82

Mathematics for Class 6

EXAMPLE WhatJractton of a day is 8 hours?
Solution We know that 1 day = 24 hours.
the required fraction
24
EXAMPLE 4. Whatfraction an hour Is 40 minutes?
Solution We know that 1 hour 60 minutes,
the required fraction = 40
60
of the
EXAMPLE S. In the given figure. (f we say that the shaded region Is
whole, then what is the error tn it?
to the
Solution In the given figure, the shaded region is not equal
unshaded region.
shaded region is not equal to -—of the whole.

EXERCISE 5A
1. Write the fraction representing the shaded portion:

(iii)

(v)

2. Shade ---of the given figure.

the shaded region is then identify

say that
3. In the Aven figure, ifwe
the error in it.

each of the following:

4. Write a fraction for (ii)four-sevenths
(i) three-fourths (IV)three-tenths
(iii) two-fifths (vi) five-sixths
(v) one-eighth (vili) seven-twelfths
(vii) eight-ninths
 Fractions 83

6. Write down the numerator and the denominator of each of the fractions given below:
4 6 8 12 5
(i) (it) (tv)
9 11 15 17 1
6. Writedown the fraction in which
(i) numerator = 3, denominator = 8 (ii) numerator = 5, denominator 12
=
(iii) numerator = 7, denominator 16 (iv) numerator = 8. denominator = 15
7. Write down the fractional number for each of the following: 7
2 (iv) 1
3 9 5 10
9 3
3 3 (viii) 5 6
(vi) 4 (vii) 14 (ix)
8 11 15
What fraction of an hour is 24 minutes?
from 2 to 10? What fraction of them are prime
9 How many natural numbers are there
numbers?
10. Determine:
(i) of 15 pens (ii) —of 27 balls (iii) —of 36 balloons

11. Determine:
(i) —of 16 cups (ii) —of 28 rackets (iii) ----of 32 books

12. Neelam has 25 pencils. She gives —of them to Meena. How many pencils does Meena get?
How many pencils are left with Neelam?

13. Represent each of the followingfractions on the number line:

3 5 4 2
(i) (iii) (iv)
8 9 7 5 4

PROPER, IMPROPER AND MIXED FRACTIONS

FRACTIONS
PROPER Afractton whose numerator is less than its denominatorts calleda
properfraction.
EXAMPLES , etc., are all proper fractions,
3' 8' 11' 4 15
NOTE Each properfraction is less than 1.
IMPROPERFRACTIONS A fraction whose numerator is greater than or equal to Its
denominatorts called an improperfraction.
Thus5 7 8 10 11, 25 etc., are alt improperJracttons.
a
MIXEDFRACTIONS A combination of d whole number and a properfraction ts called
mixedfraction.
9 fractions.
EXAMPLES 2—, 3 — , 4—, 5 etc.,are all mixed
 Fractions 8b

into a mixed fraction:

EXAMPLE 4. Convert each of theJollotv[ng
23 37 (ill) (IV)
(1) 8 7
5 6
by 5. we get
Solution (i) On dividing 23
quotient = 4 and remainder
23 3 20
5 5 5 3
(ii) On dividing 37 by 6, we get 6) 37 (6
= 1.
quotient = 6 and remainder - 36
37 1 1
6 6 6
8, we get
(iii) On dividing 45 by
quotient 5 and remainder = 5. 8) 45 (5
45 5 40
8 8 8 5
(iv) On dividing 50 by 7, we get 7 ) 50 (7
quotient = 7 and remainder = 1. 49
1 1 1
50
7 7 7

EXERCISE 5B
Which of the followingare proper fractions?
1 3-107 15 16 ro 23
8' 16' 11' 10
Which of the followingare improper fractions?
598 27 23 19 10 26
2'6'4'8' '16' 31:18'13'26
3. Write six improper fractions with denominator 5.
4. Write six improper fractions with numerator 13?
5. Convert each of the followinginto an improper fraction:
5 3 3 5
(iv) 3 —
8 10 11
9 7 8 2
(v)10 (vi)12— (vii) 8— (viii) 51 —
14 15 13 3
6. Convert each of the followinginto a mixed fraction:
62 101 95
(iii) (iv)
5 7 8 13

81 87 103 (viii)
Ili
(vi) ----- (vii) 20
11 16 12
7. Fill up the blanks with '>' , or
(iii) 1 (ivj2 i
3016
1 (vi) I
3016
86
Mathematics for Class 6
8. Draw number
lines and locate the followingpoints:
(i) 12357
8'8'8'8'8

EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS
Look at the figures given
below.
1
2
2
4
3
6
4
8
Clearly, the shaded portions of these figures are equal.
1 '2 34

These fractions are called equivalent fractions.

Note that, —
1
2 2x2 2 x 3 2 x 4
same
It shows that multiplyingthe numeratorand the denominatorof afractton by the
nonzero number does not change the value of thefraction.
Similarly, dividing the numerator and the denominatorof afraction by the same nonzero
nurnber does not change the value of thefraction.
All such fractions are known as equivalent fractions.
EQUIVALENTFRACTIONS Two or morefractions representingthe same part ofa whole are
called equivalentfractions.
RULE To get afractton equivalent to a givenfraction, we multiply or divide the numerator and
the denominator of the givenfraction by the same nonzero number.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE
1. Wrttefourfracttons equivalent to each QTthefollowing.
3
4 at) ---
7
(lit) —s
11
Solution
3 3x2 3x3 3x5
4 4x3 4x4 4x5
3 6 9 12 15
4 8 12 16 20
6 9
are — 12
Hence, the four fractions equivalent to and15
5 5x2 5x3 5x4 5x5 12 16 20
7x2 7x4 7
 Frnct.iong 89

EXAMPLE 9. Reduce 21- to the form.

35
Solution Here, numerator 21 and
denominator = 35.
Factors of 21 are 1, 3, 7, 21
Factors of 35 are 1, 5, 7, 35.
Common factors of 21 and 35 are
1. 7.
HCFof 21 and 35 is 7.
21 21+7 3
35 35+7 - 5
Hence, the simplest form of 21 — 3
is
35 5

EXERCISE 5C
1. Write five fractions equivalent to each
of the following:
(i) (ii) 5 7
3 5 (iii) (iv)
8 10
3 6 7
(v) (vi) 5
7 11
(vii) (viii)
9 12
2. Which of the following are the pairs of equivalent fractions?
20
(i) —and (ii) —-and 15 (iii) ---and
16
40 21
14 9 33
(iv) —and (v) —and (vi)—eand —
63 24 22
3. Find the equivalent fraction of —having
(i) denominator 30 (ii) numerator 24
4. Find the equivalent fraction of having
(i) denominator 54 numerator 35
5. Find the equivalent fraction of having
11
(i) denominator 77 numerator 60
6. Find the equivalent fraction of — having numerator 4.
30
7. Find the equivalent fraction of 36 with
(i) numerator 9 (ii) denominator 4
56
8. Find the equivalent fraction of with
70
(i) numerator 4 (ii) denominator 10
9. Reduce each of the followingfractions into its simplest form:
9 48 84 150
(iii)
98 (iv)
15 60 60 90
10. Show that each of the following fractions is in the simplest form:
9 25 8 21
(i) (iv) ----
11 36 15 10
i i. by each of the following:
5 20
35
42 7_
45 9
56 7

LIKE AND UNLIKE FRACTIONS

LIKE FRACTIONS FYactions having the same denominatorare catted like fractions.
Thus, 245 • 8
---are all like fractions.

UNLIKE FRACTIONS Fractlons having d(fferentdenominatorsare called unlike fractions.

Thus. 1:35 7
—are all unlike fractions.

CONVERTING UNLIKE FRACTIONS INTOLIKE FRACTIONS

RULE Suppose some unlikefractions are given. Convert each one of them into an equivalent
fraction having a denominatorequal to the LCMOJall the denominators of the given
fractions.
EXAMPLE
1. Convert thefractions —into likefractions.
2'3'6 and
1 2, 4
Solution The given fractions are — and—
9
LCMof 2. 3, 6, 9 = (2 x 3 x 3) = 18.
So.we convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent 3 1, 3, 3.9
fraction with 18 as the denominator. 1. 1, 1.3
Thus, we have:
1 9 2 2x6 12
2 2*9-18' 3 - 3x6 18
5 5x3 = 15and -
6 6x3 18 9 - 18
9 12 15 8
Hence, the required like fractions are --— , and
18' 18 18 18

COMPARISON OF FRACTIONS
COMPARISON OF LIKE FRACTIONS
RULE 1 Among twofractions with the same denominator, the one wtth the greater numerator
is the greater of the two.
EXAMPLES (i) > (iii) >
11 11 10 10
 Frnctions
93
Clearly,
24 21 16
30 30 30 30
7 17 8
5 10 30 15
Hence. the given fractions in descending order 7 17 8
are
5' jo y30+5

EXERCISE 50
1. Define like and unlike fractions and give five examples of each.
11
2. Convert 5' 10 15 and into like fractions.
30
15 7 13
3. -Convert and into like fractionsv
4' 8' 12 24
4. Fill in the place holders with the correct symbol > or
7
(ii) (iii)
10 10
11 8 5 11 17
(iv) (vi)
15 15 11 11 20 20
5. Fill in the place holders with the correct symbol > or < :
7 4
(ii) — (iii)
8 10 11 9
8 5
(iv) — (vi) I-I
11
11 13 12 8 14 15
Compare the fractions given below:
4 5 7. 3 5 7 6
6.
5 7 8'
6
9. 5
9 2 4 6 3
10.
6 11 3' 9
3 5 5 7 4 5
12. 13. 14.
4 6 8' 12 6
4 7 7 9 11 13
15. 16.
5' 10 8' 10 17.
12 Y15
Arrange thefollowingfractions in ascending order:
18. 1
7 2 57 11
3 , 9 and— 19. —and —
8 18
20. 2 7 11 17
21. — 23
5' 10 159 30 4 , 8 16 and—
32
Arrange thefollowing fractions in descending order:
and 17
3 7 5 11 17
22. 5 23. , and
4' 8 12 24 9' 12 18 36
2 8 5 9 17 and 31
—and -— 25.
3 5 10 15 7' 14 21 42
26.
1 1
12' 23' 7' 9' 17' 50
1 1
27.
3 3333 a
7' 11' 5' 13' 4' 17
94 book. Who
MathematicgforClagg6 of the
5
28 Laitta read 30 pages while Sarita read
of containing 100 pages umc?
longer
read more? for a
Who
crctscd E).Which
294 Raliq exercised for --- hour. sed
hour. while Robit exercised for 30 pas
out of
30. In a school 20 students out of 25 passed in VI A. while 24
section gavebetter result?

ADDITION OF FRACTIONS
ADDITIONOF LIKE FRACTIONS
numerators)
RULE Sum of like fractions = (Sum of their
(Commondenominator)
EXAMPLE
1. Find the sum:

Solutton We have:
4 2 (4+2) ø2 2
9 93 ¯ 3
3 1 5 (3+1+5) 9 1
8

and then add.

RULE Change the given fractions into equivalent likefractions
EXAMPLE
2. Find the sum: 9 + —
12 3 9, 12
Solution LCMof 9 and 12 = (3 x 3 x 4) = 36.
8 5
32 and — 5x3 15
NOW, = —— 1
9 36 12 36 36
8 5 32 15 (32+15) 47 11 -36
9 12 - 36 36 36 36 36 11

Short Method
LCMof9 and 12 = (3 x 3 x 4) = 36. 3 9, 12
8 5 32+15 {136+9=4,4x 8=321and
9 12 36 [36+12 3, 151}
47 11
36 36

EXAMPLE3. the Stitn: —+

Solution LCMof6 and 8 = (2 x 3 x 4) = 24.

2 6.8
5 3 20+9 {(24+6- 4. 4 x 5 = 201and
24 124+ 8 = 3, 3 x 3 =
29 5
24 - 24
 by the porter

375 ei50$204 kg
20
729
20 kg 36 20 kg.
Hence, tho total weight carried by the porter is 36
kg

s-CXERCiSE 5E
find the sum:

20
12 16
15
8 12
10.
15 20
16
13. 14.
6 9 18 12
total cost of both the
. What is pe
16 Rohit bought a pencil for e 3 —and an eraser for e 2—
10
pyjamas. How much
articles?
cloth for her
17. Sohini bought 4 —m of cl th for her kurta and 2-- m of
cloth did purchaswin all?)
4 — km by rickshaw and I km
18. While coming back home from his school, Kishan covered
on foot. What i•he distance of his house from the school?s the
contains 14— kg of gas. What is
19. The weight of an empty gas cylinder is 16— kg and it
weight of the cylinder filled with gas?

SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
SUBTRACTION OF LIKE FRACTIONS
(DTerence oj their numerators)
RULE D!fference Q/ like fractions =
(Commondenominator)
EXAMPLE
1. Find the d!fference:
11 7
(t) (11)
12 12
 Fractions
99
d the difference; EXERCISE 5F

12 - 12

15 8 - 12
10. 12
10 15
7 5
s pi(fy: 12.10-6
2
3 14.
5
8 4 11 5
12
15 9
12 17. 2+5 14
10 15 18.8-3
19. 8 -3—+2
12 20. 6 -5—+3 1 2 7
21.
22. What should be added 15
to 9 to get 19?
23. What should be added
to 6-— to get 8 —?
15
24. Subtract the sum of 3 —-
and 3 —from the sum of 5 —eand 4
25. Of ---and —-. which is greater and
by how much?
26. Mrs Soni bought 7 litres of milk. Out
of this milk, 5 litres was consumed. Howmuch
milk is left with her?
27. A film show lasted for 3 ---hours. Out of this time, 1 hours was
spent on advertisements.
What was the actual duration of the film?
28. In one day, a rickshaw puller earned 137—•Out of this money, he spent 56—on food.
How much money is left with him?
29, A piece of wire. 2 metres long, broke into two pieces. One piece is —metre long. Howlong
is the other piece?
EXERCISE 5G
OBJECTIVE OUESTIONS
Mark against the correct answer in each of thefollowing:
i. A fraction equivalent to is
3+2 (c (d) none of these
5x2
2. A fraction equivalentto 12 is
8+4 (d) none of these
(a) 12-4 12+4
 nog
Fractions

TEST PAPER-5
Define a fraction. Give five examples of fractions,
2. What fraction of an hour is 35 minutes?
3. Find the equivalent fraction of 5/8 with denominator 56.
4. Represent 2—on the number line,
1
5. Find the sum 2— + I — + 3
10 15

6. The cost of a pen is 16—and that of a pencil is 4 1

6
Whichcosts more and by how much?
7. Of and which is greater and by how much?

8. Convert the fractions

124 and —-into like fractions.
239
9. Find the equivalent fraction of —having denominator 30.
84
10. Reduce -—-
98 to the simplest form.
B. ark (V) against the correct answer in each of thefollowing:

24
11. is an example of
11
(a) a proper fraction an improper fraction
(c) a mixed fraction (d) none of these
3
12. is an example of
8
( a pioper fraction (b) an improper fraction
(c) a mixed fraction (d) none of these

13, —and — on comparison give

12
3 5
(d) none of these
8 12 8 12
2 5 1
14. The largest of the fractions — and is
3 12
2 5 7 1
(b) 9 (d)
3 12 2
3 1
15.
4 2
1 1 1
2 2 4
16. Which of the followingare like fractions?
2345 2222 (d) none of these
3'4'5'6 8 98' 8' 8
104
Mnthemøticg for Clau 6

'21 21 16
21 21
(c)
C. 18. Fitlin the
blanks:
29
form is .
(ill) 7-5 72 reduced to simplest
90
42 7
54 = Cl
given below:
D. 19. Write'T'for true and 'F'forJalsefor each of the statements
1 33
3 10
g (b)8-1
—eand —are like fractions.

F '(d) -—
lies between 3 and 5.

T (e) Among —, 1134—the largest fraction is -—-

2343
 Simplification

13 5 5 1 1
4 4 2 2
13 5 1 5 3-2
4 4 (removing bar I
2 2 12
13 5 1 5 1
4 4 2 2 12
13 5 1 (30-1
4 4 2 V 12
13 5 1 29
4 4 2 12 tremoving parentheses J
13 5 29 13 30-29
4 4 24 4 24
13 1
4 24 [removing braces)
13 24
= 78 [removing square brackets).

EXERCISE 6A
Simplify:
1. 21-12+3 x 2 2. 16+8+4-2 x 3
3. 13 (12 3) 4. 19 [4+{16-
5. 36 - [18- {14- x
7. —of 5 + — x --— + — Of + I 1 1
5 10- 5 X1
94
1
9. 1
2 7 10 5 10
1 3 1 1 5 (2 3 41
12. 4
3 10 2 10-15)
2 3 1 1 1 1 1
3 14.
3 4 5 2 5
1 1 1 1 1
15
2 4 4 3 6

SQUARE ROOT
The square root Q/a given number is that number whose square is the given number,
The square root of 4 is denoted by the square root of 9 will be denoted by etc,
EXAMPLES (i) Since 2 x 2 = 4, we have = 2,
(ii) Since 3 x 3 9. we have 30
 Simplification

TESTPAPER$
A. Simpl(fy:

2. 16+8+4-2 x 3
3. 36-(18 - {14-(15 -4
B. Mark (e/) against the correct answer in each of thefollowing:
4. 15+5+5x2=?
17 (d) none of these
5.
5 (d) none of these
(a) 16 (b) 14 (c) 27
7
6. 54 + 3 of 6 +9 = ?
6 (d) none of these
(a) 117 (b) (c)
5