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Ece 211 Lect 2

This lecture covers the basics of measuring voltage and current using digital multimeters, including proper connections for voltmeters and ammeters. It introduces Kirchhoff's Laws for circuit analysis, detailing how to apply these laws systematically to solve circuits. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of KVL, KCL, and Ohm's Law in various circuit scenarios.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views32 pages

Ece 211 Lect 2

This lecture covers the basics of measuring voltage and current using digital multimeters, including proper connections for voltmeters and ammeters. It introduces Kirchhoff's Laws for circuit analysis, detailing how to apply these laws systematically to solve circuits. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of KVL, KCL, and Ohm's Law in various circuit scenarios.

Uploaded by

akshat28 mittal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network

Analysis

Lecture 2
Dr. Ananda Y R
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering


IIIT Bangalore

7th August 2024

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Measuring voltage and current

Figure: Digital Multi Meter (DMM)

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Measuring voltage and current

Figure: DMM probes


Figure: Correct way of holding the
probes

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Measuring voltage and current

Figure: Voltmeter must be


Figure: Display of DMM will show
connected in parallel to the load.
+100 mA
Note: In order to measure the current, the ammeter must be
connected in series with the load.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Basic Connections of Components

Figure: Some possible and impossible configurations using ideal


components

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Basic Connections of Components

Figure: Some possible circuits involving only one or two components


that are connected consistently. In the first and second circuits, where
there is a current and a voltage source, the sources do not produce any
power. However, they still provide the current and voltage values, in
accordance with their definitions. In the third circuit, the voltage source
absorbs power (100 W), while the current source delivers power (100 W).

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Basic Connections of Components

Figure: Two simple circuits that can be interpreted incorrectly as


impossible. In fact, both two circuits are possible and they involve
consistent voltage and current values. In the first circuit, a voltage drop
(by an amount of 20 - 10 = 10 V) exists across the resistor. In the
second circuit, a nonzero current (20 - 10 = 10 A) flows through the
resistor. These values can easily be found by applying Kirchhoff’s laws,
as described in the next section.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Basic Connections of Components

Example 1: Consider a circuit involving a 10 V voltage source


connected to a 5 Ω resistor.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Basic Connections of Components

Sol:

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Circuit Laws

A German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed two laws


enabling easier analysis of circuits containing interconnected
impedances.
The first law deals with flow of current and is popularly known
as Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) while the second one deals
with voltage drop in a closed circuit and is known as
Kirchhoff’s voltage laws (KVL).

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Circuit Laws
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
It states that in any electrical network
the algebraic sum of currents meeting
at any node of a circuit is zero.
In Fig, i1 and i2 are the inward
currents towards the junction 0 and
are assumed as negative currents.
Currents i3 , i4 and i5 are outward
currents and taken as positive. As per
KCL, −i1 − i2 + i3 + i4 + i5 = 0
i.e., i1 + i2 = i3 + i4 + i5
i.e., the algebraic sum of currents Figure: Explanation of
entering a node must be equal to the KCL
algebraic
P sum of currents
P leaving that
node ( IEntering = ILeaving ).

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Circuit Laws

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)


It states that the algebraic sum of
voltages (or voltage drops) in any
closed path, in a network, traversed in
a single direction is zero.
In Fig, if we travel clockwise in the
network along the direction of the
current, application of KVL yields
–V1 + iR1 + V 2 + iR2 + iR3 = 0a (or)
V1 = i(R1 + R2 + R3 ) + V2
We can also write equation (4.19) as
1 −V2
fol- lows: i = R1V+R Figure: Explanation of
2 +R3 KVL
a
We consider the voltage drop as positive when
current flows from positive to negative potential.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Circuit Laws

Using Kirchhoff’s Laws Systematically:


Before going on to the node-voltage and mesh-current
methods of solving circuits, you must thoroughly understand
how to solve circuits by applying Kirchhoff’s Laws.
To completely ”solve” a circuit, we must know the voltage
across and the current through each element.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Circuit Laws

Using Kirchhoff’s Laws Systematically:


The technique is as follows:
1. Label the circuit:
Assign a current (showing its direction) in every element.
Elements in the same branch should be assigned the same
current. Don’t forget to assign currents to voltage sources.
Assign a voltage across every element. If it’s a resistor,
inductor, or capacitor the + sign should be placed where the
current enters the element. Don’t forget to assign voltages to
current source.
Identify each essential node (where 3 or more wires join). The
node need not be a single point; it may stretch across a circuit
and go around corners. Label each node with a letter of the
alphabet.
Identify the simple loops (meshes). These are the ”window
panes.” They are loops that don’t contain other loops. Label
each one with a number.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Circuit Laws

Using Kirchhoff’s Laws Systematically:


The technique is as follows:
2. Write an Ohm’s Law equation for each resistor. V = IR.
3. Count your nodes. Decide which node to ignore (usually the
most complex one). Write a Kirchhoff’s Current Law equation
for each of the remaining nodes. Take the currents leaving the
node as positive.
4. Write a Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law equation for each mesh. Go
clockwise around each mesh and take voltage drops as
positive. Don’t forget voltages across current sources.
5. Count your equations and unknowns. They should be equal.
6. Solve the equations by substitution to find the unknown
currents and or voltages.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Circuit Laws

Use application of KVL to find the values of vc and ve for the


circuit of Figure.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit

Example: Consider the following circuit involving a voltage source,


a current source, and two resistors. Find the voltage across the 8
Ω resistor.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit

Example: Consider the following circuit involving a voltage source,


which is connected to two resistors and a bulb B.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit
Sol: For the circuit above, we label the nodes, define the
directions of the currents, and define the voltages in accordance
with the sign convention, as follows.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit

Example: Consider the following circuit, where a voltage source


and a current source are connected to three resistors. Find the
value ix , that is, the current across the 3 Ω resistor.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit
Sol: For the circuit above, we label the nodes, define the
directions of the currents, and define the voltages in accordance
with the sign convention, as follows.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit

Sol:

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit
Important observation:

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit
Example1: Solve for the source voltage in the circuit of Figure in
which we have a current- controlled current source and we are
given that the voltage across the 5 Ω resistance is 15 V.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit

Sol: First, we use Ohm’s Law to determine the value of iy :


15 V
iy = 5 Ω

Next, we apply KCL at the top end of the controlled source:

ix + 0.5ix = iy

Substituting the value found for iy and solving, we determine that


ix = 2 A. Then Ohm’s law yields vx = 10ix = 20 V . Applying
KCL around the periphery of the circuit gives

Vs = vx + 15

Finally, substituting the value found for vx yields Vs = 35 V .

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit
Example2: Analyze the circuit shown in Figure to find the values
of i1 , i2 , and v2 . Use the values found to compute the power for
each element.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit
Example2: Analyze the circuit shown in Figure to find the values
of i1 , i2 , and v2 . Use the values found to compute the power for
each element.

Sol: i1 = i2 = −1 A, v2 = −25 V , pR = 25 W , ps = −25 W .


Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit

Example3: Find the magnitude and direction of the unknown


currents in Fig. Given i1 = 20A, i2 = 12A and i5 = 8A.

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit

Sol:

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit

Example4: In the part of the electrical network, shown in Fig, find


v1 . Assume i2 = (10e −3t ) A, i4 = 6(sin t) A and v3 = (8e −3t ) V .

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to Solve a Circuit
Example4: In the part of the electrical network, shown in Fig, find
v1 . Assume i2 = (10e −3t ) A, i4 = 6(sin t) A and v3 = (8e −3t ) V .
Sol:

Applying KCl at the node ‘O’ in Fig.


−i1 − i2 − i3 + i4 = 0

Lecture 2 Dr. Ananda Y RAssistant Professor ECE211: Electronic Circuits and Network Analysis

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