Model
Wetland
Habitat
Linkage
Wetland
Hydrological
Linkage
Headwater
Wetland
Wetland
Flood
Attenuation
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Score Measure % of Wetlands
3 Area > 200 ha 0.8
2 Area > 20 ha and ≤ 200 ha 3.9
1 Area ≤ 20 ha 95.3
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Criteria: Wetland Interior Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Score Measure % of Wetlands
200 m edge removed with
3 1.4
> 4 ha remaining
150 m edge removed with
2 0.6
> 4 ha remaining
100 m edge removed with
1 1.0
> 4 ha remaining
100 m edge removed with
0 96.9
≤ 4 ha remaining
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Criteria: Wetland Edge Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Score Measure % of Wetlands
Ratio of water to wetland
3 9.4
perimeter ≥ 1.0
Ratio of water to wetland
2 32.2
perimeter ≥ 0.5 and < 1.0
Ratio of water to wetland
1 24.1
perimeter < 0.5
Wetland with no water feature
0 34.3
within or adjacent
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Criteria: Adjacent Vegetation Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Score Measure % of Wetlands
Vegetation surrounding > 50% wetland
3 and 240 m buffer area 34.5
> 50% vegetated
Vegetation surrounding > 50% wetland
2 and 120 m buffer area 3.1
> 50% vegetated
Vegetation surrounding > 50% wetland
1 and 50 m buffer area 3.1
> 50% vegetated
Vegetation surrounding ≤ 50% wetland
or vegetation surrounding
0 > 50% wetland and 50 m buffer area ≤
59.3
50% vegetated
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Criteria: Wetland Disturbance Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Score Measure % of Wetlands
Wetland and 2 km buffer area
3 contains road density 12.8
< 914 m/km2
Wetland and 2 km buffer area
contains road density
2 < 2429 m/km2 and
76.8
≥ 914 m/km2
Wetland and 2 km buffer area
1 contains road density 10.4
≥ 2429 m/km2
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Criteria: Wetland Habitat Linkage Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Score Measure % of Wetlands
Distance < 500 m to
3 94.6
nearest wetland
Distance < 750 m and
2 3.1
≥ 500 m to nearest wetland
Distance < 1000 m and
1 1.0
≥ 750 m to nearest wetland
Distance ≥ 1000 m to
0 1.2
nearest wetland
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Criteria: Wetland Hydrological Linkage
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Score Measure % of Wetlands
Distance < 500 m to nearest
3 hydrological connected wetland
39.3
Distance < 1500 m and ≥ 500 m to
2 nearest hydrological connected 7.4
wetland
Distance < 4000 m and ≥ 1500 m to
1 nearest hydrological connected 2.6
wetland
Distance ≥ 4000 m to nearest
0 hydrological connected wetland
50.7
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Score Measure % of Wetlands
Wetland is the source of a
3 12.4
first order stream
Wetland absent from first order
0 stream or is not the source of a 87.6
first order stream
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Criteria: Wetland Flood Attenuation Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Score Measure % of Wetlands
3 Isolated wetland 35.5
Palustrine wetland or lacustrine
2 wetland (if area > 50% size of 15.6
lake)
Riverine wetland or lacustrine
1 wetland (if area < 50% size of 49.0
lake)
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Dr Mohamed Khaled
Wetland Valuation System GIS Model
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• Final model value minimum = 4.
• Final model value maximum = 22.
• Final model value mean = 12.
• Final model value standard deviation = 3.
• Only 17 wetlands received a score of at least 1
for every criterion.
