Chapter- Matrices Important Definitions and Results

Compiled by Dr. R. Jayasankar

1. Types of Matrices

2. Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers and variables

3. Dimemsion of matrix = number of rows × number of columns ( m×n )

4. Row Matrix :- It is a matrix with only one row and any number of columns (1×n )

5. Column Matrix :- It is a matrix with only one column and any number of rows ( m×1)

6. Null Matrix :- It is matrix with each of whose elements are zero

7. Square Matrix :- It is matrix having same number of rows and columns

8. Diagonal Matrix :- It is square matrix in which all its non-diagonal elements are Zero

9. Scalar Matrix :- It is square matrix in which all its non-diagonal elements are Zero and

diagonal elements are same

10. Unit Matrix :- It is square matrix in which all its non-diagonal elements are Zero and

diagonal elements are 1 . Genrally it is denoted by I

11. Note : Unit Matrix Þ Scalar Matrix Þ Diagonal Matrix

12. Comparable Matrices :- Two matrices A and B are said to be comparable if they have

the same order

13. Eqivalent Matrices :- Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent if they have the

same order

14. Equal Matrices :- Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable

and their corresponding elements are equal.

15. Singular Matrix :- A square matrix is said to be singular if A =0

16. Non Singular Matrix :- A square matrix is said to be non-singular if A 0

17. ( )
Upper triangular Matrix :- A square matrix A = aij
mn
is an upper triangular

matrix if a ij = 0 for i>j

18. ( )
Lower triangular Matrix :- A square matrix A = aij
mn
is an lower triangular

matrix if a ij = 0 for i<j

19. A diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular matrices

20. Involutary Matrix :- A square matrix is said to be involutary if A 2 = I

21. Idempotent Matrix :- A square matrix is said to be idempotent if A 2 = A

22. Orthogonal Matrix :- A matrix is said to be Orthogonal if AAt = I

23. A square matrix A is said to be a Nilpotent matrix of index p if Ap =0 where p is the least

positive integer and p is called index.

24. A square matrix A is said to be periodic matrix if A k+1 = A for some least positive integer

value k and here k is called period of the matrix A.

25. Transpose of a Matrix:- A matrix A obtained by changing all its rows in to

columns is called transpose and it is deneoted by A ' or A t

26. Properties of Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices

27. Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A is said to by symmetric if A ' =A

28. Skew Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A is said to by skew symmetric if A ' = -A

29. Properties of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices are as follows

30. Main diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.

31. Every square matrix can be expressed as a sum of symmetric and skew

symmmetric matrices.

32. All positive Integral powers of a symmetric matrix is a symmtric matrix.

33. All odd positive Integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix is a skew symmtric matrix.

34. All the main diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.

35. For a square matrix A , the following are true

36. A+A ' is always symmetric

37. A-A ' is always skew-symmetric

38. AA ' and A ' A are always symmetric

39. A 2 n for n  N is always symmetric

40. A 2 n+1 for n  N is always skew-symmetric

41. kA for k  R is always symmetric

42. Transpose of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix

43. Inverse of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix

44. If A and B are symmetric matrices then (A+B ) is symmetric

45. If A and B are symmetric matrices then (A-B ) is symmetric

46. If A and B are symmetric matrices then (AB+BA) is symmetric

47. If A and B are symmetric matrices then (AB-BA) is skew-symmetric

48. AB is symmetric if AB=BA

49. If A and B are skew-symmetric matrices then (A+B ) is a skew-symmetric

50. If A and B are skew-symmetric matrices then (AB+BA ) is a skew-symmetric

51. If A and B are skew-symmetric matrices then (AB+BA ) is a symmetric

52. Null matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric .

53. Solving simultaneous equations

54. If A  0 then the system is consistant and has a unique solution, given by X=A −1B

55. if A = 0 ( adj A) B  0, then the system is inconsistant (No solution )

56. if A = 0 ( adj A) B = 0, then the system is consistant and has infinitely

many solutions.

57. Results based on fundamental operation of matrices

58. A+B=B+A addition is Commutative

59. AB  BA multiplication is not Commutative

60. ABC=CBA multiplication is Associative

61. A. ( B+C ) =AB+AC multiplication distributive over addition

( A+B)  A 2 +B2 +2AB

2
62.

( A-B )  A 2 +B2 -2AB

2
63.

64. A 2 -B2  ( A+B )( A-B )

65. A m .A n =A m+n

66. (A m ) n =(A) m n

67. AB =BA is true when A and B are diagonal matrices of same order

68. Important results based on Transpose of a matrix

69. ( A ) =A
' '

( A±B) =A' ±B'

'
70.
 ( AB ) =B'A '
'
71.

( ABC ) =C'B'A '

'
72.

( kA ) =kA'
'
73.

74. (A ) = (A )
n ' ' n
for all n  N

75. Important results based on adjoint of a matrix

76. adj ( AB ) = ( adjB )( adjA )

77. A. ( adjA ) = ( adjA ) .A = A .I

78. adj ( A t ) = ( adjA )

t

79. adj ( A m ) = ( adjA )

m

80. adj ( adj A ) = A

n-2
.A

81. adj ( kA ) = k n-1 ( adjA )

82. adj ( I n ) = I n

83. Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix

84. Adjoint of a triangular matrix is also a triangular matrix

85. Adjoint of a singular matrix is also a singular matrix

86. Adjoint of symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix

87. If A is a singular matrix then det(AdjA)=0.

88. Important results based on inverse of a matrix.

( AB)
−1
89. =B−1.A −1

90. (A )
-1 -1
=A
91. A A -1 = A -1A=I

92. A -1
=
(A ) c
t

( ABC )
−1
93. =C−1B−1A −1

94. ( A ) =( A )
t -1 −1 t

95. ( A ) =( A )
n -1 -1 n

96. adj ( A -1 ) = ( adjA )

-1

97. adj ( A ) =A -1 . A

98. Inverse of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix

99. Inverse of a triangular matrix is a triangular matrix

100. Inverse of a scalar matrix is also a scalar matrix

101. Inverse of symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix

102. Inverse of a matrix is always unique.

103. Conjugate of matrix A is obtained by replacing all the complex numbers in to its conjugates

and it is denoted by A

θ
104. Transpose of a conjugate matrix is denoted as A

θ
105. A square matrix is said to be Hermition matrix if A = A

θ
106. A square matrix A is said to be Skew-Hermition if A = - A

107. Minimum number of zeros in a diagonal matrices is n 2 - n

n2 - n
108. Minimum number of zeros in a triangular matrices is
2
 a 0 0 a n 0 0 a -1 0 0
   
109. If A= 0 b 0  then A n =  0 b n
0  , A -1 =  0 b -1
0  and A =abc
 
0 0 c  0 0 c n  0 0 c-1 
 

110. Determinant value of a Nilpotent matrix is always zero.

111. Condition for consistent and inconsistent system of non-homogeneous equations.

112. Solving of Simultaneous equations in the form of AX=B ( Non-Homogenous Equations)

(i) if A  0 then the system is consistant and has a unique solution, given by X=A −1B
(ii) if A = 0 ( adj A) B  0, then the system is inconsistant (No solution )
(iii) if A = 0 ( adj A) B = 0, then the system is consistant and has infinitely many solutions.

113. Characteristic equations and characteristic roots (eigen values) of a square matrix A is

given by A-  I = 0

114. The roots of the characteristic equation are called characteristic roots or eigen values of the

matrix A.

115. The sum of the eigen values of a square matrix A is the sum of the diagonal elements of A.

116. The product of the eigen values of a square matrix A is given by (-1) n A

117. The constant term of the characteristic equations of a matrix A is A

118. One of the Eigen values of the matrix A will be zero if and only if A is singular.

119. The eigen values of the matrix A and A’ are the same.

120. The eigen values of a diagonal matrix are its diagonal elements.

121. The eigen values of the triangular matrix are its diagonal elements.

122. Inverse of a 3x3, shortcut. 1) write the matrix, 2) Rewrite the first two columns 3) rewrite

the first two rows 4) leave the first row and first columns and perform the cross

multiplication. 5) matrix obtained is called adjoint 6) get inverse from adjoint.