Heat Transfer lab Manual

Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials science
Contents:

S. No Name of the Experiment Page no Marks

1 Natural convection

2 Forced Convection

3 Heat conduction through composite slab

4 Pin-Fin apparatus

5 Single Effect Evaporator

6 Jacketed kettle

7 Test on Heat Exchanger

8
 NATURAL CONVECTION
Exp. No:
Date:

Aim :
To find that transfer coefficient of air by natural convection.

Apparatus required:
Natural convection apparatus.

Theory:
Convection is the phenomena of heat transfer in which heat is transferred from high
temperature to low temperature with actual movement of molecules.

Natural convection:
Heat is transferred to a solid surface to flowing fluid is called natural convection. Motion
of the fluid is caused by density difference produced by temperature gradient. Heat
exchange in such a situation is known as free or natural convection.

Nusselt number:
It is defined as the ratio of temperature gradients by conduction and convection at the
surface.
Nu = (h*l)/k
Where,
h= heat transfer coefficient of air in w/m2 k
l= length of rod in metre
k=thermal conductivity of air in w/m k

Grashof number:
Gr = (buoyancy force * inertia force)/(viscous force * viscous force)
Gr = (g*β*ΔT*l3 )/ 2
Where,
β = coefficient of volume expansion of air
β = 1/(Tf +273) where Tf is film temperature
Tf = (Tavg + Ta)/2
Tavg= average temperature of heating surface
Ta = temperature of air

Prandtl number:
It is defined as the ratio of molecular diffusivity of momentum to molecular diffusivity of
heat.
 Pr = (kinematic viscosity)/(thermal diffusivity)
Pr = (µ*Cp)/k
Where,
µ = dynamic viscosity of fluid
Cp = specific heat of the fluid
k = thermal conductivity of the fluid

Description of apparatus:
It consists of a vertical duct is fitted with a heated vertical rod. Around this rod air gets
heated and becomes less dense causing it to rise. This in turn gives rise to a continuous
flow of air upward in the duct.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the apparatus and set the current value to be constant.
2. Allow the heating rod to obtain steady state condition.
3. Note down the voltage and current
4. Note down the difference temperature on the heated rod.
5. Repeat the above procedure for different current settings.
Schematic diagram:
Tabulation:

S.No. Temperature oC Inlet Outlet Voltage Current

temp temp V I
of air of air
T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 T5

Calculations:
Inlet temperature of air (T6) =
Outlet temperature of air (T5) =
Average temperature of heating surface (Tavg) = (T1 +T2+T3+T4)/4

Heat input into the system (Q) = h*A*LMTD = v*I

h= heat transfer coefficient in w/m2 k
A= surface area = πDL
D = diameter of rod = 20mm
L = length of the rod = 500 mm

LMTD = ( Tavg- T5) – (Tavg- T6)/ln((Tavg-T5)/(Tavg – T6))

Film temperature (Tf) = (Tavg +T6)/2

From heat transfer data book note the properties of air at film temperature,

β = 1/(Tf + 273)
Prandtl number (Pr) = Cp *µ /k

Kinematic viscosity () = absolute viscosity/ density

dT = (Tavg –T6) =

Gr = g * β * dT * L3 /2

Nu = 0.53(Pr * Gr)0.25

Result:
Theoretical value of heat transfer coefficient h =
Experimental value of the heat transfer coefficient h =
 FORCED CONVECTION

Exp. No:
Date:

Aim:
To find the heat transfer coefficient of air by forced convection.
Apparatus required:
Forced convection apparatus
Theory:
Convection:
Convection is the phenomena of heat transfer in which heat is transferred from
high temperature region with the actual movement of molecules.
Forced convection:
Heat transferred from a solid surface to flowing fluid is called convection. Motion
of fluid may be caused by some external agency such as pump or a blower. Heat
exchange in such a situation is called forced convection.
Reynolds no.:
It is defined as the ratio of inertial force to viscous force.
Re = (inertial force /viscous force) = (V*D)/
Where, V= velocity of fluid in m2/s
D= diameter the pipe in m
= kinematic viscosity of fluid m2/s
Nusselt no:
It is defined as the ratio of temperature gradients by conduction and convection at
the surface.
Nu = (h*L)/k
Where, h= heat transfer coefficient of air in W/m2 *k
L= length of rod in m
K= thermal conductivity of air W/m*k
Tabulation:

S.No Inlet heating Outlet Manometer Voltage current

temp of temperature(oC) temp of readings(mm) V I
air (oC) air(oC)

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 h1 h2
Prandtl no:
It is defined as the ratio of molecular diffusivity of momentum to molecular
diffusivity of heat.
Pr = kinematic viscosity /thermal viscosity
Thermal diffusivity = k/ (*Cp)
Pr = (*Cp)/ k
Where,  = dynamic viscosity of the fluid
Cp =specific heat of the fluid
k = thermal conductivity of the fluid

Description of apparatus:
It consists of a 4 cm inside diameter tube through which air is circulated by
blower. The test section n consists of a 50cm long electrical surface heater on the tube,
which serves as a constant heat flux source on the flowing medium. The inlet and outlet
temperatures of the flowing air T1 and T5 are measured by thermo couples and also the
temperatures at several locations from which average temperature can be obtained. An
orifice meter of 2cm diameter in the tube is used to measure the airflow rate.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the apparatus and set the current value to be constant.
2. Allow the heating coil surface to attain the steady state condition.
3. Note down the voltage and current.
4. Note down the manometer readings.
5. Note down the different temperatures on the heating coil surface.
6. Repeat the above procedure for different current settings.
Schematic diagram:
Calculation:
Inlet temperature of air (T1) = C
Outlet temperature of air (T6) = C
Average temperature of heating surface,
Tavg = (T2+T3+T4+T5)/4 = = C

Heat input into the system (Q) = h*A*LMTD = m*Cp*(T6- T1)

Where,
LMTD = logarithmic mean temperature
= (Tavg- T6) – (Tavg- T1)/ln [(Tavg- T6)/ (Tavg- T1)] =
= C
h = heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 K
A = surface area of heat transfer = *D*L = = m2

D = diameter of pipe = mm
L = length of heater coil = mm
m = mass flow rate of air = kg/s
Cp= specific heat of air = J/kg K

h = Q/(A*LMTD) = m*Cp*(T6- T1) /(A*LMTD) =

= W/m2 K
Theoretical calculation:
Film temperature (Tf) = (T1+T6)/2 = = C
From heat transfer data book properties of air at film temperature,
Prandtl number (Pr) =
Kinematic viscosity () =
Thermal conductivity (k) =
Velocity of air:
Difference in manometer reading= hw of water = cm
ha = (hw* w)/ a = = cm
Where, ha =air flow head
w = density of water = 1000 kg/m3
a = density of air= 1.27 kg/m3
Q= (Cd *a1*a2*2*g*ha)/ (a12 – a22) =
= m3/s
Where, Q= discharge of air in m3/s
Cd = coefficient of discharge for orifice = 0.6
a1 = area of pipe = m2
a2 = area of orifice = m2
Velocity of air (V) = Q/A= = m/s
2 2
Where, A= area of pipe = (π*D )/4 = m
D = diameter of pipe = 40mm
Reynolds no (Re) = (V*D)/ =
Nusselt’s no (Nu) = (h*L)/k=
h= Nu* k / L = =
Result:
The heat transfer coefficient,
(i) Experimental value= W/m2 K
(ii) Theoretical value= W/m2 K
 HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE SLAB

Exp. No:
Date:

Aim:
To find the thermal conductivities of individual slab materials

Apparatus required:
Composite wall apparatus

Theory:

Conduction:
Conduction is the phenomena of heat transfer in which heat is transfer from
high temperature region to low temperature region without the actual movement of
molecules.
Fourier’s law: It states that heat transfer per unit area is proportional to the normal
temperature gradient.
(q/A) α (dT/dx)

q =-k*A*(dT/dx)

q=k*A*(T1 –T2)/L

Where, heat transfer rate=q (in W)

cross sectional area =A (in m2)
thickness of slab =L (in m)

Procedure:

1. Switch on the apparatus and set the current value to be constant

2. Allow the heater to attain steady state condition.
3. Note down the voltage and current.
4. Note down the temperature with the help of multipoint digital temperature
indicator.
5. Repeat the above procedure for different current settings
Schematic diagram:
Tabulation:

S.No Temperature (oC) Voltage Current

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 V I

Calculation:

Heat flow in one direction = q=(V*I)/2

=
Heater temperature =Ts=(T4+T5)/2

Asbestos temperature = Tas =(T3+T6)/2

Wood temperature, Twood= (T2+T7)/2

 =

Hylam Temperature, Thylum=(T1+T8)/2

=
q=(T1-Tasb)/(L1/k1A) = (Tasb-TWood )/(L2/k2A)= (Twood-Thylam)/(L3/k3A)

where
Thickness of asbestos=L1=6mm
Thickness of wood =L2=18mm
Thickness of hylam =L3=10mm
Diameter of the plate = 300 mm

Thermal conductivity of asbestos,

k1= (q*L1)/(A*(Ts-Tasb))

Thermal conductivity of wood,

K2=(q*L2)/(A*(Tasb-Twood))

Thermal conductivity of hylam,

K3=(q*L3)/(A*(Twood-Thylam))
Result:

Thermal conductivity of asbestos =

Thermal conductivity of wood =
Thermal conductivity of hylam =
 TEST ON PIN-FIN APPARATUS

Exp. No:
Date:

Aim:
To determine the temperature distribution of a pin-fin for forced convection and to
determine the fin efficiency.

Apparatus required:
Pin-fin apparatus

Theory:
A pin-fin having the shape of rod whose base is attached to a wall at a surface
temperature, the fin is cooled along the axis by an air at temperature. The fin has a
uniform cross-sectional area is made of material having a uniform thermal conductivity
and the average heat transfer coefficient between the surface to the fluid.

Fin efficiency (ηf):

It is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer by the fin to the heat which would be
transferred if entire fin area were at base temperature.

tanh mL
ηf = mL

where m=
√ h∗p
A∗k b

h- heat transfer coefficient of air

p- perimeter =πd
d-diameter of fin
A- Cross-sectional area of fin= πd2/4
Kb- Therml conductivity of brass rod
L- length of the fin

Description of apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a pin-fin placed inside an open duct, the other end of the duct is
connected to the suction side of a blower, and the delivery side of the blower is taken up
through a gate valve and an orificemeter to the atmosphere. The air flow rate can be
varied by the gate valve and can be measured on the u- tube manometer connected to the
orificemeter.
A heater is connected to one end of the pin and six thermocouples are connected by equal
distance all along the length of the pin and the seventh thermocouple is left in the duct.
The panel of the apparatus consists of voltameter,ammeter and digital temperature
indicator, electronic energy regulator is to control the power input to the heater.
Procedure:
1) Switch on the unit and keep the thermocouple selector switch in first position.
2) Turn the regulator knob clockwise and set the power to the heater to any desired
value by looking at the voltmeter and ammeter.
3) Switch on the blower and allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
4) Note down the voltage and current.
5) Note down the temperatures indicated by temperature indicator.
6) Repeat the above procedures for different current settings.
Tabulation:

S.No Manometer Fin surface temperatures Ambient Voltage Current

readings temperatur
e
H1 H2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 V I

Calculation:

Manometer head in terms of water (hw) =

Head of air(ha)= (ρw* hw)/ ρa

w = density of water = 1000 kg/m3

a = density of air= 1.27 kg/m3
Q= (Cd *a1*a2*2*g*ha)/ (a12 – a22) =
= m3/s
Where, Q= discharge of air in m3/s
Cd = coefficient of discharge for orifice = 0.6
a1 = area of pipe =( π*d12)/4 = m2
a2 = area of orifice = ( π*d22)/4 = m2
D = diameter of pipe(d1) = 40mm
Diameter of orifice(d2) = 20 mm
Velocity of air in the duct(V) = Q/(W*B)= = m/s
Where, W= width of the duct = 100 mm
B-breadth of the duct = 145 mm
Film temperature Tf = (Tavg + T7)/2
Properties of air at film temperature from heat transfer data book:
Prandtl number (Pr) =
Kinematic viscosity() =
Thermal conductivity (k) =
Reynolds no (Re) = (V*D)/ =

Use appropriate equation from heat transfer data book for finding the Nusselt number
(Nu)
Nusselt’s no (Nu) = (h*L)/k=
h= Nu* k / L = =

tanh mL
Fin efficiency (ηf) =
mL

where m=
√ h∗p
A∗k b

h- heat transfer coefficient of air

p- perimeter =πd
d-diameter of fin=12 mm
A- Cross-sectional area of fin= πd2/4
Kb- Therml conductivity of brass rod = 109 W/m K
L- length of the fin= 140 mm

Temperature distribution:
coshm(L−x )
¿¿ =
coshmL

Where x- distance between thermocouple and heater surface

Result:
1) Fin efficiency=
 SINGLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR
Exp. No:
Date:

Aim:

To find the overall heat transfer coefficient and economy of a single effect evaporator.

Apparatus required:
The experimental setup consists of a feed tank through which solution to be concentrated
is fed to the evaporator. A rotameter is used to measure feed flow rate . The flow rate can
be adjusted by operating the needle valve provided on the rotameter.
The evaporator is a vertical, vapor heated tube. Steam from the boiler is supplied on the
annular side of the evaporator. The vapors from the evaporator is condensed using a shell
and tube condenser.

Specifications:
Area of heat transfer : 0.5 m2
Outer pipe :
Inner diameter : 160 x 10-3 m
Outer diameter : 168 x 10-3 m
Inner pipe :
Inner diameter : 19 x 10-3 m
Outer diameter : 17.58 x 10-3 m
Length of tube : 800 x 10-3 m

Theory:
The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a non-volatile
solute and a volatile solvent in water. Evaporation is done by vaporizing a portion of
solvent to provide a concentrated solution which is the thick liquor. Evaporation is
carried out by supplying heat to a solution to vaporize solvent. Common heating medium
is low pressure steam.
Let λs be the latent heat of condensation of steam at saturation temperature and assume
that only latent heat of condensation is used. Then the rate of heat transfer through
heating surface from the steam is
Qs = ṁs λs= ṁs[Hs-Hc] (1)
Where ṁs is the mass flow rate of steam to the evaporator in kg/hr
Hs- specific enthalpy of the steam
Hc- specific enthalpy of condensate

Heat associated with thick liquor

ṁf Hf + ṁs λs = ṁvHv+ ṁlHl (2)
ṁf = ṁv + ṁl (3)
substitute eqn (3) in eqn(4)
ṁf Hf + ṁs λs = ( ṁf - ṁl )Hv+ ṁlHl (4)

ṁs λs=( ṁf - ṁl )Hv+ ṁlHl - ṁf Hf (5)

where Hf, Hv and Hl are the enthalpy of feed,vapour and thick liquor respectively.In the
absence of heat losses, heat transferred from the steam is fully transferred to solution.

Area of heat transfer of an evaporator is calculated as

Q= Qs = ṁs λs = UAΔT

Where ΔT is the temperature driving force

A is the area of heat transfer
ΔT = Ts – T where Ts is the condensing steam temperature; and T is the boiling point of
solution.

A water supply tank with circulation pump is provided for directing cooling water to the
condenser. Cooling water flow rate can be measured by adjusting the needle valve
provided in the rotameter. Condensate is collected in the tank provided. Reducing the
boiling temperature of liquid increases the temperature difference between the steam and
the boiling liquid and this increases the heat transfer rate in the evaporator. When a single
effect evaporator is used the overhead vapors are just condensed and discarded. And so
for a single effect evaporator economy is always less than one. Generally for the
evaporation of 1 Kg of water 1 to 1.3 Kg of steam is required. The method of increasing
the evaporation per kg of steam by employing series of evaporators between the steam
supply and the condenser is known as multiple effect evaporator. It is the one way to
increase the economy of an evaporator system.

Notations used in the evaporator system:

T1- Steam inlet temperature to the evaporator
T2- Steam condensate outlet temperature
T3-Feed inlet temperature to the evaporator
T4- Vapour temperature at the overhead of the evaporator
T5- Vapour temperature at the outlet of condenser
T6 - Cooling water inlet temperature for the condenser
T7 - Cooling water outlet temperature for the condenser
T8 – Steam temperature in evaporator at 450 mm
T9- Steam temperature in evaporator at 825 mm
T10- Steam temperature in evaporator at 1200 mm

Valve details
V1- Water inlet valve to steam generator
V2- Steam inlet valve to evaporator
V3- Feed inlet valve
V4- Condenser cooling water inlet valve

Procedure:
1. Feed solution is fed to the evaporator up to the predetermined level.
2. Start the steam supply to the evaporator
3. As the evaporation proceeds the feed solution is fed to the system continuously at
a rate sufficient to maintain the desired level in the evaporator.
4. The evaporation is carried out till steady state is attained and readings are noted.
Tabulation:
Steam Feed Temperature(oC)
pressure flow T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
2
(Kg/cm ) Rate(hr-
1)
Calculation:
Amount of condensate collected from the condenser wc = Kg
Time taken for the condensate collection from the condenser tc = sec
Amount of steam condensate collected = Kg
Time taken for collection of steam condensate = sec
Steam inlet temperature to the evaporator, T1 = K
At T1, latent heat of steam λs = kJ/kg
Amount of steam supplied,ws = weight of steam condensate collected = kg
Time required for collecting the steam condensate,ts = sec
Area of heat transfer in evaporator = m2
The rate of heat transfer through heating surface from the steam Q = Qs = ws λs/ts

= kJ/sec

( T 1−T 4 )−(T 2−T 3)

ΔT = = K
ln ⁡¿ ¿

Overall heat transfer coefficient U = Q/ (A* ΔT)

= W/m2 K

Vapour flow rate = wc/tc

= kg/sec

w c /t c
Economy = Amount of water evaporated/kg of steam fed =
w s /ts

Result:
(1) Overall heat transfer coefficient –
(2) Economy =
 JACKETED KETTLE
Exp. No:
Date:

Aim:

To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency for heating and
boiling period of a jacketed kettle.

Theory:
Evaporation of liquids on small scale are usually done in Jacketed kettle. The Jacket
provides a better overall coefficient but the heat transfer area is reduced. Jacketed kettle
are usually lagged to minimize the heat losses. A condensate outlet at the bottom and vent
for non-condensate gases at the top are provided. Steam pressure may be varied by
adjusting the inlet valve. In the heating period, the temperature of the liquid increases
with the time and the heat transfer takes place under unsteady conditions. Under boiling
conditions heat transfer coefficient is higher due to decrease in film resistance. The
temperature difference between liquid and vapour are moderated and so efficient boiling
may take place.

Formula used:
1) Heat gained by water = ṁ Cp ΔT

Where ṁ - mass flow rate

2) Heat loss by steam = ws λs

ws is the weight of steam condensed per condensate colleting time.

λs is the latent heat of condensation of steam at steam pressure.
ṁC p ΔT
3) Thermal efficiency η = * 100
Wc λs

Where ṁ is mass flow rate (mass of water per heating time)

Cp=4.184 kJ/kgºC

( ṁC p ΔT )
4) Heat transfer coefficient during heating U =
A (ΔT )lm

where A - πDihi
hi- initial height of water
 ( E λ atm )
5) Heat transfer coefficient during boiling U =
ΔT t b Am

Where ΔT = Ts-Tf Ts is the steam temperature and Tf is the final temperature of water
in the jacketed vessel(boiling temperature).

Am= πDi(hi + ht)

Where tb is the time for boiling

E is the weight of water evaporated
U is the heat transfer coefficient during boiling

( E λatm )
Thermal efficiency η = * 100
ws λs

λatm – latent heat of steam at atmospheric pressure

ws- weight of steam condensed in kg
λatm ws - latent heat of steam pressure

Thermocouple location:
T1- steam inlet temperature to jacketed kettle
T2- stem condensate temperature
T3,T4, T5 – liquid temperature in jacketed kettle

Valve details:
V1- steam inlet valve to jacketed kettle
V2- drain valve in jacketed kettle

Procedure:
1) The equipment surface is cleaned.
2) Ten litres of water is taken and poured into the jacketed kettle.
3) The initial temperature of water is noted.
4) The steam is allowed in and the pressure is adjusted to psi.
5) The clock is immediately started and simultaneously a bucket of known weight is
kept under condensate outlet.
6) The temperature of water is measured at various time intervals when temperature
reaches steady state, time is noted and the condensate is collected for the specific
time under boiling conditions and the weight is noted.
7) The steam is then shut off and the same procedure is repeated for each various
pressure.
Tabulation:
For heating:

Steam Steam Condensate Temperature (oC) Mean

pressure inlet temperatur Temperature
temperature e T3 T4 T5
T1(oC) T2(oC)

For boiling:

Steam Steam Condensate Temperature (oC) Mean

pressure inlet temperatur Temperature
temperature e T3 T4 T5
T1(oC) T2(oC)
Calculation(For heating):
Litres of eater taken in vessel=
Mass of water taken in vessel ws=
Heating time th =
Mass flow rate ṁ = ws/ th
Height of water in the kettle hi =
Area A - πDihi
Inlet diameter of the jacketed kettle = 330 mm
Change in water temperature during heating ΔT = Tmean,final- Tmean, initial

( T s −T i ) −( T s −T F )
ΔT lm=

( )
T s −T i
ln
T s −T F

Where Ti and Tf are the initial and final mean liquid temperature in the jacketed
vessel.

( ṁC p ΔT )
Overall heat transfer coefficient U = W/m2 oC
A (ΔT )lm

Weight of condensate collected during heating wc = ml

= kg
Latent heat of steam at steam pressure λs = kJ/kg
mC p ΔT
Thermal efficiency η = * 100
wc λs

Calculations (For boiling):

πD
i2
∗( hinitial −h final )∗1000
Weight of water evaporated,E=A*(hinitial-hfinal)*ρ= 4
= kg
Time required for boiling tb=-----------------------sec
 πD i ( hinitial +hfinal )
=
Mean heat transfer area for boiling, Am= 2 m2
Latent heat of steam at 1atm and at mean liquid temp,λatm = kJ/kg
(From data table)
Weight of condensate collected during boiling wcb = ml
= kg
Eλatm

Heat transfer coefficient during boiling= t b A m ( T s −T b )

Ts –Steam temperature
T 3 +T 4 +T 5
Mean boiling temperature; Tb = 3
Eλatm
∗100
Thermal efficiency= w s λ s

Result:
1) The thermal efficiency for jacketed kettle,
 During boiling =
 During heating =

2) Heat transfer coefficient,

 During heating =
 During boiling =
 TEST ON HEAT EXCHANGER
Exp. No:
Date:

Aim:
To find the effectiveness of the heat exchanger in parallel flow and counter flow.

Apparatus required:
Heat exchanger apparatus, stop watch and measuring flask.

Theory:
Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another.
Parallel flow heat exchanger in which both fluids are flowing in the same direction.
Counter flow heat exchanger in which both fluids are flowing in the opposite direction.
Effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum possible heat
transfer

Description of apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid i.e. hot water is
obtained from an electric geyser and it flows through the inner tube. The cold fluid is
cold water that can be admitted at any one of the ends enabling the heat exchanger to run
as a parallel flow apparatus or a counter flow apparatus. This can be done by operating
the different valves provided. Temperatures of the fluid can be measured using
thermometers. Flow rates can be measured using stop clock and measuring flask. The
outer tube is provided with adequate rope insulation to minimize the heat loss to the
surroundings.

Procedure:
Keep the thermometers in position. Start the flow on hot water side and cold water side.
Put on the electric geyser. Adjust the flow rate on water side and keep the flow rate till it
reaches the steady state condition. Note down the temperatures and measured the flow
rate.The experiment can be repeated for different flow rates as well as for counter flow
and parallel flow heat exchanger. The readings may be tabulated as follows.
Schematic representation:
Tabulation:

Parallel flow:

S.No Time Time

taken taken
for l for l T1 T2 T3 T4
litre litre Thi Tho Tco Tci Effectiveness
flow of flow of ϵ
hot cold
water water

Counter flow:

S.No Time Time

taken taken
for l for l T1 T3 T2 T4
litre litre Tho Thi Tci Tco ϵ
flow of flow of
hot cold
water water
Calculation:
Parallel flow:
Mass flow rate of hot water(mh) = (ρ*V)/t

Mass flow rate of cold water(mc) = (ρ*V)/t

If mh Ch < mc Cc
where Ch – Specific heat of hot fluid
Cc– Specific heat of cold fluid

T h 1−¿ T
Effectiveness (ϵ ) =
h2
¿
T h 1−¿T ¿
c1

If mc Cc < mh Ch

T c 2−¿ T
Effectiveness (ϵ ) =
c1
¿
T h 1−¿T ¿
c1

Counter flow:
If mh Ch < mc Cc
T h 1−¿ T
Effectiveness (ϵ ) =
h2
¿
T h 1−¿T ¿
c1

If mc Cc < mh Ch

T c 2−¿ T
Effectiveness (ϵ ) =
c1
¿
T h 1−¿T ¿
c1
Result:
Effectiveness
(a) for parallel flow
(b) for counter flow
BOILING AND CONDENSATION PHENOMENA
AIM:
To determine:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient ‘u’.
2. Steam side heat transfer coefficient ‘hs’.
3. Cold fluid heat transfer coefficient ‘hf’.

THEORY:
A fluid may exist as vapour, gas or liquid. The changes from liquid to vapour is called
vaporization. The change of phase from vapour to liquid is called condensation. The
quantities of heat involved in vaporization or condensation of one kg of fluid are
identical.
Condensation occurs at very different rates of heat transfer by either of two phenomenon
1. Dropwise
2. Filmwise

The condensate liquid has a coefficient which is influenced by the texture of surface on
which condensation occurs, also on whether the surface is horizontal or vertical.
The basic condition for rate of heat transfer is film type condensation, first derived by
Nusselt. The Nusselt’s experiment is based on the assumption that the vapour and liquid
at the outside boundary of the liquid layer are in thermodynamic equilibrium, so that the
only resistance to the flow of heat is offered by layer of condensate flowing downward in
laminar flow under the action of gravity.
It is also assumed that the velocity of liquid at the wall is zero, the temperature of wall
and vapour are constant. Superheat in the vapour is neglected. The condensate is assumed
to leave the tube at the condensing temperature and physical properties of the liquid are
taken at the mean film temperature T0.
In film type condensation the Nusselt theory shows that the condensate film starts to form
the top of the tube and that the thickness of film increases rapidly from the top of the tube
and then more rapidly in the remaining length. The local heat transfer h x is given by
ℎ𝑥= 𝑓
k
δ
Where,
δ= local film thickness
The average coefficient for the entire tube is given by

1 1 1
And the dirt coefficient is given by the equation
hd
= 1u - h - h
i s
Where,
hd = dirt coefficient
u= overall heat transfer coefficient
hi =cold fluid heat transfer coefficient
hs= steam side heat transfer coefficient

SPECIFICATIONS:
Outer pipe:
1. Inner diameter = 79 mm
2. Outer diameter = 90 mm

Inner pipe:
1. Inner diameter, di = 16 mm
2. Outer diameter, do = 19 mm
3. Length of tube, L = 180 mm

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR FILMWISE CONDENSATION:

1. Steam is passed at pressure P1 and cold water at W1 to film wise condenser tube.
2. The vents are opened for 2 minutes and then closed.
3. The inlet and outlet temperatures of cold water is noted. (For Filmwise condenser)
4. The condensate rate is measured along with its temperature.
5. Experiment is repeated for different flow rates of cold water at given temperature.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DROPWISE CONDENSATION:

1. Steam is passed at pressure P1 and cold water at W1 to film wise condenser tube.
2. The vents are opened for 2 minutes and then closed.
3. The inlet and outlet temperatures of cold water are noted. (For dropwise condenser)
4. The condensate rate is measured along with its temperature.
5. Experiment is repeated for different flow rates of cold water at given temperature.
ALMECH DROPWISE FILMWISE CONDENSATION THERMOCOUPLE
LOCATION:

T1 - Surface temperature of Filmwise condensate plate

T2 - Surface temperature of Dropwise condensate plate
T3 - Steam condensate temperature
T4 - Cooling water inlet temperature
T0 - Cooling water outlet temperature

VALVE DETAILS
VALVE NO VALVE DETAILS
V1 - Steam inlet valve
V2 - Steam Control Valve
V3 - Drain/bypass valve
V4 - condensate collecting valve
V5 - Cooling water inlet valve for film wise condensate
V6 - Cooling water inlet valve for drop wise condensate

Schematic of Dropwise and Filmwise condensation Experimental setup

TABULATION:
S.N Steam Cooling water Condensa Steam Volume of Time(
o pressu Flow Inlet Outl te Condensa condensate( s)
re rate(lp temp et Tube te m3)
Pg m) T4(oC temp surface TempT3
2
kg/cm ) To temp (oC)
(oC) T1(oC)

Film wise condensation

Drop wise condensation

S.N Steam Cooling water Condensa Steam Volume of Time(

o pressu Flow Inlet Outl te Condensa condensate( s)
re rate(lp temp et Tube te m3)
Pg m) T4(oC temp surface TempT3
kg/cm2 ) To temp (oC)
(oC) T1(oC)
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Steam pressure (gauge) Pg =
Steam pressure (absolute) Pa =
From steam tables
At Pa, temp of steam Ts =
Latent heat of steam λ =
Mass flow rate of cooling water mc = lpm
= kg/s

Volume of condensate
condesate flow rate mf =
time of collection

= kg/s
Change in cooling water temp (ΔTC) = (cold water outlet temp)−(cold water inlet temp)
= T0−T4

T 4 +T 0
mean temperature of cooling water=Tm=
2
specific heat of water at Tm = (from data book)
Area of heat transfer = πdoL

Where,
Ti = Cooling water inlet temperature.
To = Cooling water outlet temperature.

Amount of heat transferred Q=mc Cp(ΔT)c

Q
overall heat transfer coefficient U=
A (ΔT )lm

flow rate for cooling water Ai

2
π di
= 4

mass velocity of cooling water G= =

mc
Ai
kg/m2s

𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑′𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑅𝑒=𝐺𝑑𝑖/μ
Where,
μ= viscosity of water at Tm

𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑡𝑙 𝑛𝑜: 𝑃𝑟=𝐶𝑝μ𝑘

Where,
Cp, μ, k evaluated at Tm
Cooling water heat transfer coefficient hi= 0.023*Re0.8*Pr0.4

steam side heat transfer coefficient

where,

kf = thermal conductivity of steam

ρf = density of steam

μf = viscosity of steam

all evaluated at mean bulk temperature of steam.

mean bulk temp of steam T = 𝑇𝑠−

3
(𝑇𝑠−𝑇𝑐)
4

where,

Ts= steam temperature

Tc = condensate temperature

ΔTo = Ts - Tc

g = 9.81 m/s2

λ = latent heat of steam at Ts

1 1 1 1
hd = U hi h s
− −
Therefore

hd =
RESULT:

FILMWISE CONDENSATION:

Overall heat transfer coefficient U =

Cooling water heat transfer coefficient hi =

Steam side heat transfer coefficient hs =

DROPWISE CONDENSATION:

Overall heat transfer coefficient U =

Cooling water heat transfer coefficient hi =

Steam side heat transfer coefficient hs =