ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network

Analysis

Lecture 8
Dr. Ananda Y R
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

IIIT Bangalore

28th August 2024

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

In electrical domain, the magnitude of a time-varying source

varies between two preset levels with time.
In this domain, a sinusoidal time-varying source is generally
known as AC (derived from the name, Alternating Current)
source. Circuits, driven by AC sources (current or voltage),
are known as AC circuits.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
The general representation of AC current and voltage is defined as

i = Im sin(ωt) (1)

e = Em sin(ωt) (2)
where, i and e are the instantaneous value1 of the current and voltage or AC current
and voltage.
Im and Vm maximum or peak value of the AC current and AC voltage or amplitude of
the current and voltage, as shown in Fig. ω = 2πf , f = T1 is the frequency of the AC
signal and T is the time period of the AC signal.

Figure: AC Sinusoidal waveform

1
The value of the waveform at any instant of time is known as the
instantaneous value.
Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
Definition related to alternating quantity
Amplitude (Peak Value) It is the maximum value, positive or negative of an
alternating quantity.
Instantaneous Value It is the value of the alternating quantity at any instant.
Cycle One complete set of positive and negative values of an alternating
quantity is known as cycle.
Time Period It is the time required by an alternating quantity to complete 1
cycle; so for a 50 Hz a.c the time period is 1/50 second.
Frequency2 The number of cycles per second is called the frequency of the
alternating quantity. Its unit is Hertz (Hz).
Phase Phase of an alternating quantity is fraction of the time period that has
elapsed since the quantity last passed through the chosen zero position of
reference.
Phase Angle It is the equivalent of phase in radians or degrees. So phase angle
is 2π Tt , where t is the instantaneous time and T is the time period.
2
50Hz corresponds to 3000 RPM. That range is a convenient, efficient speed for
the steam turbine engines which power most generators and thus avoids a lot of extra
gearing. 3000 RPM is also a fast, but doesn’t put too much mechanical stress on the
rotating turbine nor AC generator. India got it’s power systems initially imported from
the Brits, who used 50 Hz. So naturally they imported 50 Hz power systems to use
with their British Appliances which were 50 Hz. 60 Hz is the US/North American
standard. Once chosen, its expensive to change.
Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Root Mean Square (RMS value):

The rms value of the alternating current is that steady current, i.e., d.c current which
if passed through a circuit produces the same amount of heat as produced by the
alternating current flowing through the same circuit for the same period of time. The
heat produced by direct current I or its equivalent rms value of the alternating
quantity i is proportional to i 2 . So the area under the curve i 2 vs. 2π is the total heat
produced by an alternating current [Fig. (a) and Fig. (b)].

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
Root Mean Square (RMS value):

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Root Mean Square (RMS value):

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Root Mean Square (RMS value):

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Root Mean Square (RMS value):

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Root Mean Square (RMS value):

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
Average (or Mean) Value3 : The average value of an alternating current is that steady
or d.c. current which transfers across any circuit the same amount of charge as
transferred by that alternating current during the same period of time. The average
value of an alternating current is given by

3
The average value of the AC formula is thus given as Iaverage = 2Iπm . We
calculated that the average value for a full sine wave is zero. As there is the same
amount of current in the positive and negative cycle, and flowing in opposite
directions thus, it neutralises the effect and the average value of a full sinusoidal wave
is zero. The same formula holds true for an alternating voltage. Thus, the average
value of the voltage formula is given as Vaverage = 2Vπm . It is true for a half cycle, for a
full cycle, however, the average value of voltage is zero.
Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Example: An alternating emf of frequency 50 Hz, has an

amplitude of 100 V. Write down the equation for the instantaneous
value. Also find the instantaneous value of the emf after 1/600
second.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Example: An alternating emf of frequency 50 Hz, has an

amplitude of 100 V. Write down the equation for the instantaneous
value. Also find the instantaneous value of the emf after 1/600
second.
Sol:

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
Example: An alternating current has rms value of 50 A and
frequency 60 Hz. Find the time taken to reach 50 A for the first
time.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
Difference between AC (alternating current) and DC (direct
current)

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Note:

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
Note:

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Example: An alternating sinusoidally varying voltage with angular

frequency of 314 radian/ second has an average value of 127.4 V.
Find the instantaneous value of the emf (a) 1/300 sec and (b)
1/75 sec after passing through a positive maximum value.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
Addition and Subtraction of Sinusoidal Alternating Quantities: Suppose Ix
represents the addition or subtraction of the phasors in the horizontal axis and Iy
represents the addition and subtraction in the vertical axis. The diagonal of the
rectangle formed by Ix and Iy denotes the resultant phasor I as shown in Fig.

Figure: (a) Addition of alternating quantities (b) Subtraction of

alternating quantities

The magnitude of I is given by q

|I | = Ix2 + Iy2

If θ represents the angle between the resultant phasor and the reference phasor (or
horizontal line) then
Iy
θ = tan−1
Ix

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
Rectangular and Polar coordinate conversion:

Polar to rectnagular:

Rectnagular to polar:

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Rectangular and Polar coordinate conversion:

Example 1: Consider the phasors V1 = 4.25∠115◦ and V2 = −4 + j3. Convert V1 to
rectangular form and V2 to polar form.
Example 2: Consider the phasors V1 = −1.796 + j3.852 = 4.25∠115◦ and
V2 = −4 + j3 = 5∠ − 36.87◦ . Determine V1 + V2 , V1 .V2 , and V
V2
1
.
sol:
V1 +V2 = (−1.796+j3.852)+(−4+j3) = (−1.796−4)+j(3+3.852)) = −5.796+j6.852
V1 .V2 = 4.25∠115 ◦ .5∠ − 36.87◦ = 21.25∠78.13◦
V1 4.25∠115◦
V
= 5∠−36.87◦ = 0.85∠151.87◦
2

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
AC through Pure Resistance Alone: When a pure resistance is placed across a
sinusoidal emf [Fig. (a)], the current will be in phase with the emf [Fig. (b)]. The
corresponding phasor diagram is shown in Fig. (c):

Figure:
(a) AC through pure resistance (b) Phasor diagram of voltage and current through R
(c) phasor diagram of voltage and current through R

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
AC through Pure Inductance Alone: Whenever an alternating sinusoidal voltage is
applied to a purely inductive coil [Fig. (a)] a back emf is produced due to the
self-inductance of the coil. The applied voltage has to overcome this self-induced emf
di
and therefore, v = L dt , where L is the self-inductance of the coil, v the back emf and
(di/dt) the rate of change of current.

Figure:
(a) AC through pure inductance (b) Phasor diagram of voltage and current through L
(c) Current lags voltage by 90° in pure inductive circuit

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
AC through Pure Inductance Alone:

So the current lags behind the voltage by ( π2 ) and the phasor diagram is shown in Fig.
(b) and (c). Also, I = XV ; where I = rms value of the current
L
V = rms value of the voltage and
XL = ωL = inductive reactance in ohms.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

AC through Pure Capacitance Alone: If a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the plates

of a capacitor [Fig. (a)] then the instantaneous charge in the capacitors q = Cv,
where v is the instantaneous value of the applied voltage and C is the capacitance.

Figure:
(a) AC through pure capacitance (b) Phasor diagram of voltage and current through
pure capacitance (c) Current leads voltage by 90° in pure capacitance circuit.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis
AC through Pure Inductance Alone:

So the current leadss behind the voltage by ( π2 ) and the phasor diagram is shown in
Fig. (b) and (c). Also, I = XV ; where I = rms value of the current
C
V = rms value of the voltage and
1
XC = ωC = Capacitive reactance in ohms.
Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Note: We have discussed the network theorems with reference to

resistive load and dc sources. Now, all the theorems will be
discussed when a network consists of ac sources, resistors, inductors
and capacitors. All the theorems are also valid for ac sources.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Mesh analysis:
Example: Find mesh currents I1 and I2 in the network of Fig.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Mesh analysis:
Example: Find mesh currents I3 in the network of Fig.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Mesh analysis:
Example: Find mesh currents I1 and I2 in the network of Fig.

Sol: I1 = 1.3∠2.49◦ A and I2 = 1.24∠ − 15.95◦ A

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Node analysis:
Example: Find node voltages Va and Vb in the network of Fig.

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
AC Network Analysis

Node analysis:
Example: Find the voltage across the capacitor in the network of
Fig.

Sol: V2 = Vc = 18.55∠157.42◦ V

Lecture 8 Dr. Ananda Y R Assistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis