Sourabh Arya
132101029
Batch - 7
EXPERIMENT 9 – Valve Timing Diagram
INTRODUCTION
A heat engine is a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy. The heat energy
is generated by the combustion of fuels and is then converted into mechanical energy. This
mechanical energy can be further converted into other forms of energy.
Heat engines are classified into two categories:
1. External Combustion Engines
2. Internal Combustion Engines
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION (IC) ENGINES
IC engines are mainly classified into the following categories:
1. According to the type of fuel used:
○ Petrol engines
○ Diesel engines
○ Gas engines
2. According to the method of ignition:
○ Spark ignition (S.I. engines)
○ Compression ignition (C.I. engines)
3. According to the number of strokes:
○ Four-stroke cycle engines
○ Two-stroke cycle engines
4. According to the cycle of operation:
○ Otto Cycle (constant volume cycle)
○ Diesel Cycle (constant pressure cycle)
○ Dual Combustion Cycle
5. According to the speed of the engine:
○ Slow-speed engines
○ Medium-speed engines
○ High-speed engines
6. According to the cooling system:
○ Air-cooled engines
○ Water-cooled engines
7. According to the method of fuel supply:
○ Carburetor type
○ Air injection type
○ Airless or solid injection type
8. According to the number of cylinders:
○ Single-cylinder engines
○ Multi-cylinder engines
9. According to the arrangement of cylinders:
○ Vertical cylinder engine
○ Horizontal cylinder engine
○ Radial engine
○ In-line multi-cylinder engine
○ V-type multi-cylinder engine
○ Opposed-cylinder engine
THEORY
A four-stroke (also known as a four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which
the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the
full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. In a four-stroke engine, the cycle is
completed in four strokes of the piston or in two revolutions of the crankshaft.
Main Components of an IC Engine:
1. Cylinder: The cylinder is a crucial part of the engine where the piston moves to and fro
to develop power. It must withstand high pressure and temperature. Typically, the
cylinder is made of cast iron, steel alloys, or aluminum alloys.
2. Cylinder Head: This part is fitted on one end of the cylinder and acts as a cover to close
the cylinder bore. It typically contains inlet and exhaust valves for admitting fresh charge
and removing burnt gases. In diesel engines, the cylinder head contains a nozzle (fuel
valve) for injecting fuel.
3. Piston: The piston is the first part to move and transmit power to the crankshaft. It is
closed at one end and open at the other to permit direct attachment of the connecting
rod.
4. Piston Rings: Circular rings made of special steel alloys that retain elastic properties at
high temperatures. The upper rings provide an airtight seal to prevent leakage, while the
lower rings prevent oil leakage into the cylinder.
5. Connecting Rod: This part links the piston and crankshaft, transmitting force from the
piston to the crankshaft and converting the piston’s reciprocating motion into rotary
motion.
6. Crankshaft: The backbone of an IC engine, converting the reciprocating motion of the
piston into rotary motion.
7. Crankcase: A case that holds the cylinder and crankshaft, serving as a sump for
lubricating oil.
8. Valve Train: Operated by a camshaft, it opens and closes valves at the appropriate time
during intake and exhaust strokes.
9. Flywheel: A large wheel mounted on the crankshaft that maintains the engine speed by
storing and releasing energy.
Other components in diesel engines include the injector, inlet manifold, exhaust manifold, and
engine bearings.
Other components in petrol engines include Carburetor, spark plug, ignition circuit, inlet
manifold , exhaust manifold, and engine bearings.
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
A valve timing diagram is a graphical representation of the exact moments when the valves
open and close, expressed in terms of the angular positions of the crankshaft. The correct
timings are crucial for the efficient and successful running of the IC engine.
In practice, the valves do not open and close exactly at the dead center positions of the piston.
They operate a few degrees before or after these positions. The ignition is also timed to occur
slightly before the top dead center (TDC).
This sequence of events can be graphically shown in terms of crank angles from the dead
center position, creating what is known as the valve timing diagram
PROCEDURE
1. Rotate the flywheel using the handle in an anti-clockwise direction.
2. Move the piston from the Top Dead Center (TDC) and observe the inlet valve.
3. Measure the angle at which the inlet valve just opens (IVO) using a protractor.
4. Rotate the crankshaft and observe when the inlet valve closes (IVC).
5. Measure the angle at which the exhaust valve just opens (EVO).
6. Rotate the crankshaft and observe when the exhaust valve closes (EVC).
7. Measure the angle at which the exhaust valve is completely closed.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Properly lubricate all moving parts before starting the experiment.
2. Rotate the crank slowly to accurately observe the opening and closing of ports.
3. Take observations twice to ensure precise results.
4. Check and tighten all components/parts before conducting the experiment.
5. Keep the model free from dust to ensure optimal performance.
6. Do not wear loose clothing while performing the experiment to avoid accidents.
CUT SECTION MODEL OF SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE
DIESEL ENGINE (FOR PLOTTING VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM)
OBJECTIVE
To study the actual cut section model of a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine.
AIM
1. To study the components of a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine.
2. To determine the actual valve timing of a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine and
draw the valve timing diagram.
3. To find the opening and closing duration of valves.
4. To compare the actual valve timing with the theoretical valve timing diagram of a single-
cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
The power generation process in a four-stroke diesel engine is divided into four strokes:
1. Suction Stroke: The piston moves from the top to the bottom of the cylinder, with the
inlet valve opening to allow air at atmospheric pressure to enter the cylinder.
2. Compression Stroke: The piston moves upward, compressing the air in the cylinder.
Both valves remain closed during this stroke.
3. Power Stroke: Diesel fuel is injected into the cylinder, where it ignites due to the
compressed air’s heat, generating high pressure that pushes the piston downwards.
4. Exhaust Stroke: The piston moves upward again, and the exhaust valve opens to allow
burnt gases to escape from the cylinder.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION
DATA
● Make: GREABS1530
● Bore Diameter (D): 82 mm
● Capacity: 359 cc
● Stroke Length: 68 mm
● Compression Ratio: 18:1
OBSERVATION TABLE
Diesel Engine
Sr. No. Valve Opening Position of Piston Angle θ (degree)
1 Inlet Valve Before TDC 10°
Opening
2 Inlet Valve After BDC 30°
Closing
3 Exhaust Valve Before BDC 25°
Opening
4 Exhaust Valve After TDC 10°
Closing
TDC - Top Dead Center
BDC - Bottom Dead Center
CALCULATIONS
Duration of Inlet Valve Opening: IVC – IVO (Degrees) = 220°
Duration of Exhaust Valve Opening: EVC – EVO (Degrees) = 215°
Duration of Inlet & Exhaust Valve Open Simultaneously: 55° at TDC
DIAGRAM
CUT SECTION MODEL OF SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE
PETROL ENGINE (FOR PLOTTING VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM)
OBJECTIVE
To study the actual cut section model of a single-cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine.
AIM
1. To study the components of a single-cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine.
2. To determine the actual valve timing of a single-cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine and
draw the valve timing diagram.
3. To find the opening and closing duration of valves.
4. To compare the actual valve timing with the theoretical valve timing diagram of a single-
cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR-STROKE PETROL ENGINE:
A four-stroke petrol engine uses a cycle of four strokes with petrol as the fuel. Each cycle
involves two rotations of the crankshaft and four strokes. The steps are:
1. Intake Stroke:
The intake of fuel occurs as the piston descends, reducing pressure inside the cylinder.
The intake valve opens, allowing the fuel-air mixture to enter. The valve then closes.
2. Compression Stroke:
The fuel mixture is compressed as the piston moves upwards, closing the intake valve
(the exhaust valve is already closed).
3. Combustion/Power Stroke:
The spark plug ignites the compressed fuel mixture, producing high-pressure gases that
force the piston downwards, turning the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust Stroke:
The exhaust valve opens, and the piston moves upwards, expelling exhaust gases. The
cycle then repeats.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION
DATA
● Make: Mark25
● Bore Diameter (D): 70 mm
● Capacity: 256.5cc
● Stroke Length: 66.7 mm
● BHP: 3 HP at 2500 rpm
OBSERVATION TABLE
Petrol Engine
Sr. No. Valve Opening Position of Piston Angle θ (degree)
1 Inlet Valve Before TDC 5°
Opening
2 Inlet Valve After BDC 40°
Closing
3 Exhaust Valve Before BDC 30°
Opening
4 Exhaust Valve After TDC 10°
Closing
TDC - Top Dead Center
BDC - Bottom Dead Center
CALCULATIONS
Duration of Inlet Valve Opening: IVC – IVO (Degrees) = 225°
Duration of Exhaust Valve Opening: EVC – EVO (Degrees) = 220°
Duration of Inlet & Exhaust Valve Open Simultaneously: 70° at TDC
DIAGRAM
INFERENCE
• In order to guarantee the best possible performance and efficiency, this
experiment highlights how crucial it is to comprehend and compare the
valve timing in various engine types.
• Because of the inherent differences in the combustion processes of the two
fuel types, the diesel engine's inlet and exhaust valves stay open for a little
shorter period of time than those of the petrol engine.
• For improved fuel-air mixture preparation, the petrol engine has a longer
overlap period—that is, when both the inlet and exhaust valves are open.
The importance of exact valve timing in maximizing engine performance
and efficiency is shown by these observations.
• Timing variances: Real-world variables like manufacturing tolerances,
thermal expansion, and mechanical inertia cause observed valve timing
variances from theoretical values.
• Performance Optimization: Intentional deviations, such adding valve
overlap for a better air-fuel mixture and exhaust scavenging, are frequently
made to boost engine performance.
• Dynamic Conditions: Different operating conditions can cause variations in
variable valve timing systems, which may modify timing dependent on
engine speed and load.
• Relevance to Real-World Situations: The experiment emphasizes how
crucial it is to comprehend these variances in order to guarantee the best
possible engine performance and efficiency.
