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DDC Manual

The document outlines practical exercises for Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation and demodulation circuits, emphasizing their significance in digital communication. It details the necessary equipment, procedures, and expected outcomes for each practical, aiming to develop skills in maintaining digital communication systems. Additionally, it includes assessment schemes and safety precautions to ensure proper handling of instruments.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

8 views55 pages

DDC Manual

Uploaded by

p2787269

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 55

Practical No.

09: Performance of the Amplitude Shift

Keying(ASK) Modulator and Demodulator
circuits

I Practical Significance
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is type of digital modulation that represents digital data as
variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. The amplitude of an analog carrier signal varies
in accordance with the bit stream (modulating signal) where frequency and phase are keeping
constant .This practical is designed to explain how change of amplitude in to level corresponds
to logic 1 and logic 0.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

• Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunication engineering knowledge
to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering related problems.
• Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results
to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering problems.
• Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunication technologies and
tools with an understanding of the limitations.

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
Competency: “Maintain basic digital communication systems.”
• Identify different components, IC’s and different blocks on the trainer kit
Make the connection as per the given experimental set up Test the output
signals at the different testing points.
• Interpret the result as per the observations.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Maintain systems based on digital modulation techniques.

V Practical Outcome
Test the performance of the amplitude shift keying (ASK) Modulator/demodulator circuit.

VI Relevant Affective domain unrelated Outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
• Handle instruments carefully.
• Follow ethical practices.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data.
ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Each
amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is
represented by the particular amplitude. The demodulator is designed specifically for the
symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the amplitude of the received signal and maps
it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. Frequency and phase of the
carrier are kept constant in ASK.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 106

Figure 14.1: ASK Input output

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram

a) Sample Block Diagram

Figure 14.2 ASK modulator

[Courtesy:https://www.slideshare.net/aknigin/digital-communicationunit-3]

Figure 14.3 ASK demodulator

[Courtesy:http://www.evalidate.in/lab2/pages/Demod-ASK/DMASK/DMASK_I.html]

b) Actual block diagram / Circuit diagram

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 107

c) Actual Practical Setup (Students should draw practical set up used in their laboratory)

IX Resources required

Sr. Instruments Quantit

Specifications
No. /Components y
Dual trace cathode ray 20MHz dual trace oscilloscope /25
1. oscilloscope / Digital MHz Dual Trace Digital Storage 1
storage oscilloscope Oscilloscope
Power supply Variable DC power supply
2. 030V,0-2A , SC protection , 1
Digital meters
ASK Trainer kit Data clock frequency 2 KHz, 4
KHz, 8 KHz, 16 KHz,
3. 1
data 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit or
equivalent trainer kit
4. Connecting wires CRO probes, patch chords 02

X Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 108

XI Procedure
1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Connect digital input signal 1010110 on to the trainer kit of ASK modulator.
4. Observe the output of ASK modulator on CRO.
5. Connect output of ASK modulator to input of ASK demodulator.
6. Observe the output of ASK demodulator.
7. Draw the waveform on graph showing digital input signal, carrier signal, modulated signal
and demodulated signal.
8. After completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connection and submit the
wires and equipments.
XII Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Instruments
Specifications Quantity
No. /Components
1.
2.
3.
4.

XIII Actual Procedure followed

XIV Precautions followed

XV Observations and Calculations

Table 14.1: Waveforms at Various stages of ASK

Sr. Time
Output at Amplitude Frequency Waveform
No. period
1 Input signal bit
stream

2 Carrier signal

3 ASK modulator
output

4 ASK demodulator
output

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XVI Results
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XVII Interpretation of results

XVIII Conclusions and Recommendation

XIX Practical related Questions

Note: Below few sample questions are given for the reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Note down the amplitude of ASK modulated waveform for Logic “1” and Logic “0”
2. Perform same practical for ON-OFF shift key(OOK) and note down amplitude of ASK
modulated waveform for logic”1” and logic “0”

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 110

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%

1 Identification of different blocks on trainer kit 10 %
2 Preparation of Experimental set up 20 %
3 Observation and measurement of various output on 20 %
trainer kit
4 Handling of the kit ,Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated Signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related Related (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 111

Practical No.10: Performance of the Frequency Shift Keying(
FSK) Modulator and Demodulator.

I Practical Significance
FSK technology is used for communication systems such as amateur radio, caller ID and
emergency broadcasts. This practical is designed to explain how modem converts the binary
data from a computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical fiber, or
wireless media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states,
which the computer can understand. In this practical student are able to view shifts in frequency
as per the input digital data.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Maintain systems based on digital modulation techniques.

V Practical Outcome
Test the performance of the Frequency shift keying (FSK) modulator and demodulator
circuits.

VI Relevant Affective domain unrelated Outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Handle instruments carefully.
Follow ethical practices.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals. The two binary states,
logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented
by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency.
The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 112

binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the mark frequency and the
"0" is called the space frequency.

Figure 17.1: FSK Input –Output waveform

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram

a) Sample Block Diagram

Figure 17.2: FSK Modulator

[Courtesy:http://www.evalidate.in/lab2/pages/FSKS/FSK/FSK_T.html]

Figure 17.3: FSK demodulator

[Courtesy:http://www.evalidate.in/lab2/pages/Demod-FSK/DFSK/DFSK_T.html]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 113

b) Actual Block Diagram / Circuit diagram

c) Actual Practical Setup (Students should draw practical set up used in their laboratory)

IX Resources required

Sr. Instruments /Components

Specifications Quantity
No.
Dual trace cathode ray 20MHz dual trace oscilloscope /25
1. oscilloscope / Digital MHz Dual Trace Digital Storage 1
storage oscilloscope Oscilloscope

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 114

Power supply Variable D C power supply 0 -30 V
2. ,2A with SC protection , Digital 1
meters
FSK Trainer kit Four type selectable data clock
frequency 2 KHz, 4 KHz, 8 KHz, 16
3. KHz, and four selectable types bit 1
data 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit or
equivalent trainer kit
4. Connecting wires CRO probes, patch chords 2

X Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.

XI Procedure
1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Select the input bit stream of 1010110 and connect it to input terminals of FSK modulator.
4. Observe the output of FSK modulator on CRO.
5. Connect output of FSK modulator to input of FSK demodulator.
6. Observe the output of FSK demodulator.
7. Draw the waveform on graph showing digital input signal, carrier signal, modulated signal
and demodulated signal.
8. After completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connection and submit the
wires and equipments.

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Instruments
Specifications Quantity
No. /Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XIII Actual Procedure followed

XIV Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 115

XV Observations and Calculations

Table 17.1: Waveforms at Various stages of FSK

Sr. Modulated output signal

Input signal Waveform
No. Frequency
1 Logic “1”

2 Logic “0”

XVI Results
Modulated signal frequency for Logic”1” =
Modulated signal frequency for Logic”0” =

XVII Interpretation of results

XVIII Conclusions and Recommendation

XIX Practical related Questions

Note: Below few sample questions are given for the reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Name the IC used in FSK modulator and demodulator experimental set up.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 116

2. State the value of supply voltage applied to the trainer kit.
3. Apply input waveform 11110000 to FSK trainer kit and draw the corresponding FSK output
waveform.
[Space for Answers]

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XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://www.allsyllabus.com/aj/note/ECE/Digital%20Communication/unit3/index.php
#.W0MQ69UzbIU
2. http://www.evalidate.in/lab2/pages/Demod-FSK/DFSK/DFSK_T.html
3. http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/ASK-vs-FSK-vs-PSK.html

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 118

Practical No. 11: Performance of the Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK) Modulator and Demodulator circuits.

I Practical Significance
PSK technique is widely used for wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along
with RFID and Bluetooth communications. BPSK has a bandwidth which is lower than that of
BFSK signal. It has a very good noise immunity .This practical enable the students to generate
and decode BPSK signal.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
Competency: ‘Maintain basic digital communication systems’.
• Identify different Components, IC’s and blocks on trainer kit. Make the connection
as per the given experimental set up.
• Test the output signals at the different testing points.
• Interpret the result as per the observation.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Maintain systems based on digital modulation techniques.

V Practical Outcome
Test the performance of the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulator and Demodulator
circuits.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Handle instruments carefully.
Follow ethical practices.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier
signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time with respect to the
given digital input Figure 16.1 shows BPSK modulator.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 121

Figure 16.1: Generation of PSK/ BPSK Modulator
[Courstey:https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_phase_shift_keying.htm]

In BPSK modulation, phase of the carrier signal is changed according to the data bit to be
transmitted. Keeping its frequency and amplitude constant as shown in Figure 16.2

Figure 16.2: Waveform of BPSK modulation

[Courstey:https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_phase_shift_keying.htm]

BPSK demodulator
Figure 16.3 shows BPSK demodulator. The BPSK modulating signal is demodulated with a
synchronous detection system. The synchronous detection system uses a modulator to multiply
the received signal and regenerated carrier wave. The frequency and phase of the regenerated
carrier wave must match (synchronize with) the carrier wave used on the transmitting end.

Figure 16.3: BPSK demodulator

[Courstey:https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_phase_shift_keying.htm]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 122

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram
a) Sample Practical Setup

Figure16.4: Practical set up for BPSK modulation and demodulation

b) Actual Practical Setup (Students should draw practical set up used in their laboratory)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 123

IX Resources required

Sr. Instruments
Specifications Quantity
No. /Components
BPSK modulator Four type selectable data clock
and demodulator frequency 2 KHz, 4 KHz, 8
trainer kit KHz, 16 KHz, And four
1 selectable types bit data 8 bit, 1
16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit or
equivalent trainer kit
CRO / DSO 25 MHz, dual Trace / 1
2 Bandwidth 30MHz – 200MHz
Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating As per
3
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

X Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment adjust proper volt/div and times/div selection on CRO/DSO.

XI Procedure
1. Make connections as shown in figure 16.4
2. Select input data 11001011 from data generator using switches and connect it to bipolar
convertor.
3. Connect bipolar data to signal input of balanced modulator (BPSK modulator).
4. Select carrier signal from carrier generator and connect it to carrier input of balanced
modulator (BPSK modulator).
5. Switch on the power supply.
6. Connect DSO/CRO probe at output of balanced modulator (BPSK modulator).
7. Observe output waveforms of balanced modulator (BPSK modulator) on CRO.
8. Write output signal phase shift with respect to carrier for input signal (logic 1 and logic 0)
in observation table16.1.
9. For BPSK demodulation connect output of balanced modulator (BPSK modulator) to input
of BPSK demodulator kit as shown in figure 16.4
10. Observe output of low pass filter on DSO/CRO.
11. Draw the waveform of input data, carrier signal, BPSK signal and output of low pass filter
on graph paper for observed value.
12. After completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connection and submit the
wires and equipments.

XII Actual Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Instruments
Specifications Quantity
No. /Components
1
2
3

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 124

XIII Actual procedure followed
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

XIV Precautions followed

XV Observations
Table 16.1: Measurement of phase shift of given carrier

Sr. No. Input Signal Modulated output

signal phase shift
w.r.t. carrier

1 Logic 0

2 Logic 1

XVI Result
As input signal is at logic 1 output signal phase shift with respect to carrier is
……………………… (1800 / No Change).

XVII Interpretation of result

XVIII Conclusions
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................

XIX Practical related Questions

Note: Below few sample questions are given for the reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 125

1. Draw BPSK modulated waveforms for input data 11110000.
2. Draw BPSK modulated waveforms for input data 10101010
3. Draw BPSK modulated waveforms for input data 11111111 4. Draw BPSK modulated
waveforms for input data 11001100

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 126

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://www.ques10.com/p/3631/explain-the-operating-principle-working-of-trans-1/.
2. https://www.gaussianwaves.com/2010/04/bpsk-modulation-and-demodulation-2/.

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Identification of different blocks on trainer kit 10 %
2 Preparation of Experimental set up 20 %
3 Observation and measurement of various out put on 20 %
trainer kit
4 Handling of the kit, Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated Signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related Related (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 127

Practical No.11: Performance of Quadrature amplitude Modulation (QAM)
modulator and demodulator circuits.

I Practical Significance
QAM is a method of combining two amplitude-modulated (AM) signals into a single channel,
thereby doubling the effective bandwidth. QAM is used in wireless applications like the PAL
and NTSC television systems, where the different channels, which are provided by QAM,
enable the transmission of the components of Chroma or colour information to TV sets. It is
often used for radio communication systems from regular cellular to LTE including Wi-Max
and Wi-Fi. In this practical students are able to view hoe two signals (I, Q) gets modulated on
career and 900shifted careers.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Maintain systems based on digital modulation techniques.

V Practical Outcome
Test the performance of Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulator and
demodulator circuits.

VI Relevant Affective domain unrelated Outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Handle instruments carefully.
Follow ethical practices.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a technique used to transmit two digital bit streams
or two analog signals by modulating or changing the amplitudes of two carrier waves so that
they differ in phase by 90 degrees, a quarter of a cycle, hence the name quadrature. One signal
is called the "I" signal and the other is the "Q" signal, which can be mathematically represented
by a cosine and a sine wave, respectively. QAM combines the two carriers and sends the
combined signals in a single transmission to be separated and extracted at the destination. The

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 153

signals are demodulated, and the data are then extracted from each and recombined to form the
original modulating information.

Figure 20.1: QAM Input- Output waveform

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram

a) Sample Block Diagram

Figure 20.2: QAM modulator

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 154

Figure 20.3: QAM demodulator
b) Actual Block Diagram / Circuit Diagram

c) Actual Practical Setup (Students should draw practical set up used in their
laboratory)

IX Resources required

Sr. Instruments
Specifications Quantity
No. /Components
Dual trace cathode 30MHz dual trace oscilloscope / 25
ray oscilloscope / MHz Dual Trace Digital Storage
1. 1
Digital storage Oscilloscope
oscilloscope

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 155

Variable D C power supply 030V,0-
2. Power supply 2A , SC protection Digital meters 1

NRZ-L , tribit decoded data(I, Q, C),

differential decoded I and Q bits,
3. QAM Trainer kit 1
receiver clock generated PLL method
or equivalent trainer kit
4. Connecting wires CRO probes, patch chords 2

X Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.

XI Procedure
1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Connect data pattern to NRZ-L coder.
4. Connect NRZ-L coder to data of TRIBIT coder.
5. Connect clock to CLK of TRIBIT coder.
6. Connect the tribit data I-bit, Q-bit and C-bit to control input of carrier modulator
respectively.
7. Connect sine carrier to the input of carrier generator.
8. Observe the output waveform of QAM modulator.
9. Connect QAM modulated signal to input of QAM demodulator.
10. Connect I-bit, Q-bit and C-bit output of QAM demodulator to I-bit, Q-bit and C-bit of data
decoder.
11. Observe the decoded data and compare with input data pattern.
12. Draw the observed output waveforms of QAM modulator and demodulator on the graph
paper.
13. After completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connection and submit the
wires and equipments.

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Instruments
Specifications Quantity
No. /Components
1.
2.
3.
4.

XIII Actual procedure followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 156

XIV Precautions followed
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XV Observations and Calculations

Table20.1: Waveforms at Various stages of QAM

Sr.
Input signal tribits Phase Amplitude
No.
1 000

2 001

3 010

4 011

5 100

6 101

7 110

8 111

XVII Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 157

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XVIII Conclusions and Recommendation

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XIX Practical related Questions
Note: Below few sample questions are given for the reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Observe the shift in phase and amplitude of carrier when input bit pattern changed from
011 to 101.
2. Observe the shift in phase and amplitude of carrier when input bit pattern changed from
101 to 011. 3. “QAM is best choice for efficient use of bandwidth” Justify it.
[Space for Answers]
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 158

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.google.co.in/
2. https://www.slideshare.net/ahsanhalini/quadrature-amplitude-modulation-
3. https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/quadrature-
amplitudemodulation-qam/what-is-qam-tutorial.php

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%

Marks Obtained Dated Signature

of Teacher
Process Product Total
Related Related (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 159

Practical No. 13: Performance for 4-input time division multiplexing circuit.

I Practical Significance
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent
signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the
transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating
pattern. Time division multiplexing (TDM) has many applications, including wire line
telephone systems and some cellular telephone systems. In this practical, students will
multiplex individual signal on one common line at transmitter and demultiplex it at other end.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

• Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunication engineering knowledge

to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering related problems.
• Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results
to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering problems.
• Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunication technologies and
tools with an understanding of the limitations.

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
Competency: ‘Maintain basic digital communication systems’ Identify different
Components, IC’s and blocks on trainer kit. Make the connection as per the given
experimental set up.
• Test the output signals at the different testing points.
• Interpret the result as per the observation.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Multiplex and demultiplex digital signals.

V Practical Outcome
Test the performance for 4-input time division multiplexing circuit.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
• Follow ethical practices.
• Handle instruments carefully.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Multiplexing is used to increase the channel capacity. Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a
method in which different information signals transmitted over a common carrier one after
other. Each information signal transmitted over short interval of time. TDM is suitable for
transmission of digital signal. figure 21.1 shows working of TDM transmitter and receiver.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 161

Figure 21.1: TDM transmitter and receiver
[Courtesy:https://www.google.co.in/search?q=TDM+transmitter+and+receiver+block+diagram&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=
1&fir=Lh2PEUjQ1_A_LM%253A%252CWgOhhlCgRZjvvM%252C_&usg=__fAo6avhHHzF5JHfYfWpUI7JbTNA%3D&sa=X&
ved=0ahUKEwjF0KDep6_cAhXKMY8KHWraDnYQ9QEINDAG&biw=1366&bih=613#imgrc=Lh2PEUjQ1_A_LM:]

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram

a) Sample Practical Setup

Figure21.2: TDM transmitter and receiver

b) Actual Practical Setup (Students should draw practical set up used in their
laboratory)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 162

IX Resources required
Sr. Instruments
Specifications Quantity
No. /Components
TDM Modem Four input sine wave generator
trainer kit 25 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz, 2 KHz;
on board sampling pulse
1. 1
generator frequency range 2
KHz – 64 KHz or equivalent
trainer kit
25MHz, dual scope
Bandwidth 1
2. CRO/ DSO
30MHz – 200MHz
Analog Channels 2-4
Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating
3. As per requirement
(0.6mm diameter)

X Precautions to be Followed
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment adjust proper volt/div and times/div selection on CRO/DSO.

XI Procedure
1. Make connections as shown in figure 21.2.
2. Select any four input signals and connect it to four channels of TDM transmitter.
3. Connect output of TDM transmitter to CRO/DSO and observe output.
4. Connect output of TDM transmitter to input of TDM receiver as shown in figure 21.2.
5. Connect the output of channel 1, channel 2, channel 3, channel 4 of TDM receiver to
CRO/DSO and observe output.
6. Note values of amplitude and frequency of input signal and output signal present at
channel 1, 2, 3 and 4 of TDM transmitter and TDM receiver respectively in observation
table21.1.
7. Plot wave forms for observed signals.
8. After completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connection and submit the
wires and equipments.

XII Resources Used

S. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Remarks

Quantity
No. Make Details (If any)
1.
2.
3.

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 163

XIV Precautions Followed

XV Observations

Table 21.1: Measurement of amplitude and frequency of input signal and output signal

Sr. Values at TDM Received Values at TDM

Information
No. transmitter signal receiver
1. Input signal at Amplitude = output signal Amplitude =
channel 1 at channel 1
Frequency = Frequency =

2. Input signal at Amplitude = output signal Amplitude =

channel 2 at channel 2
Frequency = Frequency =

3. Input signal at Amplitude = output signal Amplitude =

channel 3 at channel 3
Frequency = Frequency =

4. Input signal at Amplitude = output signal Amplitude =

channel 4 at channel 4
Frequency = Frequency =

XVII Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 164

XIX Practical related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Change the input signal frequency and draw the output waveforms of TDM
transmitter.
2. Explain how TDM is used in communication application now days in day to day
life.
[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 165

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%

1 Identification of different blocks on trainer kit 10 %
2 Preparation of Experimental set up 20 %
3 Observation and measurement of various out put on 20 %
trainer kit
4 Handling of the kit, Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated Signature

of Teacher
Process Product
Total
Related Related
(25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 166

Practical No.14: Performance for 2- input frequency division
Multiplexing (FDM) circuit.

I Practical Significance
In Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) numerous signals are combined for transmission
on a single communication line or channel. Each signal is assigned a different frequency (sub
channel) within the main channel. It is used in public telephones and in cable TV systems and
in AM and FM broadcasting as it does not need synchronization between its transmitter and
receiver. It is simpler and easy for demodulation. In this practical, students will mix two or more
analog signals using FDM multiplexer and retrieve the original signal using FDM de-multiplxer.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
Competency: ‘Maintain basic digital communication systems’
Identify different Components, IC’s and blocks on trainer kit.
Make the connection as per the given experimental set up.
• Test the output signals at the different testing points.
• Interpret the result as per the observation.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Multiplex and demultiplex digital signal.

V Practical Outcome
Test the performance for 2- input frequency division multiplexing (FDM) circuit.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Handle instruments carefully.
Follow ethical practices.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

The operation of frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is based on sharing the available
bandwidth of a communication channel among the signals to be transmitted. Each signal to be
transmitted modulates a different carrier. The modulation can be AM, SSB, FM or PM. The
modulated signals are then added together to form a composite signal which is transmitted over
a single channel. Generally, the FDM systems are used for multiplexing the analog
signal.Figure22.1 and figure22.2 shows FDM transmitter and FDM receiver respectively.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 168

FDM Transmitter

Figure 22.1: Block diagram of FDM transmitter.

[Courtesy:http://www.nawandihalabja.com/block-diagram-of-am-transmitter-and-receiver/block-diagram-of-am-transmitter-and-receiverunique-
frequency-division-multiplexing-fdm-system-electronics-post/]

FDM Receiver

Figure 22.2 : Block diagram of FDM receiver

[Courtesy:http://www.nawandihalabja.com/block-diagram-of-am-transmitter-and-receiver/block-diagram-of-am-transmitter-and-receiverunique-
frequency-division-multiplexing-fdm-system-electronics-post/]
VIII Practical Circuit Diagram

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 169

a) Sample Practical Set up

Figure 22.3: Practical set up for FDM system

b) Actual Practical Set up (Student should draw practical set up used in their laboratory)

IX Resources required

Sr. Instruments
Specifications Quantity
No. /Components
1. FDM Two input variable sine wave
generation and generator frequency range 1KHz – 4
detection trainer KHz, on board sampling pulse 1
kit generator frequency range 2 KHz – 64
KHz or equivalent trainer kit
2. Function 0.01Hz to 1MHz, 10V 1
generator p-p output.
if required
CRO / DSO 25MHz, dual trace / Bandwidth 1
3.
30MHz – 200MHz
4. Connecting Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
wires diameter) requirement

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 170

X Precautions to be followed
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment adjust proper volt/div and times/div selection on CRO/DSO .

XI Procedure
1. Make connections as shown in figure 22.3.
2. Select any two input signals and connect it to two channels of FDM transmitter.
3. Connect output of FDM transmitter to CRO/DSO and observe output.
4. Connect output of FDM transmitter to input of FDM receiver as shown in figure
22.3
5. Connect the output of channel 1 and channel 2 of FDM receiver to CRO/DSO and observe
output.
6. Write values of amplitude and frequency of input signal and output signal present at channel
1 and 2 of FDM transmitter and FDM receiver respectively in observation table 22.1.
7. Plot wave forms for observed signals.
8. After completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connection and submit the
wires and equipments.

XII Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks (If any)

No. Make Details
1.

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

……………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………........
…………………………………………………………………………………………...

XIV Precautions Followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 171

XV Observations:

Table 22.1: Measurement of amplitude and frequency of input signal and output signal

Values at FDM Received Values at FDM

Sr. No Information
transmitter signal receiver
1 Input signal at Amplitude = Output Amplitude =
channel 1 signal at
channel 1
Frequency = Frequency =

2 Input signal at Amplitude = Output Amplitude =

channel 2 signal at
channel 2
Frequency = Frequency =

XVII Interpretation of results

XIX Practical related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.

1. Write the number of IC used as FDM mux/demux in your experimental set up.
2. List application of FDM used in day to day electronic communication.

[Space for Answers]

............................................................................................................................................................

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 172

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 173

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing.
2. https://www.britannica.com/technology/frequency-division-multiplexing.

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%

1 Identification of different blocks on trainer kit 10 %
2 Preparation of Experimental set up 20 %
3 Observation and measurement of various out put on 20 %
trainer kit
4 Handling of the kit, Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated Signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related Related (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 174

Practical No. 15: Generation of TDM signal using relevant
simulation software..

I Practical Significance
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a communications process that transmits two or more
streaming digital signals over a common channel. In TDM, incoming signals are divided into
equal fixed-length time slots. After multiplexing, these signals are transmitted over a shared
medium and reassembled into their original format after demultiplexing. Time slot selection is
directly proportional to overall system efficiency. Time division multiplexing (TDM) is also
known as a digital circuit switched.
Time division multiplexing (TDM) has many applications in ISDN telephone lines, PSTN. In
this practical, students will generate TDM signal and reconstruct it using simulation software.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified competency
‘Maintain basic digital communication systems’.
• Use basic programming skills to simulate communication system.
Debug and execute the program Interpret the output.
• Calculate various parameters

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Multiplex and demultiplex digital signals.

V Practical Outcome
Generate a TDM signal using relevant simulation software.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Select proper programming environment.
Follow ethical practices

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Multiplexing is used to increase the channel capacity. Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a
method in which different information signals transmitted over a common carrier one after
other. Each information signal transmitted over short interval of time. TDM is suitable for
transmission of digital signal. Figure 23.1 shows working of TDM transmitter and receiver.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 176

Figure 23.1: TDM transmitter and receiver
[Courtesy:https://www.google.co.in/search?q=TDM+transmitter+and+receiver+block+diagram&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=Lh2
PEUjQ1_A_LM%253A%252CWgOhhlCgRZjvvM%252C_&usg=__fAo6avhHHzF5JHfYfWpUI7JbTNA%3D&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF0K
Dep6_cAhXKMY8KHWraDnYQ9QEINDAG&biw=1366&bih=613#imgrc=Lh2PEUjQ1_A_LM:]

VIII Sample Simulation Code

a) Sample code for TDM signal Generation using MATLAB -code
clc; close all;
clear all; % Signal
generation
x=0:.5:4*pi; % signal taken upto 4pi
sig1=8*sin(x); % generate 1st sinusoidal
signal l=length(sig1);
sig2=8*triang(l); % Generate 2nd triangular
Signal

% Display of Both Signal

subplot(2,2,1);
plot(sig1);
title('Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(2,2,2); plot(sig2);
title('Triangular Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--
->');

% Display of Both Sampled Signal

subplot(2,2,3); stem(sig1);
title('Sampled Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->'); subplot(2,2,4);
stem(sig2);
title('Sampled Triangular Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--
->');

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 177

l1=length(sig1);
l2=length(sig2); for
i=1:l1
sig(1,i)=sig1(i); % Making Both row vector to
a matrix sig(2,i)=sig2(i); end

% TDM of both quantize signal

tdmsig=reshape(sig,1,2*l1);
% Display of TDM Signal
figure stem(tdmsig);
title('TDM Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

% Demultiplexing of TDM Signal

demux=reshape(tdmsig,2,l1); for
i=1:l1
sig3(i)=demux(1,i); % Converting The matrix
into row vectors sig4(i)=demux(2,i); end

% display of demultiplexed signal

figure subplot(2,1,1) plot(sig3);
title('Recovered Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--
->'); subplot(2,1,2) plot(sig4);
title('Recovered Triangular Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

Simulation Output:

Figure 23.2: Input for TDM system

Figure 23.3: Output of TDM transmitter

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 178

Figure 23.4: Output of TDM receiver

b) Actual Simulation Code

IX Resources required
Sr. Instruments/
Specifications Quantity
No. Components
Latest Specifications with high
1. Computer end Processor suitable for 1
simulation software
Lab view/ MATLAB
Simulation /SCILAB/P Spice /HS Spice /
2. Multisim/ Proteus or any other 1
Software
relevant open source software

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 179

X Precautions
1. Ensure proper earthling to the computer system.
2. Ensure compatibility of computer system with software.
3. Ensure proper installation of simulation software.

XI Procedure
1. Open MATLAB
2. Go to file and create a new (.m) file.
3. Type the above code in the code window.
4. Save the file.
5. Define the path directory.
6. Run the program using F5 key or run command.
7. Observe the output TDM signal in command window.
8. Paste the print out under observations heading.

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. No. Instruments /Components Specifications Quantity

1.
2.
3.

XIII Actual procedure followed

XIV Precautions followed

XV Observations
Actual TDM signal observed (Student should paste TDM signal
waveform)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 180

XVI Interpretation of results
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

XVII Conclusions and Recommendation

XVIII Practical related Questions

Note: Below few sample questions are given for the reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. List application of TDM used in day to day life.
2. State the function of commutator and decommutator switches 3.
Why TDM more suitable for digital signal transmission

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 181

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XX References / Suggestions for further Reading
1. https://www.cfd-online.com/Forums/main/97367-tdma-code-matlab.html.
2. https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/28422-time-divisionmultiplexing-tdm.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 182

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%

1 Handling of simulation software 10 %
2 Building of diagram 20 %
3 Measuring values from PC Screen 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Correctness of output 10 %
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Name of Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related Related (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 183

Practical No. 16: Generation of FDM signal using relevant simulation software

I Practical Significance
In telecommunications, frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is a technique by which the
total bandwidth available in a communication medium is divided into a series of
nonoverlapping frequency sub-bands, each of which is used to carry a separate signal. This
allows a single transmission medium such as the radio spectrum, a cable or optical fiber to be
shared by multiple independent signals. In this practical, students will generate a FDM signal
using simulation software and reconstruct the same.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Multiplex and demultiplex digital signals.

V Practical Outcome
Generate a FDM signal using relevant simulation software.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Select proper programming environment.
Follow ethical practices

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 184

Figure 24.1 FDM transmitter and FDM receiver.

VIII Sample simulation code

a) Sample code for FDM signal Generation using MATLAB -code
clc; clear
all
close all
samples=1000; %
number of users
nos=8;
% modulating signal frequency in Hz mfreq=[30 40
50 60 70 80 90 100];
% carrier frequency allocated to the different users in Hz cfreq=[300 600
900 12000 1500 1800 2100 2400];
% choose frequency deviation freqdev=10;
% generate modulating signal
t=linspace(0,1000,samples); parfor
i=1:nos
m(i,:)=sin(2*pi*mfreq(1,i)*t)+2*sin(pi*8*t); end
% Generate the modulated signal
parfor i=1:nos
y(i,:)=fmmod(m(i,:),cfreq(1,i),10*cfreq(1,i),freqdev); end
% pass the modulated signal through the channel ch_op=awgn(sum(y),0,'measured');
% demodulate the received signal at the base station parfor
i=1:nos
z(i,:)=fmdemod(y(i,:),cfreq(1,i),10*cfreq(1,i),freqdev); end
% display the transmitted signal and received signal at the base station
% figure
C = {'k','b','r','g','y',[.5 .6 .7],[.8 .2 .6],[.3 .2 .2]}; % Cell array of colros.
for i=1:nos
figure (1) hold
on
plot(y(i,:),'color',C{i});
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('Signal from different users combined in the
channel');
figure subplot(3,1,1)
plot(m(i,:)) % modulating signal
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('modulating Signal from user'); subplot(3,1,2)
plot(y(i,:),'color',C{i}); % modulated signal

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 185

xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('modulated Signal from user'); subplot(3,1,3)
plot(z(i,:),'color',C{i}); % demodulated signal
xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('demodulated Signal from user at the
base station'); end figure plot(ch_op) % combination of all modulated signals passed
through the channel xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('Signal after
passing through the channel')

Simulation Output:

Figure 24.2 Output of FDM transmitter and FDM receiver.

b) Actual Simulation Code

IX Resources required
Sr. Instruments
Specifications Quantity
No. /Components
1. Computer Latest Specifications with high end 1
Processor suitable for simulation
software

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 186

2. Simulation Lab view/ MATLAB /SCILAB/P 1
Software Spice /HS Spice / Multisim/ Proteus or
any other relevant open source software

X Precautions
1. Ensure proper earthing to the computer system.
2. Ensure compatibility of computer system with software.
3. Ensure proper installation of simulation software.

XI Procedure
1. Open MATLAB
2. Go to file and create a new (.m) file.
3. Write the above code.
4. Save the file.
5. Define the path directory.
6. Run the program using F5 key or run command.
7. Observe the output FDM signal in command window.
8. Paste the print out under observations heading.

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. No. Instruments /Components Specifications Quantity

1.
2.
3.

XIII Actual procedure followed

XIV Precautions followed

Actual FDM signal observed (Student should paste the FDM waveform)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 187

XVII Conclusions & Recommendation

XVIII Practical related Questions

Note: Below few sample questions are given for the reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Change the input signal frequency and observe the output
2. Write the number and function of IC used as FDM mux/demux.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 188

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 189

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading
1. https://kr.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/48796-simulation-offrequency-division-
multiple-access-in-matlab?focused=e147d1c0-830f-259c-e8c81fa9400c7026&tab=function
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%

Name of Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Marks Obtained Dated Signature

of Teacher
Process Product Total
Related Related (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 190

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