M.A.
MYP 1
Unit 2
Forces around us
Student name:
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Speed and velocity: Speed is simply how fast you're going. They are both
measured in m/s or km/hr.
Speed
When we describe how fast an object is moving we are describing its speed
For example, the speed of sound is 330 m/s but it has no particular direction.
Speed is the distance traveled per unit time with no regard to the direction
How to calculate average speed:
The rule is used to get the speed of an object over a given interval of time.
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Plotting a graph for the speed:
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Forces
Objects require force to move them.
For an object to move, the forces acting on it need to change.
Force
Pushing Pulling
Some important forces:
1. Static force:
If a ball lying on the ground, a closed door, and a bicycle leaning against a wall,
these are static force as they don’t move.
Static force: A force acting on an
object is said to be a static force if it
does not change the size, position,
or direction of that particular
object.
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What do you think causes an object to move?
A ball lying on the ground A closed door untouched also
untouched does not move. does not move. When you
When you kick it, your foot grab the handle and pull, the
pushes the ball to make it door swings open.
roll.
What about air? Can air provide enough force to move an object?
Consider wind blowing through the leaves on a tree.
Now picture a cart on the road.
As the speed of an object increases,
the distance which moves increases.
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Balanced and unbalanced force:
Two teams hold opposite ends of a rope.
The players pull the rope toward them.
If each team is pulling the rope with equal
force, the forces are balanced.
Neither team moves forward. If one team
pulls with greater force, then the forces are
unbalanced and the rope moves.
Objects in motion:
How do we know an object is moving?
An object is in motion, if it is moving from one place to another when we look at an
object, you can describe its position compared to other
things around it.
The starting position of the ball is close to the tree. When
the ball travels through the air, it is in motion. It stops
moving when your friend catches it. The ball’s position
changes, relative to the tree.
Motion: is any change in position.
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Motion which is seen VS which not seen:
Some motion is easy to see, and some is not.
It is easy to see a person walk down the street.
A leaf blowing in the wind.
A ball traveling through the air after it is thrown.
However, you cannot see Earth move around the
sun. You cannot see your desk rotate around the
center of Earth.
you know an object is in motion if you can measure
changes in its position, even if you cannot see those
changes. An object’s change in position is compared to
something else, usually something that is not moving.
Motion is based on a person’s perspective (sight or view).
For example, a satellite in space is able to observe Earth’s rotation. But on Earth,
because the other objects around us move with us as the planet rotates, it is not
apparent that everything is moving together.
What two things must occur for a ball to be in motion?
A force must act upon the ball to start motion and the position of the ball must
change.
What are the two types of forces that can be used to put a ball into
motion?
The two types of forces that can put a ball into motion are a push or a pull.
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2. Gravitational force:
It is the gravitational pull of the Earth on objects that are within the Earth's
gravitational field (Weight). Gravitational forces act at a distance with no contact
being necessary. These forces are always drawn as if they act at the center of
gravity, or center of mass, of the object and always drawn vertically downwards.
Gravity: It is the force that pulls objects towards the center of Earth
Gravity the force that pulls objects
downward, caused the ball to drop
into your friend’s hand.
The force that pulls roller coaster
down is Gravity Force.
Mass and weight are not the same:
Point of comparison Mass Weight
1. Definition Amount of matter in an The gravitational pull of the
object earth on an object
2. Scalar/ vector A scalar quantity A vector quantity
3. Unit of Measured in kilograms Measured in Newtons
measurement
4. Constant/ changes Has the same value Varies from place to another
anywhere in the universe due to change in gravitational
field strength
How to calculate weight:
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Weight on moon and weight on earth
The mass of any object is the same at any place in the universe so if a person is 70 Kg on
earth. His mass on the moon is the same 70 Kg.
However, the weight changes according to the gravity where you are standing.
To get the weight on earth = mass X Earth’s gravity
Weight on earth = 120 X 10 = 1200N
Weight on moon = weight on Earth ÷ 6
Weight on Moon = 1200 ÷ 6 = 200 N
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3. Frictional forces:
a. This is the force which arises when two surfaces are sliding or trying to
slide over one another.
b. Friction is what stops things from sliding.
c. The force of friction always acts along a surface, never at an angle to it and
its direction is always against sliding.
d. If an object is stationary, but tending to slide -perhaps because it is on a
slope - the force of friction acts up the slope to stop it from sliding down.
Example:
Car roll slowly to a stop if it runs out of gas on a
level road. The car is being slowed down by a force
called friction. This includes when its tires rub on
the road and when air flows over the car and rubs
against its surface.
Friction force: A force that is exerted when objects rub against each other.
A force that opposes motion.
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4. Air resistance:
Air resistance or drag, which is a form of friction, is a force
that occurs when an object is moving through air. This is due
to the air having to be pushed out of the way. It is always a
resisting force; For example: when an object is moving
upwards, air resistance acts downwards and vice versa.
Air resistance increases with:
a) The speed of the object
b) The area of cutting through the air.
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Net force:
The net force is defined as is the sum of all the forces acting on an object.
1. Net force can accelerate a mass.
2. Some other force acts on a body either at rest or motion.
3. The net force is a term used in a system when there is a significant number of
forces.
Example 1
In a tug of war, a fat man pulls with a force of 100 N on a side, and a lean man pulls with 90 N on
the other side. Determine the net force
FNet = 100 – 90
FNet = 10 N
Example 2
A toy car is at rest, and a force of 70 N is applied to it. If the frictional force of 20 N, determine
the net force.
FNet = 70 – 20
FNet = 50 N
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Electricity (Electrical force):
Is a type of energy that can build up in one place or flow from one place to
another place.
There are two types of electricity:
1. Static electricity:
When electricity gather in one place.
Example: When you rub your feet
against the ground then zap something.
that mean that you build electricity
on the surface of your skin then
discharged it into another object.
2. Current electricity:
When electricity moves from one place to another.
Example: Turning on TV, switching on a light or charging a cell phone.
That means that there is charge moving through the wires.
There are two types of current electricity:
1. Direct current: constant flow of energy. Example; battery.
2. Alternating current: a flow of energy that can be turned on and off.
Example; devices.
Simple electric circuit is made up of:
1. Wire
2. Lamp
3. Battery
4. Switch
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Magnetism
A magnet: is an object or device that produces a magnetic field (invisible area
around the magnet)
Magnet attracts magnetic objects such as (nickel, iron and cobalt)
A magnet has 2 poles; North Pole and South Pole.
Opposite poles of 2 magnets always attract each other.
Same poles repel each other.
The earth also behaves like a magnet.
A freely suspended magnet always rests in the north- south direction. This is because
opposite poles attract each other.
Note that:
If we break a magnet into two, it will not lose its magnetic field but it will create two
new magnets.
Electromagnetism: a process where a
magnetic field is created by introducing a
current.
To make an electromagnet:
1. Wire
2. Battery
3. A piece of a good conductor metal.
When they are connected together a charge
flows from the battery and make a magnetic
field around the piece of metal.
This in magnetizes the wire resulting in the creation of an electromagnet.
Electromagnet is similar to the normal magnet. However, the magnetism is not
permanent it will stop being a magnet once the current stops.
How to make the electromagnet stronger?
1. Use a stronger battery.
2. Increase the number of wire coils around the magnet.
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