Chapter # 2 --- “Classifying Plants and Animals”

1. Sorting Game (Animal or Plant Kingdom)

Materials:
 Picture cards of various organisms (trees, flowers, birds, fish, fungi, etc.)
 Two boxes or areas labeled “Plants” and “Animals”
Activity: Students sort the picture cards into the correct kingdom. After sorting, discuss the key differences (e.g.,
mobility, food-making, cell structure).

2. Leaf and Flower Sorting

Materials:
 Collected leaves and flowers
 Magnifying glass
 Chart with characteristics (e.g., leaf shape, margin, venation, number of petals)
Activity: Students observe and group leaves/flowers by similarities and record them in a chart. Introduce basic plant
groups (angiosperms, gymnosperms, etc.).

3. Animal Classification Relay

Materials:
Flashcards with animal pictures and brief facts
Activity: Teams take turns picking cards and placing them in the correct category. Add a challenge: explain why it
belongs in that group.

4. Microscopic Classification
Materials:
 Microscopes
 Slides of cells (onion cells, pond water, cheek cells)
Activity: Students view and sketch observations, identifying whether the cells are from a plant or an animal and why
(e.g., presence of chloroplasts or cell walls).

5. Build a Classification Chart

Materials:
 Large poster board or chart paper
 Images or drawings of selected plants and animals
Activity: Students arrange organisms into a classification chart: Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus >
Species.
Chapter # 5 --- “Solutions”
1.Sugar & Salt Solubility Test
Materials:
 Sugar, salt, flour, sand
 Water
 Transparent cups, spoons
Activity: Students add equal amounts of each substance to separate cups of water and stir. They observe and record
which dissolve (form a solution) and which do not (suspension/insoluble).

2. Making a Saturated Solution

Materials:
 Salt or sugar
  Warm and cold water
 Spoons, clear cups
Activity: Add solute gradually to both warm and cold water until no more dissolves. Compare how much dissolves in
each to learn that warmer water holds more solute.

3. Natural pH Indicator with Red Cabbage

Materials:
 Red cabbage
 Blender or hot water
 Strainer, clear cups
 Household items (vinegar, lemon juice, baking soda, soap, soda, etc.)
Activity: Make cabbage juice (boil or blend cabbage with water, strain). Pour into cups and add various test substances.
Observe color changes:
 Red/pink = acid
 Green/blue = base
 Purple = neutral

4. Litmus Paper Testing

Materials:
 Red and blue litmus paper
 Household substances (lemon juice, vinegar, baking soda, soap, milk, etc.)
 Droppers or spoons
Activity: Dip litmus papers into each substance and record color changes:
 Red to blue = base
 Blue to red = acid
 No change = neutral

5. pH Scale Creation
Materials:
 pH test strips or universal indicator solution
 Chart paper
 Household substances
Activity: Test different substances and place them on a large poster labeled with the pH scale (0–14). Discuss strong vs.
weak acids/bases and what neutral means (pH 7 = water).

6. Acid-Base Reaction (Fizz Test)

Materials:
 Vinegar (acid)
 Baking soda (base)
 Clear container or ziplock bag
Activity: Mix vinegar and baking soda. Observe fizzing (CO₂ gas). Discuss chemical reactions and real-life examples (e.g.,
digestion, antacids).

7. Invisible Ink with Lemon Juice

Materials:
 Lemon juice
 Cotton swab or paintbrush
 White paper
  Light bulb or iron
Activity: Write with lemon juice and let it dry. Apply gentle heat to reveal the message. Explain how heat causes the
acid to oxidize and turn brown.

8. pH of Everyday Drinks
Materials:
 pH paper or cabbage indicator
 Soft drinks, juice, milk, coffee, etc.
Activity: Test and record pH levels. Discuss which drinks are more acidic and how acidity can affect teeth or digestion.

Chapter # 8 --- “Simple Chemical Reactions”

1. Melting and Freezing (Physical Change)
Materials:
 Ice cubes
 Heat source (lamp, hand, or room temperature)
 Freezer
Activity: Melt ice into water and then refreeze it. Discuss how the substance (H₂O) remains the same—only the state
changes.

2. Cutting Paper (Physical Change)

Materials:
 Paper  Scissors
Activity: Cut paper into different shapes. Discuss how it is still paper, even though its size and shape have changed.

3. Burning a Candle (Both Changes)

Materials:
 Candle  Match/lighter
Activity: Light the candle. The wax melting is a physical change; the burning wick and wax vapor turning into gases are
chemical changes.

4. Making a Mixture and Solution (Physical Change)

Materials:
 Sand, salt, and water
 Beakers or cups
 Filter paper or coffee filter
Activity: Mix sand and salt in water. Filter the sand out and then evaporate the water to recover salt. All steps involve
physical changes.

5. Crumpling vs. Burning Paper

Materials:
 Sheet of paper
 Heat source (for burning, with adult supervision)
Activity: Crumple one paper (physical change). Burn another (chemical change: new substances—ash, smoke, gas—are
produced). Compare results.
6. Baking Soda and Vinegar Volcano
Materials:
 Baking soda  Vinegar
  Food coloring (optional)  A container (like a small bottle)
Activity: Add baking soda to the container, then pour in vinegar. The fizzing and bubbling is a chemical reaction that
produces carbon dioxide gas. Add food coloring for a “lava” effect.

7. Rusting Iron (Oxidation Reaction)

Materials:
 Iron nails  Jar or dish
 Water  Optional: salt to speed up the reaction.
Activity: Place nails in water and observe over several days. Rust forms as iron reacts with oxygen and water, forming
iron oxide.
8. Color Change with Lemon Juice and Apple
Materials:
 Apple slices  Lemon juice
Activity: Dip one apple slice in lemon juice and leave another untreated. Observe color change due to oxidation. The
citric acid in lemon juice slows the reaction.

9. Elephant Toothpaste
Materials:
 Hydrogen peroxide (3% for kids)  Yeast + warm water (as a catalyst)
 Dish soap  Bottle or tall container
Activity: Mix peroxide, soap, and food coloring in a bottle. Add yeast-water mix. A foam eruption occurs due to rapid
oxygen release.

10. Making a New Substance (Homemade Plastic)

Materials:
 Milk  Heat source
 Vinegar  Strainer
Activity: Warm milk, then stir in vinegar. The milk curdles (chemical reaction). Strain out the curds and press them into
shapes. These curds are casein plastic!

11. Fireworks in a Jar (Density and Color Reaction)

Materials:
 Water  Food coloring
 Oil  Tall glass
Activity: Mix food coloring with oil, then pour slowly into water. The drops fall and burst as they mix with water,
showing a colorful chemical reaction.

12. Burning a Candle (Physical & Chemical Change)

Materials:
 Candle  Match/lighter
Activity: Observe the wax melting (physical change) and the flame burning wax and wick (chemical change), producing
light, heat, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

Chapter # 10 --- “Electrical Circuits”

1. Simple Circuit with a Bulb
Materials:
 Battery  Bulb
  Wires  switch.
Activity:
 Connect the battery to the bulb using wires.
 Add a switch to open and close the circuit.

2. Series vs Parallel Circuit

Materials:
 Batteries  Wires
 Bulbs  switches.
Activity:
 Create a series circuit with two bulbs.
 Then create a parallel circuit with the same components.

3. Conductors and Insulators Test

Materials:
 Battery  Bulb
 Wires  various objects (coin, rubber, plastic, metal key).
Activity:
Connect the items into a simple circuit one at a time.
Observe whether the bulb lights up.

4. Homemade Switch

Materials: Paperclip, cardboard, thumbtacks, battery, bulb, wires.

Steps:

Make a circuit and insert a paperclip switch.

Observe how opening/closing the switch affects the bulb.

Chapter # 11 --- “Forces and their Effects”

1. Push and Pull Exploration
Materials: Toy cars, string, small boxes, magnets.
Steps:
Push and pull objects across a table or floor.
Observe how the objects move and stop.

2. Friction Test with Different Surfaces

Materials: Toy car, ramp, sandpaper, cloth, plastic sheet, wood, stopwatch.
Steps:
Let the car roll down ramps covered with different materials.
Measure how far it travels.

3. Gravity Drop Test

Materials: Ball, feather, paper, stopwatch.
Steps:
Drop objects of different shapes and weights from the same height.
Record which falls faster.
4. Balloon Rocket Experiment
Materials: Balloon, string, straw, tape.
Steps:
Thread the straw on the string and tie the string between two points.
Tape the balloon to the straw and let it go.

5. Egg Drop Challenge

Materials: Raw eggs, straws, cotton, tape, boxes, etc.
Steps:
Design a container to protect an egg from breaking when dropped.
Drop from a height and observe.

6. Rubber Band Force Test

Materials: Rubber bands, ruler, paper clips, tape.
Steps:
Stretch rubber bands to different lengths and launch paper clips.
Measure the distance each travels.

Chapter # 12 --- “The Solar System and Beyond”

1. Create a Model of the Solar System

Materials: Foam balls or paper circles, paint, string, glue, cardboard.

Steps:

Paint and label each planet.

Arrange them in order from the Sun.

2. Planet Fact Hunt

Materials: Fact cards or internet access, worksheets.

Steps:

Assign each student a planet to research.

Share facts like size, temperature, number of moons.

3. Oreo Phases of the Moon

Materials: Oreo cookies, spoon, moon phase chart.

Steps:

Twist cookies open and shape the cream to match moon phases.

Arrange them in the correct order.

4. Orbit Dance

Materials: Open space, name tags for planets.

Steps:

One student stands as the Sun. Others orbit in paths based on real distances and speed.

5. Build a Rocket

Materials: Paper, straws, tape, rubber bands.

Steps:

Make paper rockets and launch them using straws or rubber bands.

Measure how far they travel.

6. Solar System Bingo

Materials: Bingo cards, markers, question prompts.

Steps:

Call out facts or clues; students mark the correct planet or object.

1. Model a Solar and Lunar Eclipse (Hands-On Activity)

Materials: Flashlight (Sun), Styrofoam ball (Moon), globe or larger ball (Earth), dark room.

Steps:

For a solar eclipse, place the Moon between the Sun and Earth.

For a lunar eclipse, place the Earth between the Sun and Moon.

2. Eclipse Shadow Box

Materials: Shoebox, flashlight, small balls, sticks, paper.

Steps:

Cut holes in the shoebox to represent positions of Sun, Earth, and Moon.

Shine the flashlight and observe shadows.

3. Eclipse Sorting Activity (Solar vs Lunar)

Materials: Picture cards or fact cards.

Steps:

Provide mixed cards (images, facts, labels).

Students sort into "Solar Eclipse" and "Lunar Eclipse" categories.

4. Eclipse Simulation with Students (Outdoor or Gym Activity)

Materials: Name tags or signs for Sun, Moon, Earth.

Steps:

Assign students roles. Have them move into positions that create a solar and then a lunar eclipse.