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WINTER – 12 EXAMINATION
Subject Code : 809 Model Answer Page No : _1/ N

Q1
a) Define the term: ( 1 mark each)
i) Anatomy: It is the study of structure of the body & its individual parts & their relation to one
another.
ii) Physiology
It is the study of the functions of various parts and how they are integrated to produce a
coordinated action of the whole body.

b) Mention the four elementary types of tissues (1/2 mark each)

Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscle tissues
Nervous tissues

c) Define hormone. Mention the hormones secreted by posterior pituitary gland.(1 mark each)
Hormones are the chemical secreted by endocrine gland directly into the blood stream.
It secretes two hormones‐
Oxytocin & anti diuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

d) Name the bones of upper limbs.(1/2 mark each)

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpals & phalanges.

e) Give the composition & function of saliva.( 1 mark each)

Composition of saliva‐PH 5.8 ‐7.4
Water
Mineral salts
Salivary amylase
Mucus
Lysosomes
Immunoglobulin
Blood clotting factor
Functions of saliva‐
1. Chemical digestion of polysaccharides‐ the salivary amylase acts on the starch & reduces
them to disaccharides.
2. Lubrication of food.
3. Cleaning & lubricating the mouth.
4. Non specific defense mech. due to lysosomes & immunoglobulin.
5. Sense of Taste by lubrication of food.

f) Name the hormones secreted by ovary. . ( 1 mark each)

Estrogen & progesterone
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g)Draw a well labeled diagram of “Myelinated neuron”(2 marks)

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Q2 (a) Describe the str. (1 ½ marks) of cell with suitable diagram. (2 marks)

A cell is a smallest functional unit of an organism.

It is the basic unit of all body tissues.
A cell consists of a plasma membrane (cytoplasmic membrane) inside which no. of organelles
floating in a watery fluid called as cytosol.

Organelles are small str. with highly specialized functions.

Organelles are‐
Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi app., lysosomes, microfilaments &microtubules.
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(b) Differentiate bet the three types of muscular tissues. (3 1/2 marks)

skeletal muscle smooth muscle Cardiac muscle tissue‐

It is also known as striated Non‐ striated muscle Striated muscle with

muscle intercalated disc.
The fibres (cell) are The cells are spindle shaped Each fibre has one nucleus
cylindrical and has many nuclei with only one central nucleus and one or more branches
They are under the control They are not under the They are not under the
of our will. control of our will. control of our will.

The fibrous tissue enclosing Bundles of fibres form The ends of the cells and their
the whole muscle extends sheets of muscle. branches are in close contact
beyond the fibres to become with the ends & the branches
the tendon which attaches the of adjacent cells. These joints
muscle to the bone or skin. form intercalated discs.

It is found in the skeletal It is found in the walls of This gives the muscle the
muscle. hollow organs. appearance of a sheet of
muscle.
This is found exclusively in the
heart wall.

© What is joint? (1 mark) Give classification of freely movable joints with one example.(2.5 marks)
Definition
A joint is a site where any two or more bones articulate or come together.
a) Ball & socket joint e.g. shoulder joint, hip joint.
,b) Hinge joint e.g. Elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint
c) Gliding joint e.g. joint between carpals, joint bet. tarsal bones.
d) pivot joint e.g. the joint formed by axis & atlas
e) Condyloid joint e.g. joint bet. Mandible & temporal bone,
Joint bet metatarsal & phalanges & joint bet metacarpal & phalanges.
f) Saddle joint (the double hinge joint) e.g. is the double hinge joint between the carpal and
metacarpal bones of the thumb.
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WINTER – 12 EXAMINATION
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(d) Draw a well labeled diagram showing internal str. Of heart.(3 ½ marks)

(e) Explain the mech. Of coagulation of blood.(3 marks) Mention the various clotting factors
present in blood. (1/2 marks)
Haemostasis‐
When the blood vessel is damaged loss of blood is stopped by clotting.
1. vasoconstriction ‐when platelets come in contact with a damaged blood vessel they adhere to it.
Serotonin is released which constricts the blood vessel.
2 platelet plug formation‐ the adhered platelets attract more platelets which form platelet plug. This
forms temporary seal.
3 coagulation‐ (blood clotting) the thromboplastin (prothrombinase) released by damaged tissue
cells enters the blood & in presence of calcium ions converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin
acts on fibrinogen& convert it to insoluble fibrin. The fibrin mesh traps blood cells. This is known as
clotting.
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Clotting factors in the blood are fibrinogen, prothrombin, thromboplastin, ca ions, factors v, vii, ix, x
xi, xii, xiii

(f) What are lymph nodes? (1 marks) Give their function. (2 marks)Give the composition of lymph.
(1/2 marks)

It is an organ of lymphatic system which filters lymph.

Functions
1 Filtration & phagocytosis
Lymph is filtered by the reticular & lymphoid tissues as it passes thro’ the lymph nodes and
microbes, cell debris, worn out & damaged tissue cells etc. are removed by the process of
phagocytosis.

2 Proliferation of lymphocytes
Activated T‐lymphocytes & B‐lymphocytes multiply in lymph nodes.

Composition of lymph: It is a clear liquid similar to plasma but dissolved sub. are in different
composition.

Q.3

a. Define Digestion (1 mark).Draw well labeled diagram of Digestive system.(2 marks)

Ans.

Defination: The conversion of complex food into simple form so that it is easily absorbed in the
blood is described as digestion.
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b. Mention at least seven function of liver. (0.5 marks each. Any seven functions can be
considered)

1. Secretion of bile‐ Bile salts are helpful in digestion and absorption of fats by its emulsification.

2. Glycogenic function‐ The hepatic cells by the action of enzymes convert glucose into glycogen
and it is then stored in the liver.

3. Formation of urea‐ Hepatic cell by the action of the enzyme cause deamination of amino acid, i.e.
amine group is set free which forms urea.

4. Metabolism of fat‐ Whenever energy is needed, the saturated stored fat is converted to a form in
which it can be used to provide energy.

5. Formation of RBCs in foetal life.

6. Destruction of RBCs forming bile pigments and iron.

7. Formation of plasma protein

8. Formation of heparin, a natural anticoagulant in the blood

9. Storage of iron and vitamin b12.

6. Maintenance of body temperature–As a number of chemical reaction occur in the liver, heat is
generated which is helpful in maintaining body temp.

7.Exretion of toxic substance‐The toxic substances entering the body through alimentary canal are
destroyed in liver.

c. What is nephron(1 mark)? Explain the physiology of urine formation(2.5 mark).

Ans. Nephron- It is the structural and functional unit of kidney.

There are three phases of urine formation:

1. Simple filtration : Filtration takes places through semipermeable wall of the glomerulus and
glomerular capsule . Blood cell, plasma protein and other large molecules are unable to filter
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through and remain in the capillaries. The main factor assisting filteration is the difference between
the blood pressure in the glomerulus and the pressure of the filtrate in the glomerulus capsule.

2. Selective reabsorption: It is the process by which composition and volume of the glomerulus
filtrate are altered during its passage through the convoluted tubules, the loop of henle and the
collecting tubules.

3. Tubular secretion: Filration occurs as the blood flows through glomerulus .Non‐threshold
substances and foreign material eg. drugs may not be clear from the blood filtration because of the
short time it remains in the glomerulu such substances are cleared by secretion into the convulated
tubules and pass from the body in the urine.

( Digram is optional)
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d. What is cardiac cycle(1+0.5 marks for digram)? Describe the various stages involved in it(2
mark)?

Ans. Cardiac cycle is the series of events occurring in heart during each heart beat. Each cycle lasts
about for 0.8 seconds. Normal number of cardiac cycles per minute ranges from 60 to 80.

Stages of cardiac cycle are‐

1] Atrial systole‐ It lasts for 0.1 second. In this stage there is complete ventricular filling and empting
of the atria.

2] Ventricular systole‐ It lasts for 0.3 second. In this stage the blood pushed into the pulmonary
artery and the aorta.

3] Complete cardiac diastole‐ It lasts for 0.4 second. It is the period when atria and ventricles are
relaxe.

e. Differentiate between artery and vein morphologically and histologically. (0.5 marks each)

Sr.No Artery Vein

1 They carry oxygenated Blood accept They carry deoxygenated Blood accept
pulmonary Artery. pulmonary vein.

2 They have thick walls They have thin walls

3 The lumen is small The lumen is large
4 Valves are absent Valves are present
5 Arteries are also called as resistance Veins are also called as capacitance vessels
vessels and they are seated they are superfecial
6 The smallest arteries are called The smallest veins are called venules
arterioles
7 When cut thick walled arteries When cut thin walled vein collapsed
remain open
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WINTER – 12 EXAMINATION
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f. Define:‐

1. ANEMIA(1.5 marks).‐ Anemia signifies reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
due to reduction in haemoglobin.

2. LEUKAEMIA(1 mark).‐ Leukaemia is a malignant myeloproliferative disease of the bone

marrow that results in the uncontrolled increase in the production of leukocytes and or their
precursors.

3. THROMBOCYTOPENIA(1 mark).‐ It is defined as a decrease in blood platelet count than it’s

normal value .

Q.4. Answer the following

a. Explain the role of Intercostal Muscle and Diaphragm in the mechanism of Respiration?

Ans. (3.5 marks).

Intercostal Muscle:‐

There are eleven pairs of muscle called intercostal muscle which occupy the space between the ribs.
These are arranged in two layers; The external intercostal muscles extends downwards and
forwards and internal intercostal muscles extend backwards. The first pairs of ribs is fixed, hence,
when the intercostal muscles contract the other pairs of ribs are pulled towards first rib. Because of
the shape of the ribs, they move outwards when they are pulled upwards. In this way, thoracic
cavity is enlarged anterioposteriorly and laterally and assist in inspiration.

Diaphragm:‐

It is a muscular flap which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It consists of
central tendon from which the muscle fibres radiate to lower ribs, vertebral column and xyphoid
process. When the diaphragm is relaxed, the central tendon is at the level of the eighth thoracic
vertebra. When the diaphragm contracts its muscle fibres are shortened and the central tendon is
pulled downward enlarging the thoracic capacity in length.

The intercostal muscle and diaphragm contract relax simultaneously thus due to contraction of
respiratory muscles the thoracic cavity enlarged. The pressure in the lungs is reduced at a level
lower than the atmospheric pressure which brings the air into the lungs to equalize the atmospheric
and alveolar air pressure.

During expiration, the intercostals muscle and diaphragm relax, the ribs fall back into the place, the
diaphragm ascends, the lungs contracts and air is given out.
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b. Define and give normal value of (any two).

1. Residual volume(1.5 mark).:-It is the amount of air that remain in the lungs after the most
powerful expiration.

Normal Value:-1200 to 1500 ml.

2. Vital Capacity(2 mark).:-It is the volume of air that passes into and out of the lungs by the
most forcible inspiration and expiration.

Normal Value:- 3 to 5 liters.

3. Expiratory Reserve Volume(1.5 mark).:-It is the amount of air that can be breathed out
after a quite expiration by the most forcible expiration.

Normal Value:- 1400 ml.

c) Draw and label sagittal section of eye. (1.5 mark for drawing + 2 marks for any 8 names).

d. What is reflex action(1 mark).? Draw and label structure of reflex arc(2.5 mark)..

Ans.

It is the involuntary motor response given by the spinal cord to the sensory stimulus without
involving brain in action. Most of the reflex actions are protective in nature.
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WINTER – 12 EXAMINATION
Subject Code : 0809 Model Answer Page No : 13_/ N

1. Reflex actions are the part of defense mechanism of the body.

2. These actions occurs very rapidly than the voluntary actions.

e. Name any seven cranial nerves with their functions.

Ans. (0.5 marks each. Any seven nerves can be considered)

Sr.No Name of cranial Nerve Functions

.
1 Olfactory Sense of smell
2 Optic nerve Sense of sight
3 Occulomotor Moving of eye ball focusing regulating the
size of pupil
4 Trochlear Movement of eye ball
5 Trigeminal Chewing sensation from face
6 Abducens Movement of eye
7 Facial Movement of facial expression.
Sense of taste.
8 Vertibulocochlear Sense of hearing
9 Glossopharyngeal Movement of pharynx.
Secretion of saliva.
Sense of taste.
10 Vagus Secretion and movement in the organs.

11 Accessory Coordination of head movement and

movement of pectoral girdle
12 Hypoglossal Helps in swallowing and speech.
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f. Define:

1.Bronchitis(1.5 mark). : It is a disorder characterized by inflammation of bronchi.

2.Myopia(1 mark).:(Shortsightedness) It is a defect in vision in which a person is able to see

only nearer objects clearly due to elongation of eye ball.

3.Meningitis(1 mark).:- Inflammation of the meninges due to an infection is termed as

meningitis.

Q 5. Attempt any four of the following: (3.5 marks each question)

a) Name the functional areas of cerebrum with suitable diagram.(3.5 marks)

b) Describe blood groups.(2 marks) Explain its importance in blood transfusion.(1.5marks)

Either the description or in table format

Depending on type of antigen(agglutinogen) and antibodies(agglutinins),the entire human

population is divided into four blood groups called blood group A ,B, AB & O.

The antigens are present on surface membrane of RBCs of the person, while corresponding
antibodies are present in plasma. This system is called ABO system and was discovered by
Karl Landsteiner.
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A person belonging to blood group A has RBCs containing type A antigens and plasma
contains type b antibodies. Similarly an individual with blood group B has type B antigen on

RBCs and type a antibodies in the plasma. Blood group AB has both antigens A & B on the
RBCs and no antibodies in the plasma. Blood group O has neither antigen A nor antigen B but
both antibodies a & b in the plasma.

Importance - Blood of one person is not always compatible with other and haemolysis
(agglutination) of donor RBCs may take place.

A person with blood group O can give blood to all the persons with different blood group and
is called as ‘Universal Donor’, whereas a person with blood group AB can receive blood from
person with any type of blood group and is called ‘Universal Recipient’.

c) Draw and label the structure of V.S. of skin.(3.5 marks)

Marks can be given for drawing of figure 2 only
Fig 1
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Fig 2

d) Enumerate the various endocrine gland present with their location?(0.5 mark each)

NAME OF GLAND LOCATION

1) Pituitary gland Situated in hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone at the base of

the brain.
2) Thyroid gland Situated in the neck in front of trachea & besides thyroid

cartilage.

3) Parathyroid gland These are small glands two on each side of thyroid gland in

neck on posterior side.

4) Adrenal gland Two adrenals situated on the upper pole of each kidney.

5) Islets of Langerhans Irregularly distributed throughout pancreas.

6) Ovaries(2) in females One on each side of uterus & below uterine tubes.

7) Testes(2)in males in scrotum

8) Pineal glands near the corpus callosum in the brain.

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e) What is Neuromuscular junction?(2 marks) Describe the physiology of muscle

contraction.(1.5 marks)
The Neuromuscular junction is the connection between a large myelinated nerve and skeletal
muscle fibre. The muscle membrane through which a nerve fibre passes is called sarcolemma. The
nerve fibre spreads to form branches called Hypolemmal axons which ends in club like feet called
sole feet. The entire nerve ending is called end plate. Below the sole feet, a small space called
synaptic cleft is present. Below this, there are large folds of muscle membrane. The sole feet contains
vesicles containing acetyl choline.

Physiology of muscle contraction- Nerve stimulus brings about chemical changes in the muscles.
Calcium released from intracellular stores triggers the binding of myosin to the actin filament. ATP
provides the energy for the filaments to slide over each other. This leads to muscle contraction.

f) Describe the structure(2 marks) and function of stomach.(1.5 marks)

Structure:
The stomach is has two curvatures- lesser and greater curvature. The greater curvature
provides the ‘J’ shape. The part of stomach above cardiac sphincter is fundus. The main part
is body and lower part is pylorus. Pyloric sphincter guards the opening between stomach and
duodenum.
The stomach has following layers of tissue-
serosa, muscle layer, sub mucosa and mucosa.

(Digram is optional)
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Functions :
i) Temporary storage of food
ii) Mechanical digestion
iii) Chemical digestion- pepsin converts proteins to polypeptides
iv) Limited absorption of water, alcohol and lipid soluble drugs
v) Non specific defense
vi) Intrinsic factor production for vit B12 absorption
vii) Outward movement of contents towards pylorus

Q6. Attempt any four of the following(3.5 marks each)

a) Define menstrual cycle ( 1 mark)and describe the phase of menstrual cycle?(2.5 marks)

It is defined as a series of changes in endometrium of a female every 26 to 30 days throughout

the child bearing period.

Phases of menstrual cycle are divided into

Proliferative phase: 10 days

It is characterized by release of oestrogen. During this, endometrium gets proliferated and it

gets renewed in this period. Also, graafian follicle is maturing and this phase is terminated
when ovulation occurs and oestrogen production is inhibited.

Secretory phase: 14 days

Immediately after ovulation, the cells lining ovarian follicle are stimulated by LH to develop
corpus luteum which further produces progesterone. Under the influence of progesterone, the
endometrium becomes oedematous and secretory glands produce an increased amount of
watery mucus which is also called luteal phase.If the implantation of fertilized ovum occurs,
then endometrium grows further. Then the menstrual cycle is interrupted during the period of
lactation. If ovum is not fertilized, the cycle enters in the next phase.
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Menstrual phase: 4 days

It is characterized by periodic discharge of 25-65ml of blood, tissue fluid, mucus and

epithelial cells. It is caused by sudden reduction in oestrogen and progesterone and lasts for
approximately 4-5 days. During menstrual phase, ovarian cycle is also in operation and
primary follicle begins its development.

b) Draw a well labeled diagram of male reproductive system.(2 marks) Give composition of
semen.(1.5 marks)

Composition of semen-
i) Spermatozoa
ii) a viscid fluid secreted by seminal vesicle
iii) a thin lubricating fluid produced by prostate gland
iv) mucus
v) seminal plasmin

c) What is effect of stimulation of sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system on

i)Eye – (1+0.5 mark) sympathetic stimulation: these cause contraction of radiating muscle fibres
of iris dilating the pupil i.e. mydriasis

parasympathetic stimulation: these causes contraction of circular muscle fibre of iris constricting the
pupil i.e miosis

ii) Heart- (0.5+0.5 mark) sympathetic stimulation: Heart rate and force of contraction increases

parasympathetic stimulation: Decreases heart rate and force of contraction

iii) Bronchi -(0.5+0.5 mark) sympathetic stimulation: bronchodilation

parasympathetic stimulation: bronchoconstriction

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d) Describe the structure(1.5 marks) and function(2 marks) of Thyroid gland?

Structure- It is a butterfly shaped gland consisting of two lobes joined by a narrow isthmus.
The lobes are roughly cone shaped.

Function:
Thyroid gland secretes 3 hormones
1. T3/tri iodothyronine
2. T4/Tetra iodothyronine
3. Calcitonin
T3 and T4 are essential for the mental and physical growth of a person. It is required for healthy skin
and hairs, for nerve stability and for controlling basal metabolic rate(BMR). They influence general
oxidation rate in body.
Calcitonin controls the amount of calcium in blood. It decreases blood calcium level. Release of
calcitonin is stimulated by increase in ionized calcium in blood.

(e) Justify: Pancreas is both endocrine as well as exocrine gland.

Pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine in nature. The Pancreatic acini cells secrete
pancreatic juice containing enzymes that digests carbohydrates, protein and fats and this is exocrine
secretion. The alpha cells and beta cells of islets of langerhans secrete glucagon and insulin
respectively as the endocrine secretion. These hormones directly diffuse into the blood and control
the blood glucose level. Thus pancreas is also called endocrine gland.

F) Define

i)Arthritis- Inflammation of joint (1 mark)

ii) Angina pectoris- it is the ischaemic condition of myocardium due to narrowing of coronary
arteries causing imbalance between oxygen demand and oxygen supply (1 mark)

iii) Menopause – It marks the end of child bearing age, usually occurs between the age of 45
to 55 yrs. (1.5 marks)