AAs the load on a synchronous motor is in 2. An electric motor in which stator and ro creased, its rotor falls back in tor poles run with exactly the same speed 8. An over-excited synchronous motor acts Is called &/ an motor. asa (@ induction —_(B) universal B. Answer T or False. (©) shoded-pole (a) synchronous 1. Athree-phase synchronous motors made 3. A three-phase sy self-sirting by providing. squirel-cage self-stating by providing winding in its stator poles. (a) squirel-cage winding 2. The puff @ synchronous motor can be (6) sa varied by varying its rotor field excite chronous motor ism @x olving flax 3. Even when fully-loaded, synchronous See ‘motor runs with synchronous speed | & A S-phtse synchronous motor is. wel: 4, ‘The armature current drawn by a syn | peaasiite cchronous motor lags behind the nets | (@) Sestenting Jone voltage by a fixed angle (0) printing presses 5. Mechanical power developed by a syn: (©) motor-generator sets cchronous motor depends on the phase an- (@) vacqum cleaners ge between the rtor and stator poles s. When load on a three-phase synchronous 6. Under-excited synchronous motors are is increased, its commonly used to raise the pf ofthe fine monty (@) roto falls in phase supplying induction motors LCase The armature curent drawn by a syn: hronous motor is minimum a unity Spine Weooe (@) power factor incre &. ‘Aaynenondes oko 1s oally sed tor 6. An over-excited synchronous motor run Gpeneiscs weeds thease aca ning in parallel with induction motors can chore inoed, be used to improve the power factor of ’ . Multipte Choice Questions. (2) supply line 1. I a synchronous. motor, squinel-cage () transformers winding is provided for making the motor (©) generators 6) noise-free (0) self-staring @ allot the above (© cheap (@ quick-stan Py) Oi Dy) we Pe gt ASOT ay oe Tyee aT “a soyoudes asuyd-y snouosyouts-9 omg Sutpeai"y —usdo'¢ —sojou UORINpUL-Z sou] “Y SUIMSNVFundamentals of E 2. voltage drop due to anmature leakage reactance X 3. voltage drop due to armature reaction, he drop doe to armature reaction is theoretically accounted for by assuming a fictitious reactance X-in the armature winding. The vector sum of X; and X, gives ynghronous acters mM, Hence, it can now be said that an alternator F possesses () resistance R, and (if) reactance, Xs, Their vector sum gives synchronous imped se 2, Ze = RE + XSF Tera, i alleenator is on load, there is voltage drop due to R, and tt; or due to Z; alone 1'V's the terminal voltsge/phase on loal and E the generated exm.{/phase on no-eady ren E = Vi, (Ry +iX5)=Val,Zy Phasor Diagram of a Loaded Alternator Let £ = no-load emf. / phase V = ‘terminal voltage / phase synchronous: 246, 1, = armature current / phase = load pf. angle 2s = armature synchronous impedance / phase (a)_Unity Load pt In Fig. 24.5, V is taken as the reference vector. Current vector 4, is in phase with V. The voluge drop J, R, is in phase with f, > whereas drop 1, Xs is at right angles tot ther vector sum giving 1, Z Whea 1, 1s combined with V. we gat b (0) Lagging Load pt is ase i lags hind V by an angle 9. As usual, R, isin phase with fy whereas He 8 Mt Fight angles to it When 1, Zs is combined with V, we get E ws shown i Fig: he rl Fig: 24.6 (b) shows the diagram when insead of ¥ J, is taken as the tefeonee cee Fig. 24.6 Leading Load p-t Such a case is shown in Fig. 24.7. Here, j, leads V by 4. As usual, vector sum of V and J, Z; gives E 24,7. Voltage Regulation The terminal voltage V of an alternator is found to vary with load and its power factor. Voltage regulation of an alter. nator is defined as the rise in voltage when full-load is re ‘moved divided by the rated terminal voltage % regulation ‘up’ x 100 7 Example 24.5. A 500 VA, 1100 V, 50 Hz, Yoconnected; 3-9 alternator has armature resisiancefphase of 1.0 9 and ‘mchronous reactance /phase of 1.5 9. Find its voltage regulation for (a) unity Fig 24.7 Pe (6) 0.9 Alternator lagsing p, (@) Ui As sho by Lag This cas As seen fen ) Lea As seen | ere Example rated at 1600stationary __ 2. turbo-alternators 7 27 3.F 6 2a 3d ome yun (2) oxmedou cq) ——_>amusod (®) ‘uonnyndax 28104 soy shoaqe sone} ramod Se spay an por x uns HEU ue) 20) 3i@) +) soj0d 403 punoas 1 pods swowvas8 yo und ys soneuzae we “Aouan Say uaa’ v jo ‘sure ue Supnpaxd 203 anos 9 Je te (®) ANSWERS 3. rat ae 4d 233 sours ames (9) seuss come (0) ‘1 209 § peo} o ue uy doup aBE}On, anoge ant 50 8 (P) ayo sod xa ©) paads soit (@) ajo 30 12qu (©) un spuadap soweuse Ue ‘prado 2 Japan uur 20100 fq payesoua’ yur aM 50 ipunoy-aus (p) soup 390} (9) aot (g)——_seu-200 (0) ‘auoang 4 -ur2 powesound eu 1© ed ‘ators which run at very high speeds and are characterised by their small diameters and very long axial lengths, Since steam turbines run at very high speeds, nearly all turbo-alternators are 2-pole machines. Max. Fux Density, 24.2. Principle of Operation When the rotor is rotated by the prime-maver, the stator winding or conductors are cut by the magnetic flux of the rotor poles. Hence, an e.m-f. is induced in the stator conductors. Because the rotor poles are alternately Nand S, they induce an alternating e.m.f. in the stator conductors. The frequency of this induced emf. is given by f= PN 120 (Art. 24.3) and its direction can be found by applying Fleming's Right-hand rule. The e.m-f, generated in the stator conductors is taken ovt from th the stator winding as shown in Fig. 24.1 24.3. Speed and Frequency In an alternator, there exists a definite relationship between the rotatioual speed (N) of the rotor, the frequency (f) of the generated e.m.f and the number of poles, P Consider an armature conductor marked X in Fig. 24.4 situated at the centre of a N-pole rotating in clockwise direction, Since the conductor is situated at the place of maximum flux density, it will have highest rate of flux cutting and hence will have maximum e.m-f, induced in three leads connected to The direction of the induced e.mJ. is given by the Fleming's Right-hand rule. But while applying this rule, one should be 7 Flix Density careful to note that the thumb in dicates the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to the ‘field. To an observer stationed on the clockwise revolving poles, the conductor would seem to be ro. tating anti-clockwise, Hence, thumb should point to the left The direction of the induced emf. is downwards in a direction at right angles to the plane of the paper ‘When the conductor is in in ter-polar gap as at A in Fig. 24.4, it has minimum em.f, induced injoa Fundamentals of Electrical Eny and synchronous reactance are I.5 Q and 30 Q respectively per phase, Calculate the percentage regulation for a load of 1280 kW at pf. of 0.8 leading. (Electrical Science, AMIE Winter 1993) Solution. Let us first find the phase current of the star-connected alternator for a load of 1280 kW at p-f. of 0.8 leading. 1280 x 10°= 13 x 13,500 x J, x 0.8, 1, =68.4A Since the alternator is star-connected, it also represents the phase ct phase current [, = 68.4 A 1,R, = 68.4 x 15=103V, 1, Xs V_ = 13500/\3=7795 V. As seen from Fig. 24.10. E = (7795 x 08 + 103! + (7795 x 06 — 2050) 6910 — 7795 TIS 10v Se regn. = 0.1135 or -11.35% HIGHLIGHTS Like induction motor, an alternator also consists of (2) a stator and (i) a rotor. The stator provides the armature windings whereas rotor provides the rotating magnetic Feld 2 The rotors are of two types: (@ Salient (or projecting) pole type—used for low and medium-speed engine-driven alternators. (di) Smooth cylindrical type—used for turbo-alternators ie, for steam-urbine driven alternators, 3. The frequency ofthe alternating current produced is f = PN/ 12042 4, Theem4. equation of an alternator ix E = 222fZ@ volt/ phase 444 © T volt / phase 5. The voltage equation of the alternator is B= Val, Z; OBJECTIVE TESTS—24 A. Flll in the following blanks, 2 A.50 He alternator will ron at highest 1. Iman alternator, the field system rotates speed if wound for two poles Whereas armatures 8. Turbo-alternators are generally driven by 2. Smooth cylindrical rotor is sed in sas turbines. 4. Terminal voltage of an alternator always 3. Djeselariven alternators have salient pole decreases with increase in load irrespec~ tive ofits power factor. 4. The frequency of the e.m.f. generated by 5. Load power factor affects the voluge tan alternator depends on its p.m, and regulation of un alternator ‘number of rotors 6 Greater the number of poles, greater the 5. Voltage drop in an alternator takes place ‘em, gonerated in an alternator, due to leakage C. Multiple Choice Questions. 6. For leading power fictor load, volage 1, The frequency of a 2-pole alternator run regulation ofan alternator is ning at 3600 rpm. is Hz 1B. Answer True or False. (@) 50 60 1. Turbovalterators are uually (wo-pole ma- chines 7200 (@ 120 2 When speed of anal ator is redueed by anes24 ALTERNATORS ‘AC. generstors or alternators (as they are usually called) operate on the same fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction as dc. gener- ae 3-Phase ators. They also consist of an armature winding and ‘Supply a magnetic field. But there is one important difference between the two. Whereas ind. generators, the ar. —— mature rotates and field system is stationary, the CND ‘Stator rangement in alternators is just the reverse. In their case, standard construction consists of armature wind = ings mounted on a stationary element called "sno P 6 5B 9 Wining and field windings on a rotaing element called The details of construction are shown in (a) Stator It consists of a casciron frame which suppors ie the lnminated armature core having slots omits renee perptery for housing the 3shaae winding Fig.241 These are of two types Is like a flywheel which has a large number of altemate North and South poles bolted to it as shown in Fig. in more details in Fig. 24.2. The magnetic wheel is made of cast iron ‘orstcel of good magnetic quality. The magnetic poles are excited by a small d.c. generator mounted (on the shaft of the alternator itself Such rotors are used in low and medivm- speed alternators which are characterised by their large diameters and short axial lengths, Alternator driven by diesel or gas engines and gas turbines have salient pole rotors. (WU) Smooth Cylindrical Type It consist of a smooth solid forged-stee! cyl- inder having a number of slots milled out at in tervals along the outer periphery _ for accommodating field coils as shown in Fig. 24.3 Two or four regions corresponding to the central polar areas are left unslotted, The central polar feas are surrounded by the field windings placed im slots. Obviously, in this case, the poles are non-salient ie, they do not project out from the surface if the rotor. Such rotors are used in steam turbine-driven alternators i.e, turbo-alternators or turbo-gener- Fig. 24.2: Different pans ofthe rotor ators whi axial leng ‘machines NAT Te rs 242 Pr When the magne the rotor p The frequs found by ‘The e the stator 24.3. Sp In an rotor, the f Consi rotating in density, it The d applying t careful to dicates the of the cor field. To a the clockw conductor tating a thumb she The direc eam is de at right an apes ‘When ter polar g it has minilagging pf. and (c) 0.8 leading pf. Also, calculate voltage regulation in each case. (Elect. Machines, Allahabad Uniy. 1993) Solution, Y3 ¥, J, = $00,000 1, = $00,000/¥3 x 1100=262.A. armature current, [= 262A Ty = 2620.1 [Xs = 26215 V = V,/3 = 1100/13 =635 V Unity pf As shown in Fig. 24.8 (a) EB =NV4TRY + Xs? = VCS + 26F + Gisy 69.2 vas 262 Fig. 248 o 769.2 - 635 a % regn ae 100 = 21.1 (2), Lagging p.t This case is shown in Fig. 24.8(6) cos = 096 = 25.83%: sind =sin 25.83° = 0.436 As seen from Fig. 24.6 (b) £ = VVeose + 1,8 + Waind + 1, X) NGS x 09 + 26.2) + (G35 x 0.436 + 393) = 898 V 898 — 635 5 % regn, x 100 = 41.49 Leading pat AAs seen from Fig. 24.9 E = Weos +1,8,)) + (Vang T,X, NGS x OB + 262) + (635 x 06 — B93 SMV om 534 — 635 A % regn. = AO x 100= — 15.9% Example 24.6. A 3-phase star-connected alternator is vated at 1600 kVA, 13.5 RV. The armature effective resistance1.11 x2fZ=2.22/Z® volt 444 fO Tvolt™ If the alternator is star-connected (as is usually the case), then the line voltage i the phase voltage (as found from the above formula). ‘Example 24.1. Calculate the synchronous speed of a fourpole 50 Hz alternator. Iue of ems. / phase 3 times PN 120f Solution. ¢ = FX or = f 120 y A N = 120% 50/4 = 1500 rp.m. Example 24.2. What ix the frequency of voliage generated by an alternator having 10- poles ‘and rotating at 720 rp.m.? Solution. f= PN/120= 10x 720/ 120= 60 Hi Example 243, A S-phase, I6-pole alternator has a’ star-connected winding with 144 slots ‘and 10 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 30 mWb sinusoidally distributed and the speed 8-375 rpm. Find the frequency, the phase und the line comf. mula used E = 2.22fZ0 volt-per phase f = PN/120=16 x 375/120 No. of slots per phase = 144/ No. of conductors / slot = 10 48 x 10 2.22 x 50x 30x 10 x 480 = 1,600 V No. of conductors / phase, emf. per phase For astarconnection, — V, = V3 Vp, Line voltage = V3 x 1600 = 2770 V Example 24.4, A 3-phase water-wheel generator i rated ar 100 MYA. unity pif, 1 kV star-connected, 50 Hz, 120 rp.m. Determine: {i) the number of poles (ti) the RW ratings (iit) the current rating (iv) the input at rated KW load if the efficiency is 97 per cent (excluding the field lass) (v) prime-maver torque applied to the generator shaft (Electrical Science, AMIE Winter 1994) ‘Solution. ()f=PN/120 or P=120 x 50/120 = 50 Hz (ii). Since the power factor is unity, the kW rating is 100 x 1.0= 100 MW = 100,000 kW (iii) Current rating is given by the relation = 100 x 106=¥3 x 11,000 x J, (iv) Input =100/0.97 = 103.1 MW It also represents the output of the prime mover () Ty =9.55 x 103.1 x 10°/120= 108N (Art. 22.24) Tutorial Problems No. 24.1 1. A 3ephase, star-cont sed, 2-pole alternator runs at 3600 rp.m. If there are 500 conductors per fuse in series onthe armature winding andthe sinusoéal fox per poe is 0.1 Wb, calculate the magnitude and frequency ofthe generated voliage. {60 Hz; 11.5kV] pole, phase, siar-connected alternator has 24 slots with 12 conductors per slot and the flax per pole is 01 Wb, Calcuite the line emf. generated when the alternators driven at 1-500 rp. 1178S V1 245. Alternator on Load ‘As load on an alternator is varied, its terminal voltage V is also found to vary as in dc generators. This variation in V is due to the following reasons 1. voltage drop due to armature resistance Ry490 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and E i Because flux cutting rate is minimum there. Again, when it is atthe centre of a S:pole, it has maximum emf. induced in it because flux density at B is maximum, But the direction’ of tra SMF when conductor is over a N-pole is opposite to that when it is over a S-pole. Obviously, one cycle of ems. is induced in a conductor when one pair of poles passes over soa citer words the emf: in an armature conductor go's through One eycle in an angular distance equal to twice the pole pitch as shown in Fig. 24» Let P= number of rotor magnetic poles ‘N= rotative speed of the rotor in p.m. f= frequency of generated em.f. in Hz Then, in one revoluti poles, No. of cycles / revolution = P/2 No. of revolutions / second = N'/60 n of the rotor, a conductor is cut by P/2 th poles and #/2 South PB’ Nip Pl frequency = x 2 = PM ne or f = PNNQO He Nis known as the synchronous speed because it isthe speed at which an alternator must run in oder to generate an ems. ofthe required frequency. In fact, for a given frequency and given number of poles, the speed is fixed. For producing a frequency of 60 Hz, the alternator will hace to run at the following speeds: No.of poles Speed (p.m) 1800 | 1200 | 600 Referring to the above equation. we get P = 120 9, {tis clear from the above that because of slow rotative their number of poles is much greater as comps very, high speeds 244, Equation of Induced EME. Let Z speeds of engine-driven alternators, ared to that of the turbo-generators which run at No.of conducts of ei sides in seis / phase IF where Tis the No.of coilsor turns po shee (Pemember one tim or oil has two sdeo) No, of rotor poles frequency of induced e-mf. in Hi © = fhix/pole in webers rotatve speed ofthe rotor in rpm, In one revoliton of the rir (Le, in GON second), each stator conductor is et by a fx of OP webers, d= OP and = ON average em. indvced por conductor © oP | ve o - OF _ NO Oo Now, we know that f= PN/120 or N= 120, Eliminating W rom Eq, (0, we have Artes et pe csiias oP, 1207 _, = 2 x OL. yo von IF thee are Z conductors in sris/phase, then average emtiphase =2/20 = 4f@T vol RI Ie the pha Sol Ex and rote Soh Exa and 10 ¢ is 375 fy Solt No. No. No. ¢ em! Fora Exan starsconni (th load if th the genen Solut ws (i @) I ) 7 Tutortal P 1 245. AlN As loa generators, 1. vo “he