Manufacturing Industries
IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING
The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development due
to the following reasons.
Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture as it provides jobs
in secondary and tertiary sectors.
It helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty.
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in
much-needed foreign exchange.
It helps in prospering the country by giving a boost to the economy.
INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
Industrial locations are influenced by the availability of :
Raw material
The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last
Labour decade has been around 7 percent per annum.
Capital
Power
Market
Government policies
AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are based
on agricultural raw materials. Let's know about each of them, one by one.
Textile Industry
It is the only industry in India which is self-reliant and complete in the value
chain, i.e., from raw materials to the highest value-added products.It
contributes to industrial production, employment generation and foreign
exchange earnings
Cotton Textiles
This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers,
cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning,weaving. dyeing,
designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.It supports many other. industries,
such as chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works.
Jute Textiles
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. Most of the mills are
located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli River.
Sugar Industry
India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies first place in
the production of Gur and khandsari. This industry is seasonal in nature.
MINERAL-BASED INDUSTRIES
Iron and Steel Industry
Iron and steel is the basic industry as all the other industries -heavy, medium
and light, depend on it for their machinery.It is considered a heavy industry
because all the raw materials, as well as finished goods, are heavy and bulky
entailing high transportation costs.
India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet, we are
not able to perform to our full potential largely due to the following reasons.
High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
Lower productivity of labour.
Irregular supply of energy.
Poor infrastructure.
Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium Smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in
India.It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. Bauxite is the raw
material used in the smelters.. Aluminium smelting has gained popularity as a
substitute for steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. It exhibits.
the following properties:
Light in weight
Resistant to corrosion
A good conductor of heat
Malleable
Becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals
Chemical Industries
The chemical industry comprises both large and small-scale manufacturing
units.
Rapid Growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid. alkalies, soda ash and
caustic soda.
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used fo manufacturing
synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and
pharmaceuticals.
Fertilizer Industry
The fertilizer industries are centred around the production of nitrogenous
fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP)
and complex fertilizers, which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate
(P), and potash (K). Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala
contribute towards half of the fertilizer production.
Cement Industry
Cement is essential for construction activities such as building. houses,
factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and other commercial establishments.
This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and
gypsum.
Automobile Industry
This industry deals with the manufacturing of trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles,
scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles. These industries are located
around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,
Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
The electronics industry covers a wide range of products, from transistor sets to
television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers
and other equipment required by the telecommunication industry. This industry
ha! generated employment in India. Bengaluru is known as the electronic capital
of India.
Mnemonic
A- Aluminium Smelting IS- Iron and Steel
2AC IS FIT A-Autmobile industry F-Fertilizer Industry
(2AC = A A C C) C-Chemical industries IT - Information
C-Cement Industry Technology
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
Industries are responsible for 4 types of pollution:
1. Air
2. Water
3. Land
4. Noise
Air Pollution
It is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases,
such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Smoke is emitted by
chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants,
and the burning of fossil fuels leads to air pollution.
It adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the
atmosphere as a whole.
Water Pollution
It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents
discharged into rivers.
The industries which are mainly responsible for water pollution are paper,
pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and
electroplating industries.
Thermal Pollution Of Water
It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into
rivers and ponds before cooling.
Noise pollution is the propagation of noise with a harmful impact on the
activity of human or animal life. It results in irritation, anger, cause hearing
impairment, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.
CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Minimize water use through reuse and recycling.
Harvest rainwater for water needs.
Treat hot water and effluents before release.
Reduce particulate matter by using smoke stacks with filters.
Use oil or gas instead of coal to reduce smoke.
Redesign machinery for energy efficiency and less noise.
Mnemonic
E: Effluents treatment
T: Treat hot water
E-TRUMP R: Reduce particulate matter
U: Use oil or gas
M: Machinery redesign
P: Put Down water use
