Basic Calculus
Basic
Integration
Rules
Learning Objectives
● Illustrate an antiderivative of a function.
● Compute the general antiderivative of polynomial
functions.
Integration/Antidifferentiation
The process of finding all antiderivatives of 𝑓 𝑥 is
called antidifferentiation. The other term used for
this process is integration, and we also call an
antiderivative an integral of 𝑓.
Definite vs Indefinite Integral
Definite Integral Indefinite Integral
The Indefinite Integral
The symbol ∫ , called the integral sign, is used to denote
the integral of a function. The integral of 𝑓(𝑥) can be
written as:
න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒙 + 𝑪
The Indefinite Integral
Basic Integration Rules
Basic Integration Rules
Constant Rule Power Rule
𝒏+𝟏
𝒙
න𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪 න𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
where 𝑎 is a real number where 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
Constant Multiple Rule Sum or Difference Rule
න𝒄 ∙ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄 ∙ න𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 න 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± න𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Constant Rule
Constant Rule
න𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
where 𝑎 is a real number
Example: What is ∫ 𝟓 𝒅𝒙?
න𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
න𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
Constant Rule
Constant Rule
න𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
where 𝑎 is a real number
𝟏
Example: What is ∫ − 𝒅𝒕?
𝟐
න𝒂 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒂𝒕 + 𝑪
𝟏 𝟏
න − 𝒅𝒕 = − 𝒕 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
Power Rule
Power Rule
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
න𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
where 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
Power Rule
Example: 𝑥 𝑛+1
න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
What is ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥? 𝑛+1
+𝐶
𝑥 4+1
න𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
4+1
𝒙𝟓
= +𝑪
𝟓
𝟏 𝟓
= 𝒙 +𝑪
𝟓
4
𝟏 𝟓
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓
Power Rule
Example: 1
1 ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −6 𝑑𝑥
What is ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥?
𝑥 −6 + 1
න𝑥 −6 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
−6 + 1
𝒙−𝟓
= +𝑪
−𝟓
𝟏
=− 𝟓+𝑪
𝟓𝒙
1 𝟏
න 6 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝟓 + 𝑪
𝑥 𝟓𝒙
Constant Multiple Rule
Constant Multiple Rule
න𝒂 ∙ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ න𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Constant Multiple Rule
Example :
What is ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥?
2 න 𝑎 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∙ න𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+1
=3 +C
2+1
𝑥3
=3 +𝐶
3
න 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
Constant Multiple Rule
Example:
What is ∫ −𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙? න 𝑎 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න −21𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −21 ∙ න𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+1
= −21 +C
2+1
𝑥3
= −21 +𝐶
3
න −𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑥 = −𝟕𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
Remember
Do not forget the constant of integration when
solving for general antiderivatives. This constant
indicates that the answer is a general antiderivative,
and not a particular or specific antiderivative.
න 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
Sum or Difference Rule
Sum or Difference Rule
න 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± න𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Sum or Difference Rule
Example 1:
What is∫ 𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 𝑑𝑧? න 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± න 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
න 𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 𝑑𝑧 = න3𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − න3𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + න1 𝑑𝑧
= 3 න𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − 3 න𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + න1 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2+1 𝑧1+1 𝑧 0+1
=3 −3 + +C
2+1 1+1 0+1
3𝑧 3 3 𝑧 2
= − +z+C
3 2
3 𝑧2
න 𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑧 3 − +z+C
2
Sum or Difference Rule
Example: Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒅𝒙.
න 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± න 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
න 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔 𝑑𝑥 = න5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + න4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − න3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − න2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න6 𝑑𝑥
= 5 න𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4 න𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 3 න𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 න𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 6 න𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4+1 𝑥 3+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
=5 +4 −3 −2 +6 𝑥 +C
4+1 3+1 2+1 1+1
𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
=5 +4 −3 −2 + 6x + C
5 4 3 2
න 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝑪
Practice
Practice
1. Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝟒𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒕.
Practice
1. Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝟒𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒕.
Practice
2. Find a function 𝐹( 𝑥 ) satisfying 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 + 2 and F −1 = −5.
Practice
2. Find a function 𝐹( 𝑥 ) satisfying 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 + 2 and F −1 = −5.
Practice
2. Find a function 𝐹( 𝑥 ) satisfying 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 + 2 and F −1 = −5.
Let’s Practice!
Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝟑 𝟒ൗ
∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒
𝒙 𝟑 +𝑪
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Let’s Practice!
𝟑ൗ
Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝟖𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟑ൗ 𝟏𝟔 𝟓ൗ
∫ 𝟖𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟓
𝒙 𝟐 +𝑪
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Let’s Practice!
Find a function 𝑭 𝒙 satisfying 𝑭′ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 and
𝑭 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐.
𝑭 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒
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Let’s Practice!
Find the value of the constant a given that
F′(x) = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 2ax − 2, F(−1) = 9, and F(2) = 75.
𝒂=𝟗
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Let’s Sum It Up!
● A function 𝐹 is called an antiderivative of the
function 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼 if 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 for every
value of 𝑥 in 𝐼.
● Antidifferentiation is the process of finding all
antiderivatives of 𝑓 𝑥 .
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Let’s Sum It Up!
● The indefinite integral of 𝑓 𝑥 with respect to 𝑥
is equal to 𝐹 𝑥 plus a constant 𝐶.
integrand antiderivative of 𝑓
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶
variable of constant of
integration integration
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Let’s Sum It Up!
● The following are the basic antidifferentiation
rules.
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑛+1
𝑥
න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, where 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
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Key Formulas
Concept Formula Description
Use this formula to
Constant
solve for the
Multiple න 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
antiderivative of a
Theorem
function multiplied to a
constant.
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Key Formulas
Concept Formula Description
Use this formula to
Sum or
solve for the
Difference න 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
antiderivative of a sum
Theorem
or difference of
functions.
= න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Photo Credits Bibliography
Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early
Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.
Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early
Transcendental Functions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.
● Slides 2-3: Mount Everest by Gunther Hagltner is
licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.
Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins
College Publ., 1997.
Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York:
McGraw Hill, 2012.
Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social
Sciences: A Brief Approach. Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning, 2012.
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