Secondary Two Mathematics (Part 2)

Transpose of a Matrix

When A has a matrix of order m x n.

A matrix of order n x m whose rows are columns and whose columns are rows is called the transpose
of A. Worked Example 3

The transpose of A is denoted as A’. Find the transpose of the matrix.

Normal → Transpose

Order of A = 2 x 4

Order of A’ = 4 x 2

3 5
1 4
Transpose of A = [ ]
4 0
2 7

Equality of Matrices

Two matrices are only equal if they are of the same order and their corresponding entries are equal.

Worked Example 4
𝑥+3 7
Find the values of x and y for the following matrix; ( )=( )
4−𝑦 3
The equality of matrices property can be used due to the fact of an “equal sign” being
present.

Thus, we can create the following linear equations.

x+3=7 4–y=3

x=4 -y = -1

y=1

Answer: The value of x is 4 while the value of y is 1 .

Worked Example 5
𝑥 9 5 −3
Given that P = ( ) and Q = ( ), find x and y if P’ = Q.
−3 𝑦 9 −4
Find the transpose of P.
𝑥 9
P=( ) [Order = 2 x 2 → Transpose of Order = 2 x 2]
−3 𝑦

Entries in Matrix P → 𝑎11 = 𝑥 𝑎12 = 9 𝑎21 = −3 𝑎22 = 𝑦

Entries in Matrix P’→ 𝑎11 = 𝑥 𝑎21 = 9 𝑎12 = −3 𝑎22 = 𝑦

𝑥 −3
P’ = ( )
9 𝑦

The transpose of P is equal to Q.

𝑥 −3 5 −3
Thus, ( )=( ).
9 𝑦 9 −4
x=5 y = -4

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

Matrices of the same order can be added and subtracted, it adds or subtracts corresponding entries.

Worked Example 6 Worked Example 7

5 −3 2 3 4 2
Add the matrix ( ) with ( ). Subtract ( ) from ( ).
9 −4 3 4 2 3
5 −3 2 3 5+2 −3 + 3 7 0 2 4 2−4 −2
( )+( )=( )=( ) ( )− ( )=( )= ( )
9 −4 3 4 9+3 −4 + 4 12 0 3 2 3−2 1
 Scalar Multiplication

If “x” is a real number and A is a matrix and “x” is scalar to the matrix A by multiplication then x A is
a matrix. To obtain the value of the matrix, multiply each entry in A with x. This operation is known
as the popular “scalar multiplication”.

Worked Example 8
5 −3
Given below is a matrix of 𝐴 = ( ).
−1 4
When “2” is scalar to the matrix, find the matrix of 2A.

5 −3 2 (5) 2 (−3) 10 −6
2( )=[ ]=[ ]
−1 4 2 (−1) 2 (4) −2 8
10 −6
The matrix of 2A is given as [ ].
−2 8

Matrix Equations

Solving matrix equations are very similar to solving regular mathematical equations involving addition
and subtraction. The same procedure is done with matrices but in an bit odd manner of its rules.

Worked Example 9

Solve the following equation down below and find for x and y.
2𝑥 𝑥 18
3( ) + 3 (2𝑦) = ( )
𝑦 36
Evaluate the scalar multiplication.
6𝑥 3𝑥 18
( )+( )=( )
3𝑦 6𝑦 36
Perform the addition of matrices.
6𝑥 3𝑥 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 9𝑥
( )+( ) =( )=( )
3𝑦 6𝑦 3𝑦 + 6𝑦 9𝑦

Properly write down the results.

9𝑥 18
( )= ( )
9𝑦 36
Solve the values in the matrices.
9x = 18 9y = 36

x=2 y=4

The value of x is 2 and y is 4 in the equation of matrices given.

 Definition of a Matrix Product

The 2 x 2 matrix of I is called the unit matrix of order 2 and denoted by I. 𝟏 𝟎

Identity 𝐈 = ( )
It behaves like the “unity” (one) in the real number system. 𝟎 𝟏

The product of a m x y matrix A and y x k matrix B is the m x n matrix AB whose entry is in the “i”
row and “j” column is the sum of the product of the corresponding entries in the “i” row of A and the
“j” column of B.

The only reason that Product AB exists is

because a “3” can be seen on both matrices thus indicating the “same” variable, thus
leading to the existence of the product.

If the order of the matrices was the following;

Matrix A Matrix B

2 3 2 2

different

Though we can obviously see “2” on both sides, the following product does not exist because the
numbers of the ending Matrix A and the numbers of the beginning Matrix B do not equal each other.
To start multiply matrices, you need to find first if the product exists or not, if the
product doesn’t exist write down “the product does not exist”.
Multiplication of Matrices

Worked Example 10
1 4
2 0 1
Multiply the following matrices; ( ) and (2 5 ).
1 −1 3
0 −2
Step 1: Determine if the following products exist.

2x3 3x 2

Same

The product does exist, and the resulting matrix will be a 2 x 2 matrix.
1 4
2 0 1
( ) (2 5 )
1 −1 3
0 −2
1st entry of the new matrix (a11 )

1 - take the first number from the first row and multiply it with the first number from the first column
on the second matrix

2 - take the second number from the first and multiply it with the second number from the first
column on the second matrix

3 - take the third number from the first row and multiply it with the third number from the first
column on the second matrix

4 – add the following products and that’s your first entry of the 2 x 2 matrix.

2nd entry of the new matrix (a12 )

5 - take the first number from the first row and multiply it with the first number from the second
column on the second matrix

6 - take the second number from the first row and multiply it with the second number from the
second column on the second matrix

7 - take the third number from the first row and multiply it with the third number from the second
column on the second matrix

8 – add the following products and that’s your first entry of the 2 x 2 matrix.

Keep doing the following steps for the matrix 𝐚𝟐𝟏 and 𝐚𝟐𝟐 .
2(1) + 0(2) + 1(0) 2(4) + 0(5) + 1(−2)
( )
1 (1) + (−1)(2) + 3 (0) 1 (4) + (−1)(5) + 3 (−2)
2 6
Answer: The result of the matrix is given as ( ).
−1 −7