Kandahar University

Engineering faculty
Civil department
Steel Structure
Chapter Tow

Concepts in Structural
Steel Design

Lecturer: Eng. Esmatullah Masom

Date : 2023/1/9
Table Of Content
2.1 Design Philosophies
2.2 American Institute of Steel Construction Specification
2.3 Load Factors, resistance Factors, and Load Combinations for LRFD
2.4 Safety Factors and Load Combinations for ASD
2.5 Probabilistic Basis of Load and resistance Factors
2.6 Steel Construction Manual
2.7 Design Computations and Precision
Assignment

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2.1 Design Philosophies
•The fundamental requirement of structural design;
Required strength ≤ available strength
•Design methods:
1. Allowable strength design (ASD)
2. Plastic design method (PLD)
3. Load and resistance factor design (LRFD)

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2.1 Design Philosophies
1. Allowable strength design (ASD):
Required strength ≤ allowable strength (2.1)
𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
•Strength can be an axial force strength (tension or compression), a flexural
strength or shear strength.
•If stresses are used instead of forces and moments;
Maximum applied stress ≤ allowable stress (2.2)
•The allowable stress will be in the elastic range so design is called elastic
design or working stress design.

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2.1 Design Philosophies
2. Plastic design method (PLD):
•Plastic design criteria based on failure conditions.
•Failure means collapse or extremely large deformations.
•Failure conditions occurs when load is substantially higher than the working
load.
•This design procedure is roughly as follows:
1. Multiply the working loads (service loads) by the load factor to obtain the
failure loads.
2. Determine the cross-sectional properties needed to resist failure under
these loads.
3. Select the lightest cross-sectional shape that has these properties.
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2.1 Design Philosophies
3. Load and resistance factor design (LRFD):
Factored load ≤ factored strength
σ(𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 × 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠) ≤ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.

•The load factors are usually greater than unity.

•The resistance factor is usually less than unity.
•The factored loads are the loads that bring the structure or member to its limit.
•Limit state can be fracture, yielding, or buckling.

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2.2 American Institute Of Steel Construction
Specification
•Allowable stress design primary method used for structural steel buildings
since the first AISC Specification was issued in 1923.
•Although plastic design was made part of the Specification in 1963.
•In 1986, AISC issued the first specification for load and resistance factor
design along with a companion Manual of Steel Construction.
•The current specification (AISC, 2016) incorporates both LRFD and ASD.
•The Specification incorporates both U.S. customary and metric (SI) units.
•Textbook uses only U.S. customary units.

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2.3 Load Factors, Resistance Factors, And Load
Combinations For LRFD
෍ 𝛾𝑖 𝑄𝑖 ≤ ϕ𝑅𝑛

𝑄𝑖 = a load effect (a force or a moment)

𝛾𝑖 = a load factor
𝑅𝑛 = the nominal resistance, or strength
ϕ = resistance factor
•The factored resistanceϕ𝑅𝑛 is called the design strength.
𝑅𝑢 ≤ ϕ𝑅𝑛
𝑅𝑢 = required strength = sum of factored load effects (forces or moments)
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2.3 Load Factors, Resistance Factors, And Load
Combinations For LRFD
•Load combination for LRFD method based on ASCE 7-16.
✓Combination 1: 1.4𝐷
✓Combination 2: 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)
✓Combination 3: 1.2𝐷 + 1.6 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 + (0.5𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊)
✓Combination 4: 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)
✓Combination 5: 0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝑊
D = dead load L = live load due to occupancy Lr = roof live load
S = snow load R = rain or ice load W = wind load

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2.3 Load Factors, Resistance Factors, And Load
Combinations For LRFD
•The resistance factor ϕ for each type of resistance is given by AISC.
•In most cases, one of two values will be used;
✓0.90 for limit states involving yielding or compression buckling.
✓0.75 for limit states involving rupture (fracture).

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2.4 Safety Factors And Load Combinations For
ASD
•Allowable strength design, the relationship between loads and strength;
𝑅𝑛
𝑅𝑎 ≤
Ω
𝑅𝑎 = required strength
𝑅𝑛 = nominal strength (same as for LRFD)
Ω = safety factor
𝑅𝑛
ൗΩ = allowable strength
•The required strength 𝑅𝑎 is the sum of the service loads or load effects.

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2.4 Safety Factors And Load Combinations For
ASD
•Load combinations for ASD method based on ASCE 7-16:
✓Combination 1: 𝐷
✓Combination 2: 𝐷 + 𝐿
✓Combination 3: 𝐷 + (𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)
✓Combination 4: 𝐷 + 0.75𝐿 + 0.75(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)
✓Combination 5: 𝐷 + 0.6𝑊
✓Combination 6: 𝐷 + 0.75𝐿 + 0.75 0.6𝑊 + 0.75(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)
✓Combination 7: 0.6𝐷 + 0.6𝑊

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2.4 Safety Factors And Load Combinations For
ASD
•In most cases, the two safety factor values will be used in ASD.
✓For limit states involving yielding or compression buckling, Ω =1.67.
✓For limit states involving rupture, Ω = 2.00.
•The relationship between resistance factors and safety factors is given by;

1.5
Ω=
ϕ

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Example 2.1
•A column (compression member) in the upper story of a building is subject to
the following loads:
✓Dead load: 109 kips compression
✓Floor live load: 46 kips compression
✓Roof live load: 19 kips compression
✓Snow: 20 kips compression
a) Determine the controlling load combination for LRFD and the corresponding
factored load?
b) If the resistance factor ϕ is 0.90 what is the required nominal strength?

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Example 2.1
✓Combination 1: 1.4𝐷 = 1.4 109 = 152.6 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
✓Combination 2: 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 + 0.5 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 = 1.2 109 + 1.6 46 +
0.5 20 = 214.4 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
✓Combination 3: 1.2𝐷 + 1.6 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 + 0.5𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊 = 1.2 109 +
1.6 20 + 0.5 46 = 185.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
✓Combination 4: It produces a smaller result than combination 3.
•Answer: Combination 2 controls, and the factored load is 214.4 kips.
𝑅𝑢 ≤ ϕ𝑅𝑛
214.4 ≤ 0.9𝑅𝑛
𝑅𝑛 ≥ 238 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Answer: The required nominal strength is 238 kips.
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Example 2.1
c) Determine the controlling load combination for ASD and the corresponding
required service load strength?
d) If the safety factor Ω is 1.67, what is the required nominal strength based
on the required service load strength?
✓Combination 1: 𝐷 = 109 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.
✓Combination 2: 𝐷 + 𝐿 = 109 + 46 = 155 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.
✓Combination 3: 𝐷 + 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 = 109 + 20 = 129 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.
✓Combination 4: 𝐷 + 0.75𝐿 + 0.75 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 = 109 + 0.75 46 +
0.75 20 = 158.5 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.
•Answer: Combination 4 controls, and the required service load strength is
158.5 kips.
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Example 2.1
•From the ASD relationship;
𝑅𝑛
𝑅𝑎 ≤
Ω
𝑅𝑛
158.5 ≤
1.67
𝑅𝑛 ≥ 265 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Answer: The required nominal strength is 265 kips.

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2.6 Steel Construction Manual
•The first nine editions of the Manual were based on ASD.
•The 10th, 11th, 12th editions were LRFD-based manuals.
•The 13th edition of the manual were based both ASD and LRFD method.
•The current version, the fifteenth edition, also covers both ASD and LRFD.
•This textbook was written under the assumption that you would have access to
the Manual at all times.

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2.6 Steel Construction Manual
•The Manual is divided into 17 parts as follows:
✓Part 1. Dimensions and Properties.
✓Part 2. General Design Considerations.
✓Part 3. Design of Flexural Members.
✓Part 4. Design of Compression Members.
✓Part 5. Design of Tension Members.
✓Part 6. Design of Members Subject to Combined Forces.( Beam- column)

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2.6 Steel Construction Manual
•Parts 7 through 15 cover connections:
✓Part 7. Design Considerations for Bolts.
✓Part 8. Design Considerations for Welds.
✓Part 9. Design of Connecting Elements.
✓Part 10. Design of Simple Shear Connections.
✓Part 11. Design of Partially Restrained Moment Connections.
✓Part 12. Design of Fully Restrained Moment Connections.
✓Part 13. Design of Bracing Connections and Truss Connections.

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2.6 Steel Construction Manual
✓Part 15. Design of Hanger Connections, Bracket Plates, and Crane–Rail
Connections.
✓Part 16. Specifications and Codes
✓Part 17. Miscellaneous Data
and Mathematical Information.

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Assignment
Read the following book sections.
✓2.5 Probabilistic Basis of Load and resistance Factors
✓2.7 Design Computations and Precision

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