* lengh ofa Contoor

Let w a.b7 RLoLE) = (C+) CU) he o ndinveus

dprble ae. Then a-len
chP i s is oblained by,

1Ca)- 1 t | d f
22
Lo)
Y
ral s
Hh circe wih centre
i n o l Pe Jenq and cenve a
lh)adius
a+re'6

co Ce) Yel
2Ji
wo)| do. Pca)
L C)
(rele
'CO) =
As J Y (Cose tisino)
Ab
S I n e 1YCOsE- f(a

2T
s i , o tr'osae t o

de
r(e
21TY
LC
M-LnequsaB hy *

Let oeen set n i t b e

A be an
t cond, Fun on #
nt
ad w, lab)* A. be a Counou
et M Sub ( f l | ze TnfW
 en L)
b
'Cyol
fce)de MLo)
CoherL(s) denetes He Aeng Hh
Consicle LCo)olerokes he Aeng) w
Consider 1feda SFG4 Z +
eCE)

a c t ) + j t )

(F6sy= f(go))

Jesywl dP
Mcolc+Hdt

fcedee mLa)
The et U e an open set R o C le 30 x la,bJ-
a CotiPun
GP) 3 (Pt) , PEU

s Conti fon. paxhcuda

h
Ten ' UC
hen hs
W s Cont0UY 1 C and 9: UxIm (W)-) d
15 comti. fon ken
contincaus. O.
(P a , (P2)d is Gn

have 21T e r e Cis

s1 oa<Y at
he cirde lz-at
orienbed
vel

h e hav provef

/2-a1Y
ora£rY detre f 0 x J - 9 c
S.F

Vea F
t o -(1-t)4
 Ten e Cant ou e rahon,
ole
hCt gce,t)s dCef e hae

2-a-

,CE) 24 (2t) da

Lz- t o -(-t)a

- w+ l q | a
2- Y

- (a- dz
21+ta-u)
12- y dz
(oa) z-1tt(a-o)J
z--Y
) 3e,))da
Iz-al=Y

Co-a)xo

Consden tt

h ) h C) ongBaut
= logfz-),
ohase elorivabice is fon P Sud

d diPebk fun foda.

aerivediVe
is called
Fu
fe)Pe psinciple vale o z
onsider He Aun
confov E
Alon semicgrcle (vppex). ie
Along TT
E dz
O

e e
 T2
3J
e2

Cos34is in3

+i)-17.
SFeoda (-i-1). 2(i+)
C
lfor Xouoer semicircle,
PCzdz-(-12
C
indegalr'orn s de penole nf on e
Comdov
Path join ing éd poines.
beT and PL r e coninueos
n n C
I n g mecl (Cmplex ) values. e n
Jakin
on ,
mp

centibions e equivalant
folloo ing
e 3
d.PR p di +t.dy 's Cxacf.
in

(a) Te Pun" is on Svch Hhah

rea Ccompien) Valed

EP 1 -q
conlourS n no hqv
F o r ctesed
rda +2y)=
O

Cond', jt
i S Convex regon
dhese
cdol iion to (C),
eqvivelantto
hen ( ) $e
are
for all marglcs T Cortaind in -
Ce)
SPdat-q4J =o.
T

Pimitiv Eeeskoce The"i

oY conti Complevaloed TvnF dehrool in a
Yeqjon +e treqra.S fdz=o v closed
oCf is e Condas
derivefi A olomo sp his an-n
 Proof
first Let Pbe cerivet fe Some lolegmphic
fun g, f=9.
Ce e f-9-13y
+y dzebtiid

en fce)dz =[fas]Cdnt id)

fCz)da +ifdy

is etact
PC2)z d + 3yd
for evey losed
prey,prev, 4te weqet, Ccedz =o CotoUY

fos
) dz=o c l o s e contour in
1et
is exact
ByproOUS d , pda +qdy aP:aC
suh Hot
such
P f i t hon
Pe

y ekng

sfied
ere sdt envatie n e
denvatie
re contr.
C the
&e APAHal
A h a l
d

is
onh)
aS
a s Ppble

P is Complex
Hense Ha proof
FPx P(E)

Cauc Goursat The- odferentiable fun Fun in

n a reqion
auchCauc Comple
dfferen
cope Cndained io
d

et f be a
a
(a,b, c) be g
ag
latTA aed
obtaedbyraversina
ise divechon, eh e
e condoUr
let T denate ocko rse
oUnter
cocko
10 he
boUrdy F E ) dz =o
4s
T

frof notuhon
0se
e
We
s (T)=SeCe)da
To So uue wunt fo
l o con$uined i n , nOmber
nomber
rainde l o han any
a n ary
tve
for n y is smallov
Smal
sT)) =o
shoo a Potlouos hat s
 hoe dicde egion T ratoo L raingles bJornNng midpt.
the 4hmee sides Aa bel m as Tt",T2,TT

Obser ve scr) s(i).

JI
d seare
JWqrul de taken
Over

qve (ntte
indenor T
2r'tDhich
each f
em toilh
tncet n pairs qs
direhons
O op pos1le
e hae.
sCT>s(T)
selec
slech t h
tor at Aeast ore o j= I,2,s f4 e n we
i s psopey.
rs t on which safisfy ontinvoosly, toeget clai
(e e doig this process repeat hes proess
nd
eplace b T
red by ths
ue
Process
denote He slibtsiangle
T
Prokes byT mangles,
ested sequene 1
e ge
T T >T 2T,
Such
Such Hha
SCT)| 2 SCT s2 SCTa
L 4

riangle is equal
do Jenghh onggst side
T diametor perimeH Osp. then
Lef dnn denote diamete
dn do Lo
t e Verdices d Ren }z
be ane
Noo,soppose. zn has imi Say to
*
1s Guch see be in a r a i n q l e
T,
i m i t poin wil cho0Se d > o s t . Bo) c-
D ezo
Nouo en

{2-).F) < ¬lz-wl

FCa)-F()
So that dn <d
sufficiendy large
choo Se n
T CBSto)
As weT zdzeo
seen ha
As e have
 non-Ve Ineo-er S m w is close ol cotouY

z has pyimiHre deftined houghout C.

Pn parhcular CPc) +(z-fdz-o
dTn

SCT) e z ) -FCa)-t-o) ft7dz

sT FE)-Pco)-(z-fv14z

To
ed Sdzl
3T
e dnLn dz is lengh ol Condod
Tn
eedo Lo

4e dol. 4"|sCTJ z S(T).

4
is ficed nomber
A do Lo sT) S

and Eo (s avb1ary it folloas R

ue number
Smaller hoan qnf
S ( T ) | = o

f(z)dz = o
OT
and ACX.A poin
DerLst X be a Subspre R
so laleod poínt o A f tfer
aeA is called set U s0ch Hat U0A ={a}
enish an open
or an iselaked subse
dierek subsek
A called
X and each
aEA i aan
if A is closed in
X
isolatcd poính.

Remayk s disye slsoA

A finide subet e A <X4R q

Atny substt discvete sabsek is disore

.cree.
 fe' Via Greens e
Cauchy's
m Conneceod
Guchy's He"-IT Vergion fioidty manj simPe
set in C. s caU led domain in 6 boonded åpl
DeF An open w o He Let be a holomor phie on a n
closed contou»
R , SUprose f is
f for e v e SimpR. closed cContours
Ís Contelred n Set Dnda'nin RUOR fen
inside. noq on a
The Cauchy he-I VersIon the Pon' Er
Gnd P be
s
Conneced damqin in í a
slacken he co nd ) en

Let b e a Simp for ann Smp'e clo seol Noa Cawchys tte"
Fun dh t . Then
ofomorp hic be
a
Condou r
we havve
Y in Te*auch's the" TI VErsio conrecto d o a i o . and AC
ha
Fzdz = o
be a sImph Poo" svch
Le ( be a Cont. C(osed
inibt 6ubsek L t F
ten fo anz
Y s holomogphe
FnA
Proof domain bovnded by Conntovr
in -
Coe have

et R be Hhe
con neoted R C
fs - s
CimP ,

contineouc (pahd
e N U, U h a e quchy's Trleqsal formular l -Y]<V we
Pe =Utiv and cS Soch h a t
onts RU seen -fes all points |z-4l- Y
a e i valives at al p ue have
conere c. is tve omened cirmk
fCz)dz (vtiv)(da+dy) Vdy
=
hwve S 27T2
+ I Vcln t 1ody
Ud (vde+ Udy) have
- Vey + B now ue
ouside He dicc
f2) dz Udx for pnts
eed 7 Z
2-a Y
en rca)d z-a-
Conve Te an
Cont Let A be a discrete, Subset a, hie
Pun3 uwih PoposiHon Fyn on hh
oolm
l maap
ph
be con . let f a Conti
l e u be a
UCa 9) ,VCa,99 o pen se 1A (),
et es ,a ion Rcoh On =P e i N Z oEA\Tm
parh al
oleiYe
Closecd
ano b Pinite
many in t e n for anj
ng s in
ConsisHng
COndeAnI
omenred
boondr
ieceIse
aR
smoeh

at
cU
1 e reg1on
t e n
R alayS
,
r'ees CAch
e
S
a CUr
SOuh d 40e
let+ o4 udy4vdx onsider e follooinq. fun" ooO\125
Ea(O-Vy)dx d F() S fCo)-f°zo)
SS P
tz
4bdy) FCz) Z Zo
S P e a ) d z - C u d a - V e l
) +i(vda
g

i s holomo-sphic on -\izo3 &cordi. ein

Julx-Vdy +) vdtody Srdz -o e
Jf e)dz =

-vdy +utx + iudy +vda

(VxVyfy-V)

-Vx-4 )ddy +iuVy) dudy

PCz) dz =o
 losmula an did
the Cauchy's ndcya aopco seF nfqininq
be Complex drif on on
d e
elf a
disc D then,
he ctosoit g a

le)
7
d fos ze D
2112
dz is 1z -al=r
Prof By Usig S 27T22 F ) 2T -2
sult for n-l
2TT
dfr-) (n

cposiion
c ) 2TT co. Y
Z

NouO OSingpreUioUS P ccbovr Cq

C ) 2 TT2
FCEL d /No
d i f P c r e n t i a e

F n g-2)
) d a

27T
h-9n

Efird Value Sedz n

Z= p Cce)
=f(o) 2 T72
madhenatial fnducitob
2TT nnt iple
Z= B
=I Hense ravrd
FCe) -e
e 2TT 2 T * (iMorera's The") soch hsl
on a ion
TP P i s ontt un =o
7en a Compke
TG5 (rcz)k
o de vaties
Aen f has es T
forotlg
ineral òn-
Cauchs we Can Yeshmd
Comple e diPr
diFpIn

be
CompeA qAl d e r i i n e d n Proo To prove dle Q is
Letf devahves
clasore domaino dlsc Chd aS SUm
p l en
Co dise che he
i s
a en V

d¢ adisc.
g)_ s S Is Convex

n frs Pf S ( f
2 T T i 9 0- 2 ) "
(E)
on T
nduchion

losec contodr e
Use
a
Pde =f0
we
dwis

fheof To Proe

2TT No b Psimidive estande f

olononphk funP on --sch t a +
1d7
icTP
2D dreeble
P is Compee
Te ds i s uchy's flegral femude n s fa) =£ - ) 1s once díep
dsC
Aen by priolS
+e fe Pa) hag doviyafres
- o al orden
dfpble
F2 s Comp ex
5ehway zs rflechon Pyiociple
rs closed Und ev
conve domain, whih
o t - a be a

nqaion
=}zE RE) <}
R()7o Soch
ze
be a con. Pun
let
F:-UH
and P(A)
d A R d fe
ditt
kin2
corple
fn E s
zE
zceyA UA
tal ge)f(e) en
2 b FE z UA
Defne 3
d.Fpi in
s cCmplex

Preof tten VEx, o)=o

UFIU
IF F weldefined
and onb on
s s
Araliy d cCmple fun
ble Pun D e t e cpen
Lot 2 e q complex der clOS0C
wkese
cendre a hd adius' Y, eipqnson,
disc. uh seies
has poer

aned i n N , Then f inside

D.

F a ) (z-a) for al points

h-oh

oof & (z -a| <Y

tor 2 Such dhat -al=Y
Ce heve (-a)(z-a)

auchy intcqrad Pormua,

oe have cauch
f( PCa)da
21T2
1 7 CE -) ds
()
2 TT2
convermend

FC) (e-a) dE
G-4)
F() 2 I-a)=r
S ds/-a

n"h olerrivalie.
cuchy's Fov muw a r for
have
As ue

Ca) 2TT K-ale

T
n T
2TTY
G-a)

a ) (z-4)
n
he0
as dayor's
called
series s
his
 e ylors fesmada ind q e
C e a Compler dPr
Het F: CA. tken zeB,Ca)cr
be s ) B,Ca)
Let 6
z e Br (a Ds
Ten
fC) P(a)t Consiees

froof algebatc dentty

we star wA
n M 1d
+ t+
x 27T>
Pu t = 2-1
2T
(-a/ 1-
+( over
term by FCE)_ aed i Nqrafng
A nire fun
each 2 T (-4) entre plane
mltiply
Tefuo hich is complex diPEOeon
is Called e n t i r e ' u n .
-)
d + 2TT 5-4) e. P(2) = ,z
eparend ia un.

T Liovilie's TE"
s constant
Eve bdd e t i e foos t i m a t e ,
hy's e
tla)_-a) T(2) -

ple) -a) Proof B Cauc

PG)+Ffa).|a)+ h
¢(tKz-a)"
FE) fCa) Fca) z-a) t - - +fa)z-q)+
-
Y

F)ds or n=
wnene
c)a -ay(a-2) Fe
e prtot. As P 's enhre fun
Hense
PCz)EqYCtan(e)
=
tan 2)
Find toglor
cees VGe
(-z z24 2
Tis s mue For arbraryz
on.
Pe)z f s Oompk x

1iovillie
AGloba relication FTA
d i r r e f o n ' tn an open
Let b a canrp len Lat P(2) fota,2 +r e e apfo, a eC
sc cadaining élosur d adisc B,(z) l be a polynom ia u tn one yayjabl
6-z|=rj Hen for all
Sup 1p n2 ecope hd mer,en eq Ca)o has a
e a s t one root in tE.
 PCE)o as |2)-3 ble Lun oh
f()fo modulosprinciple - diep°
comp lex
PCz) n o n C o n s t a n t
Faf

anc p(r)fo f() s analy tic overC ot eais+ c

sUch

As PC) is enhre ttere

does

i t(z) =
Jim hen
n-0 P(z)
AlSO n
mro such t a t Proof By Contradicho ze
¥ |z| >m' F(E)|
4|f(o)
PCz)-o] <E z ) m' D to Such H a t
Ld, IE(o>) =k
FCz)- o ) < Le soch Hat
} is conHnuus n compact set Let A be fhe Set
No s analyHc lat A+ Is
A- zeC | |2Em3 sel, T
we Prve
'closed
unbunded on A A is
P(z) is s
by UsiAq, e)h tH
en
tfen A
PCl< " zeA Cpen et, connecled
s path t e n A =
TF2
from closed
So
is beth open }

bounded on C non-cons f a n f
P is on C. 1PCo»| =kS
Ps entire and bounded But A =
joe-R be f beinq
So contrad
ichon
P2) is constant we qet
Thus s constant
dipFun
F(2) = PCe) A is
set
B,Ca) c r
that open
PCz) is Constand To prove
Svch t a t
EA, choose y

Condradie hon. let Aa O<r'<Y cae have,

ohich is Gne zero on C. for
mUSt have t Jeash en
réie) de
h u s Plz) 2TT
fCat
k-Pcan< 2S1rCa+reio)|Jo 2 TT

A awss Mean
Value tt on disc BA (z) lek
conplex diPeb fon
Let f b e
a
TT
f2) do
TTk Fat7 e*
o&rR ten e(zotre's)Jo o
2TT 2

-fCatr'e"Jdsee
Proof cauchy interal fosmula E de
F(z) dz
k-| Pés'e°)\ do <
21T o
de = me°do
Put z 2o+re'G

ts alhays
r t T e do ire As
k -

1FCt t reo)|
f (z 2tt Zo+e Z o k-f(a+Ylee) =
FCatYe)
f) Ser+eo)do
2 B,(a) A
Ar's open sef,
 Zevoesfno o l e s -
SPpo h i s give s,
fun" n doma (n
1f f is helemorphic
ae2. Soch t PCa)
Here is a polnf
Then f=0 on hs pe) =Pz)
ko (Z-a i
sPis holomorPhie de)
Cep
is holomeph
at Z=a'.
2o
Let 1 26 1 FE)=0, clased Tatlng R denivafia pca= $lz) ea)
i (s beth open erm Van7s
No Lwe r Yove
get bca)f0 as f T)fs é a )
T 6 PTOVe4 iS epen kzo not ilent iaull
zealo

PCa) =o Le be a hol ornosph'c

Let a eA rePEsenefoo,
Te .en e zero Sel f f
eries domaio
taylov
By Osinq
r'soch h a isoBabed sibsef-
zE B,(a), Pc2)=o. s an
roof
pCe)= o z E B,(a)

B,Ca) ¬A Previous t f(z ¢l2).(z-a)k

A s open e t B p2)(z-at
$(D and F()
T's clased eh 9 Sequence jz By Cotino)y in Some nbhe d
T o Prove closors poin de zeo
has ony a as

at
cbe a to .
solaled. subset - n
is
Ohich
Conveges Z

Order ozeo fun cahich is not idenhical

LetPbca hdomav phic tre smajlëst
T THenty the clomain N Soppose has
. Let d E - Hen
an
be holomorphieon
Zeoin a domaih 1s Cdled o r d e r Letr f$a,
soch Hhat for eve z ek, P()-9a)k
k7o Such that fra) 0 : ' s on-
ne
point in
. Hen #
imit

holomorphie fon hich is rot identical Proof

T LetP e a be a zere oj
Ordo fon P- f)-gC
e f o l0 domain
a Let a soch dhas C e t the
fun" s in dke nbhel
4en sekk is
h Shset seh
hen 3 uniqe
and HCz)
=
l z ) (z-a) u l 2eros
Ca) o has dimit coind
But k isolaled subsel
zirots e f -
Is
hof an
Reof
B U s n aylor's formula, Sef
by Previous
heorem f-9 Eo
on

order kk
Put n+l =F

is
zero P rwh Remayks
As d ise wil
)Too hkolo morphic fun" gNeing an open
n
disc.
2 agee on He whole domat eordainng
2)2P eme is a sqvence ohich
s (onegent in - n
(a) ro ad too holomovphic i n aqree an Hat cm vogend
scq. thon too holomosphic fon to e e on whole cloma in
 Condqinng ConvEN Gent Seqvence.
al) holomaphc ton on domain-n
Let H ) he set
a
O
- A s fCo)
=

Pre)+qcz) -P+9Xz) Pgtz) = P(x).g(z).

HC) is commutative n . d-lw
thon This folloos ad lo)d
has
DF P not idenically 2ero. Hen # 59
4q are
set Hense Bo) c e(V)
Open
Subset , Then zeroes
se 1s
Set zëros a e isolacd Bat Non- cons
holomophie fun on open

set zeroes P fg.

F g wibe onion 4swbsef mapp
union w r l e (solakd
not dentically zero
s ingular iHes
en he poinds al h'ch
HCn) is D F e ) s fuo" oh Subset Ps rot holonvrphic
cohich
o r the points at
fis not definecl
are mefemee as Sinqulasiies af Fon
Sinqulaty
selaed
TeCpen Mapping Theorem f pen
ze-15 u led
nbhd
ingZ eRcept atz
oen set is an alomaa phic
A non-Consf ant holomoshic fun
on an
f i s defincd1
a s au Its singlavi Fies
Open mapping T f Pce) is polyromja
henPE)
P
emayKi zeroes p(2)
solahed ese a r e
rcct fon
re
holomosphic fun
Hen zerdes ae
Let P:-a-C be q holonovphic TIor ary
tfen all Sirqulaihes
r e solated

e t U be a n Open Subset d . soladed

rofomosphic
C.
Tun
aweh have
nen- iseladeo

Exomples ). tthmic fun anod

we hav to ghow Hhat, heS lqy
Sinqulor-ies a r e brcnc
F(O) s open set in tric. f'un
tiqor0me
)overse

Let tOoe ro be asbirary oint fun+hen

Wo fo some o,Ev P be hourmoiphc
sa fro) =
Let
dcsome Hhat
fe) -fCeo)
e 2-Zo
HOT Siplietdy
above un 1s olomayphrc
we can say ma-bave
20 Jo = 0 F(0) ontain
to s houd
&hat and at \ % ft k ire mgE
nd now fhe on ontinuous hy
a CWC Can make
V1 qYoud p a
and f2)f0 Choose a small dis
hbhd V.=B,(o) CU ie fCze)
be Such d t a because teros
such Cholce
E>o
let we Can
have
Isolakeo
1zl=E doe
for mosrhic tun
holo
non-consta nf

loled tl f fo).
50ch Ha
Sopp o wE
) Pe)-ui, zEV and dasen vanish
NwPuf on V
holomesphic
ren g
in V s folloas dlaf
iolomosphjc
fo Zo o) fo)-w
 _

APoes Z= q e l i v iding (2-a )

has (oeai cd sinqulav 1hes at b
fe)
(2)=
(Cak

fen F S pole ut 2-a (Z1)

s Bf (a)C d 1-
psirrplc Par
al'ed s Singulor p o t o
Hhatfmnos 17s Sinqula par KG(e)) 1s
COoseye
tfen de F n B. a) holomouphic FUn.

olomoph
qs z g(z) Jo Ci+2)
=

defie vale 2d be z

.C4) g)hos pelc af 2 - o for mulG.

dlonoph On Bca) L(1+2) b Hoykov's
cz) w be con. e r
foek fa) 2-) Z-a)
Let oder d} zer at z=a (2) fa) + f ) (-c)t (k-
- - a ) f(e)
fCo) F o)(e) +
C+2
).2pe)
+z f
qe-)

F e ) has Polc o osder

o
order 1
9Cz) ha pole
k.
Z:- o Ordev
t has poe
au rentSeries non-e

Cwnoyphie fon has Sevies e p w

an qs ples hslornarphie=f

Tf Fun has al ssingdao|esP fa) s

fun powers (z-a). seie s
S called as meromorphi e
hae laur®nt
(C)) s a Prelel a pole hen
hic an'" Z=a I3 (z-a)
accuYs

Set d cdl meraTOp DF

jo hich ve p6 Wer S d
Cot pqnsldn
mero mophie un' se St/4 habut tiníey many
g non-2eso reqeive Power
art poes o r e s Se ntia
61nqlanties
eTO
2ro . dbeco mes ) re infAinile.
2-4 1 Comman

zero a
singulamY t/g ar der SseneS
YCmovable
E9nt be q For mal poyer
Z=a P is biqger h a n order 2 0 r o
emma let s+) =

coidh rad fos dconvergen ce op hen fG)- s¬%)

holomoyphic n" in e domain z >e
'ft2 ) ehines
Cehave f e ) =(z-a) S wee hae ower Serie3 s defies a

PreoP: l|<P.
Osin9 falors for
mwq.
helomosphie. fun' a = S ( )
t
Fa)+Fa)é-4) + e fun" z holomorphc fun on C
Fz) Now
b+(2-a)+ b, (era)7.
 17
i d o
in
dehnes helamorphic fon"
T akn SE)
Wow (re)Te 9 q(Te)e
the doma in z
SUm
mean a
Sen es wih Cehre Zo we
s s holomophe
A laurent
foi Zb, (z -zo) "+ anz-zo)" wr
te
as a point z Asq S hof ornophue diff
satd o be avergent
Semes Is
A Jaurent
Canverqent a t
q r e ) e ' de
above aNe
fboh e semes seies h
sha a s Con sider lao Teit
As we 21
Centr c 2o=o
9 de
=(7,V)

mephis fon
on
Annulorr Dorran olomaio
and a E ten anhula e a holo
Lenma let F 3,|2122

Y2 ,7ten f
) =i zé Y, lz-a) <Y. Le S,
A(a: =
. SF
de.
F()
I pericular if centre a =o heve
A(o'7,,Y2)
A,Y) ze Y, < zjar
redius Convergence TFe(L
(Larent Seies)
27 0 n t
Aas n ke
t e hoBomanhíe
=

Soppose sCt) arol lef

TE) = ant o , 2T <o at ies
9eries
U n i q v Jqre
A 7 2 ) Tien
ànd Conyengend
Jnwes a L s o l u t el
en fe)s()T(z)
which isonlformj t. Martarei
12|> G f
bdd.subset

in z
121 Hs f on evey losed
Iz|< P
olomorphi
s)ts is R are 9 en
TCt)
Cas. jz)< R f do
radto5 1
f l ) js
hoferrorphj<

Ce 2T
The

s conshant o z t z ' 4

funhir e ) dz Por zl1

en he l21=Y

I'real )

Po f r e °) dalree)
ide
or.ikert fl (1tt
= Prz).z
Je
 fe Proof Jaurent series rep
Aet f e ) =
, (z -0
-2
2-2)>1 excep
Awrent sones nep fo F on c
n dise around p 0ners (Z-a)
ofinc Punctured
has Pmimdve 1

f)=

2 -2)
2

h e set o
-
esduves on do mqin To ea ch
fon S
et
be a deroed
b <d
singulaies o<lz-a]
fselaeA annuls
reion
Mound o
ae s
Cons der be
circle

in \ S
let knouw hat.
Cardained coe

In s l d e s a ninula S.Ten
d z2T2
actor, se Huo
as
normalis thq
is
neatn
numberrs

R Sfa)de.
21T
Yesidoe o a a t z-q
P)as

Isolaed siquer7
residue f af an
Lernma te nomher Kq Such Hak
s Hhe tn19
z
Cz) f )
-_
e Pon
aonulus
has d i m i t n e hole
ol2-al'e d, Alss Ra is equal to coel ( z - )
1 e avrent ezpansioh around a
 auchystima.
set
e f e a complek drferendfable in an opeh s
Containing the e closure disc 8,(a) l e thave
Ifc)1: I-al=y?Tfen t nz
we
y Sup

Proof Take c to be He circde d Tadius around a',

hen. e hane

P.oL
n
dnt

i 2TI
m

n
n M
2TT

M . 2T Y
2TT
nt M

n M

Liouvilles the
A bounded entive fonchon is ,a ConsBant 1e noconst
entire fon" is alaays unboun ded.

Proof
Let be an entive Pun such Hal
Flm zeL30Me mo

het 2o E L
So it is enough Prove h a t PCz0) =o.

Gereral eáuchys e g s ,
FCEdr.
fCz)21 (zZo)
8 Cavchy's estimale
hMr
tor n=|
fCE) M r
 As f is a entivc fon",
sY , 0

This tre tos aa bitrar y 2

is Complex fon'.
laa' mm fMoohuUus he"
¢o ron -Consdant complee
diPp* fon' on

het F be a
Awsuchhat fe)<| ) - V z¬-
oo On Cond a W
fC IPC) V
2C
Le Such a l
Let ftw) . to.nf))k.
etn be He set such Hat
clocd ac DP e prove a A is open
As A
Jen Osiq hich ohOpCn
balh pCn
A s i s r h tohmecdeel f Ac
is

c elose tfen-A

A=
Ptasj=k
B )aE h'on o beinq non consl df° foM
he tontyaolic
e e
hen
for o YCr
qeAoho o se
YSuch Jhat br Ca) C
Le
ehae

a 211
PCa Yee)de
PCa) Sratr)Jdo
21
d
2 ipcae6) do e

de
Pcaveo) do co

1fCat ve is alaoays jve

A
F C a t y e ) k

B,Ca) cA
s open sehF
.