Review

BEERS Notes Review Notes MATH PreCalculus I

GEOMETRY Diagonal – a line connecting two non- PARALLELOGRAM OR RHOMBOID –

consecutive vertices in a polygon. opposite sides are parallel and equal.
(From Greek – geo “earth + metria “measure”). Interior Angle – angle formed by two adjacent
Earth-measuring is a branch of mathematics sides inside the polygon.
concerned with questions of shape, size, Exterior Angle – angle formed by two
relative position of figures, and properties of adjacent side outside the polygon, one of
space. which has been extended.

PLANE GEOMETRY REGULAR POLYGON – All angles and 1. Given BASE and ALTITUDE.
sides are equal.
Study of figures in a two-dimensional surface –
that is on a plane.
2. Given DIAGONALS.
Plane - a flat surface without thickness. AREA OF A REGULAR POLYGON
Point - A point is a location on a plane. It has
no size or shape. 1.Given PERIMETER and APOTHEM.
Line - it marks the shortest distance between
two points, but it extends infinitely in both
directions. It has length but no width. NUMBER OF DIAGONALS 3. Given ADJACENT SIDES and their
Line segment - a part of a line that is bounded INCLUDED ANGLE.
by two distinct end points. 2. Given APOTHEM and NUMBER OF
SIDES.
POLYGON
Where: n = number of sides
A polygon is a closed plane figure bounded by TRAPEZOID – two sides are parallel.
straight line segments as sides and with 3 or SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES
more angles. 3. Given LENGTH OF THE SIDE.

TYPES OF POLYGON

Convex – a polygon with all interior angles

less than 180° or angles pointing inwards. SUM OF EXTERIOR ANGLES = 360
Concave – a polygon which has an interior 4. Given RADIUS OF CIRCUMSCRIBING
angle greater than 180°. Each Exterior Angle = CIRCLE – R.

CENTRAL ANGLE – angle subtended by any

side and the center of the polygon.

Central Angle =
QUADRILATERALS - a plane figure with
four straight sides. Where:
PARTS OF A POLYGON AREA AND PERIMETER OF REGULAR 1. Parallelogram RHOMBUS
M = –median
all of the
of the
sides are equal but
2. Trapezoid
POLYGONS trapezoid
none of the interior angles are 90
Side – one of the line segments that make up 3. Rhombus h = height/altitude
the polygon. 4. Rectangle
Apothem – a line segment from the center to
Vertex – a point where two sides of the 5. Square
the midpoint of one of its sides or
polygon meet.
radius of the inscribed circle.
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BEERS Notes Review Notes MATH PreCalculus I

CIRCLE INTERSECTING TANGENT AND SECANT PRISM

A prism is a polyhedron having two identical
A B and parallel faces (usually referred to as the
“ends” or “bases” ) and whose sides are
parallelogram
O
θ
C

1. Given BASE and ALTITUDE. DIAMETER AND PERPENDICULAR

THEOREMS ON CIRCLE SEGMENT
Oblique Prism
CENTRAL ANGLE and its ARC:
2. Given DIAGONALS. h A prism with an axis that is not at right angle
A to the base.
diameter
θ a b V = ( A R )(L )
B
A s = (PR )(L )

3. Given ADJACENT SIDES and their

INCLUDED ANGLE. Right Prism
CIRCULAR SECTOR – area bounded by two
A right prism is one whose axis is
radii and an included arc.
INSCRIBED ANGLE and its ARC: perpendicular to the base
A
V = ( A B )(h )
A s = (PB )( h )
θ
RECTANGLE – the pairs of opposite sides B
are parallel and equal and each angle
β Where:
is 90 V = volume
AREA OF A CIRCULAR SEGMENT A s = lateral area
A B = area of the base
INTERSECTING SECANTS PB = perimeter of the base
Where: h = height or altitude
A = area A
A
P= BB
perimeter CYLINDER
SQUARE – all sides are equal
b = base
and all angles θ O
O SOLID FIGURES A solid object with: * two identical flat ends that
are right. a = altitude Any limited portion of space bounded by are circular or elliptical * and one curved side.
surfaces or plane figures.
D CD
C
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BEERS Notes Review Notes MATH PreCalculus I

Lateral Surface Area: SPHERE Two bases: a Where:

A sphere (from Greek A 1 & A 2 = area of the smaller and bigger
h 
( )
A = Ch σφαῖρα — sphaira, "globe, h
V= 3 a2 + b2 + h2  solid, respectively.
= 2rh ball") is a perfectly round 6  b V1 & V2 = volume of the smaller and bigger
geometrical object in three-
dimensional space Where: solid, respectively
Volume:
a = radius of the small base
V = Bh = r 2h Formula for volume of sphere: b = radius of the big base THE CARTESIAN COORDINATE YSTEM
4 3
Where: V= R Spherical Sector: The Cartesian Coordinate system is consists
3 of two perpendicular lines which intersect at
C = circumference A spherical sector is the solid
the point O called the origin. The horizontal
B = area of the base Formula for surface area of sphere: generated by revolving a sector of a semicircle
about its diameter as an axis. line is called the x-axis and the vertical line is
r = radius of the cylinder called the y-axis. Together, they are called as
h = altitude or height A = 4R2 the Cartesian Coordinate Axes.
2 2
V= R h h
Where: R = radius of the sphere 3
PYRAMID 1 R R
V = (Az )R
A pyramid is a polyhedron having any SPHERICAL ZONE, SEGMENT & 3
polygons as one face (base) with all other
faces (sides) being triangles meeting at a SECTOR
common vertex. Where:
Spherical Zone A z = Area of the zone
A zone is a surface of revolution of a sphere
included between two parallel planes. SIMILAR SOLIDS
One base: x2
h
x1 x2 THE DISTANCE FORMULA
A s = 2Rh R R x1

Formula for Volume & Area:

1 Two bases:
V= Bh
3 h
A s = 2Rh r
AL = PL
Relationship between Area and Altitude:
Where:
CONE
2
r = Radius of the sphere A 2  h2 
=  d = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y1 )2
A cone is a pyramid with a circular cross A1  h1 
section Spherical Segment where :
A spherical segment is the solid formed by Relationship between Volume and Altitude: d = dis tance
passing two parallel cutting planes through a
V2  h2 
3 ( x1,y1 ) = coordinate of P1
sphere. = 
V1  h1  ( x 2,y 2 ) = coordinate of P2
One base: h
Formula for Volume & Area
R R Relationship between Volume and Area: ANGLE OF INCLINATION & SLOPE OF THE
h2
1
V = Bh V= ( 3R − h) V2  A 2 
3
LINE
3 3 = 
A L = rL V1  A1 
L2 = r 2 + h2
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BEERS Notes Review Notes MATH PreCalculus I

Angle of Inclination - is defined as the  Slope-Intercept Form: Equations of Perpendicular Lines : In Terms of Slope :
smallest positive angle that the line makes with y = mx + b L1 : Ax + By + C1 = 0 m2 − m1
the positive x-axis. Tan =
Where: L 2 : Bx Ay + C2 = 0 1 + m1  m2
m = slope
Given inclination () :
b = y − int ercept Slope of Perpendicular Lines : where :
m = tan 
 Two-point Form: 1  is the angle in the counter
Given two point s : m2 = − or m1  m2 = −1
y − y1 y 2 − y1 m2 clockwise direction
y 2 − y1 =
m= x − x1 x 2 − x1 m1 & m2 → slope of L1 and L 2,
x 2 − x1
Where: DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE respectively

Where: P1(x1,y1 )  
 two point son the line Ax1 + By1 + C In Terms of Coefficients :
 = angle of inclination P2 (x 2 ,y 2 )
 d=
m = slope  A +B 2 2
A1B2 − A 2B1
Tan =
A1A 2 + B1B2
 Intercept Form:
 Note: x y
+ =1
For a b Note : Sample Problems
where :
Horizontal line : m=0 In the denominator, use:
a = x − int ercept " + " → if the point is above or to the right
Vertical line : m= b = y − int ercept
1) A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle
Upward to the right : m=+ of the line whose radius is 12. Find the area of the
Upward to the left : m=−  The Normal Form: " − " → if the point is below or to the left of octagon.
For parallel lines : m2 = m1 the line A. 521.31 C. 351.27
1 x cos  + y sin  = p B. 407.29 D. 351.25
For perpendicular lines : m2 = − DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES
m1 where :
A 2) A circle having a radius of 10 cm. is
cos  = circumscribing a triangle having an area of
Where:  A +B2 2 Let:
L1 ; A1x + B1y + C1 = 0 96 sq. cm. If one side of the triangle is 20
m1 = slope of line 1 B −C
sin  = ;p= cm. Find the shortest side of the triangle.
m2 = slope of line 2  A +B
2 2
 A +B
2 2 L2 ;A 2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0
A. 16 B. 14 C. 12 D. 18
C2 − C1
d=
EQUATION OF PARALLEL & PERPENDICULAR A 2 + B2 3) Three identical circles are tangent to each
EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES other externally. If the area of the
LINES where :
curvilinear triangle enclosed between the
❑ General Equation C1 = constant term in L1
Equations of Parallel Lines : points of tangency of the 3 circles is 16.13
C2 = constant term in L2 cm, compute the radius of each circle.
Ax + By + C = 0 L1 : Ax + By + C1 = 0
ANGLE FORMED BY THE INTERSECTION OF A. 10 B. 9 C. 13 D. 12
L 2 : Ax + By + C2 = 0
❑ STANDARD EQUATIONS:
TWO LINES 4) A goat is tethered to a corner of a 4 m. by
 Point - Slope Form: Slope of Parallel Lines : 5 m. shed by a 6 m. rope. What is the
m1 = m2 maximum area the goat can cover? (ans.
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) in square meters)
A. 88.75 C. 67.87
B. 98.76 D. 56.48
Where:
m = slope
5) The base area of a circular cylinder is 12
(x1,y1 ) = any point onthe line
cm^2 and an element of the cylinder is 10
cm. Find the volume of the cylinder if the
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BEERS Notes Review Notes MATH PreCalculus I

element is inclined to the base at an angle 14) Find the equation of the perpendicular
of 600. bisector of the line joining (4,0) and (-6,-
6) The right section of a prism is in the form 3).
of a regular hexagon whose apothem A. 2x-2y-1=0 C. 20x+6y+29=0
measures 5 cm. If the lateral area is 360 B. 4x+7y-2=0 D. 15x-4y+27=0
cm^2, what is the length of the lateral
15) Find the x-intercept of a line which passes
edge of the prism?
through point (2,1) and is perpendicular to
a line 3x + 4y + 8 =0.
7) Find the volume of a right circular cone to
A. 3/4 C. 2/3
be obtained from a sector of radius 26 cm B. 4/5 D. 5/4*
and whose central angle measures 138.5
degrees. 16) The points (1,3) and (5,5) are two
opposite vertices of a rectangle. The other
8) A paper weight is a pyramid with an two vertices lie on the line 2x-y+k=0. Find
altitude of 4 inches. At what distance from the value of k.
its vertex must it be cut by a plane parallel A. -2 * C. -3
to its base so that two solids of equal B. 2 D. 4
weight can be formed?
17) What is the distance between line x + 2y +
9) How far is the intersection of the lines 4x - 8 = 0 and the point (5, -2)?
5y = 26 and 3x + 7y + 2 = 0 from the A. 2.22 C. 4.02
origin? B. 3.21 D. 5.23
A. 2.47 C. 3.25
B. 4.47* D. 5.12 18) Find the smallest angle between the lines
2x + y-8 = 0 and x +3y +4= 0.
10) Find the measure of angle A in triangle A. 30O C. 45O*
ABCwith vertices at A(7,4), B(1,7) and C(- B. 15O D. 25O
3,-4).
A. 31.04° C. 24.78°
B. 12.09° D. 65.22°*

11) If the points (-3,-5),(p,q) and (3,4) lie on a

straight line, then which of the following is
correct?
A. 2p-3q=1 C. 3p-2q=1*
B. p+q=-3 D. 2p-q=3

12) Determine k such that the line 3x + 2y – 7

= 0 is parallel to the line 2x – ky + 2 = 0.
A. 2/3 C. -2/5
B. 3/4 D. -4/3
C.
13) Find the equation of a line through (0,4)
which is perpendicular to line x – 3y = 0
A. 3x+y-4=0* C. 3x+y-10=0
B. x-3y+5=0 D. 3x+y-8=0