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DC Generator Note Part 4

The document discusses various losses in a DC generator, including copper losses (armature and field), iron losses (hysteresis and eddy current), and mechanical losses (friction and windage). It explains the causes and calculations for these losses, as well as the conditions for maximum efficiency, which occurs when copper loss equals core loss. Additionally, it outlines the efficiency metrics for mechanical, electrical, and overall performance of the generator.

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10 views12 pages

DC Generator Note Part 4

The document discusses various losses in a DC generator, including copper losses (armature and field), iron losses (hysteresis and eddy current), and mechanical losses (friction and windage). It explains the causes and calculations for these losses, as well as the conditions for maximum efficiency, which occurs when copper loss equals core loss. Additionally, it outlines the efficiency metrics for mechanical, electrical, and overall performance of the generator.

Uploaded by

sureshpv36
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC GENERATOR

Part 4 Note
Losses
Armature
copper loss

Copper Shunt
Loss copper loss

Series
copper loss

Hysteresis
Total loss
Iron Loss
Losses
Eddy
current loss

Friction
Mechanical loss
Loss
Windage
loss
Copper losses

Armature copper loss

● About 30 to 40% of full load loss

Field copper loss

● 20 to 30 % of full load loss

Loss due to brush contact resistance


Iron loss

● Losses at core

● Also known as core losses or magnetic losses

● 20 to 30 % of full load loss

Classified into two

● Hysteresis loss

● Eddy current loss


Hysteresis loss

● This loss is due to the reversal of magnetization of the armature core.


● Energy wasted in the form of heat
● To reduce hysteresis loss, we are using silicon steel. silicon 3-4 %
● Losses calculated by Steinmetz formula.

Wh= Ƞ 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙𝟏.𝟔 f V watts

● Ƞ = Steinmetz hysteresis constant , unit = joule/𝑚2


● 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum flux density
● V = Volume of the core in 𝑚3
● f = frequency
● Silicon steel = 191 joule/𝑚2 cast iron = 2700-4000 joule/𝑚2
Eddy current loss

● Armature cuts the magnetic flux and an emf will induce on it.
● Power loss due to flow of current through the armature core.
● By using laminated silicon steel , eddy current loss will reduce
● Power loss in the form of heat

We= K 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝒗𝟐 watts

● K= eddy current constant


● 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum flux density
● V = Volume of the core in 𝑚3
● f = frequency of magnetic reversal
● t = thickness of each lamination
● Magnetic losses are practically constant for shunt and compound generator.
● Because field current approximately constant.
Mechanical losses
Friction loss

● At bearing and commutator

Windage loss

● Windage loss of rotating armature

● 10 to 20 % of full load loss


Stray losses
● Sum of magnetic and mechanical losses
● Also called rotational losses
Power stages of DC Generator
Generator Efficiency

● Mechanical efficiency

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑔𝐼𝑎


η= =
𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒

● Electrical efficiency

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝐼


η= =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑔𝐼𝑎

● Overall efficiency

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡


η=
𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
Condition for maximum efficiency
● Copper loss = core loss

● 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝒂 =Wc

●
𝑾𝒄
I=
𝑹𝒂

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