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Objective:

The primary objective of this experiment is to develop a thorough understanding of the various
components that make up a desktop computer. This includes identifying both external and
internal hardware elements, learning about their individual functions, and understanding how
they work together as part of a complete system. By performing this hands-on activity, students
will enhance their technical knowledge and become more comfortable working with computer
hardware. This practical experience is especially beneficial for students aiming to pursue careers
in information technology, computer engineering, or systems support. Additionally, this lab
session reinforces theoretical knowledge, introduces basic hardware maintenance skills, and
cultivates familiarity with safe handling procedures and industry-standard tools.

Introduction:

Desktop computers are essential tools used in various sectors, including education, business,
research, and personal productivity. Unlike laptops, desktop computers consist of several
separate hardware units connected together to form a complete system. A proper understanding
of these components is critical for students pursuing computer science or information
technology. Through this experiment, students get hands-on experience with hardware
components, which aids in developing a fundamental understanding of computer architecture and
maintenance practices.

Furthermore, this lab aligns with the broader goal of the course by laying the groundwork for
advanced topics like hardware troubleshooting, system configuration, and assembling custom
PCs. Understanding each component's role within the system also enhances a student's ability to
perform upgrades and optimize system performance.

Materials and Equipment:

• Desktop Computer (assembled and functional)

• Screwdriver Set (Phillips and flathead types)
• Anti-static Wrist Strap
• Notepad and Pen for documentation
• Camera or Smartphone (to capture photographs for identification)
• Reference Manual or Guide (Motherboard, PSU, etc.)
• External devices: USB drive, HDMI cable, external keyboard/mouse (for comparison)

Theory/Background:

A. Discussion on Computer Essentials:

A desktop computer is a personal computing device intended for use at a stationary location. It
typically consists of a central processing unit (CPU) housed in a case, along with separate
peripheral components like a monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
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Categories of Desktop Components:

• Input Devices: These include peripherals such as the keyboard and mouse, which allow
users to enter data and control the computer.

• Output Devices: Devices like monitors and printers, which provide feedback to the user
in the form of visual or printed output.

• Storage Devices: Internal or external hard drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs)
are used to store the operating system, applications, and user data.
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• Processing Unit: The core part of the desktop where the CPU and motherboard reside.
The CPU performs computations, and the motherboard facilitates communication among
components.
• Power Supply Unit (PSU): Converts electrical power from an outlet into usable energy
for all internal components.

Understanding these components is essential for tasks ranging from hardware repair and system
assembly to optimizing and upgrading existing systems.

Procedure/Methodology:

1. Wear an anti-static wrist strap and connect it to a grounded metal object to prevent static
discharge.
2. Ensure the desktop computer is shut down completely and unplugged from the power
source.
3. Move the desktop to a clean, flat workspace with adequate lighting.
4. Use the screwdriver to remove the side panel of the computer case.
5. Carefully examine and identify each visible component inside the case.
6. Use the reference manual to verify unfamiliar components.
7. Take photographs of each part and record their specifications.
8. Observe the layout and interconnections of internal components.
9. Reassemble the computer carefully, ensuring all components are properly connected.
10. Reconnect power and test the system to confirm successful reassembly.

Safety Precautions:

• Always work in a static-free environment.

• Do not forcefully remove any component.
• Handle circuit boards and chips by the edges only.
• Avoid working on carpeted surfaces to minimize static buildup.

Observation and Identification:

B. External Components of a Desktop Computer:

• Monitor: An LED screen displaying the graphical user interface (GUI) and software
applications.
• Keyboard: A QWERTY input device used for typing and command input.
• Mouse: A pointing device enabling navigation and control within the operating system.
• Speakers/Headphones: Output devices used for audio.
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• Ports: USB ports (2.0/3.0), HDMI, VGA, Ethernet, audio jacks – serve as connection
interfaces for various peripherals.

C. Internal Components of a Desktop Computer:

• Motherboard: The main printed circuit board (PCB) containing the CPU socket, RAM
slots, and various chipsets. It facilitates communication among all hardware components.

• CPU (Central Processing Unit): Often referred to as the 'brain' of the computer. It
performs calculations and executes instructions.
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• RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that temporarily stores data for
quick access by the CPU. It is a temporary workspace for the computer, and the data
stored in RAM is lost when the power is turned off.

• HDD/SSD (Storage): Hard Disk Drive or Solid-State Drive used for long-term data
storage. SSDs offer significantly faster speeds and lower energy consumption due to their
use of flash memory, while HDDs provide larger storage capacities at a lower cost per
gigabyte using magnetic disks.
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• Power Supply Unit (PSU): Converts alternating current (AC) from the wall socket into
direct current (DC) used by the computer's components. It's essentially the heart of your
computer's power system, providing the necessary voltage and current for all components
to function properly.

• Cooling Systems: Includes heat sinks and fans used to dissipate heat generated by the
CPU and GPU. Cooling systems are essential for preventing components from
overheating and maintaining optimal performance.
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• Optical Drive (if present): Reads CDs/DVDs. A optical disc drive that uses laser light
or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part of the process
of reading or writing data to or from optical discs.

• Expansion Cards: Graphics cards, network interface cards, or sound cards that enhance
system capabilities.

Results and Analysis:

Findings:
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• The desktop included a 450W PSU, micro-ATX motherboard, Intel Core i5 CPU, 8GB
DDR4 RAM, 1TB HDD, and a discrete NVIDIA GTX 1050 graphics card.
• The external components were fully functional, and all ports were correctly labeled.
• Internal components were securely installed and free from dust accumulation.

Analysis:

Each internal component was successfully identified, and its role in the system was documented.
The CPU and RAM collaborate to execute processes quickly, while the motherboard ensures
data transfer across components. Storage drives hold persistent data, and the PSU is crucial in
maintaining power stability. A detailed understanding of these components supports future
learning in troubleshooting, system assembly, and optimization.

Conclusion:

This experiment provided a thorough understanding of the internal and external components of a
desktop computer. Students developed hands-on skills in handling hardware responsibly and
identifying parts by form and function. The ability to recognize and understand these elements is
critical for further studies in computer engineering, diagnostics, and repair.

Moreover, the experiment highlighted the importance of safety precautions and systematic
approaches to hardware handling, which are indispensable in professional environments.

Understanding how components work together lays the foundation for building, upgrading, and
maintaining modern computing systems.

References:

• Tech Manuals Inc. (2022). "Computer Hardware Guide."

• Smith, J. (2021). Understanding Computer Hardware, 4th Edition, TechPress.
• ASUS Motherboard Manual, Model B450M-A.
• Intel Processor Architecture Guide.
• Take pictures from PC World page.

Appendix:

• Figures: Annotated photographs of each identified component.

• Notes: Observational sketches and performance specifications.
• Troubleshooting Tips: Ensure RAM is properly seated. PSU cables must match port
types. Avoid using magnetic tools.