Integration

(Part – 1)

Sujoy Devnath
Lecturer (Mathematics)
Dep. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Concept of Integration
Any operation in mathematics has an inverse operation such as
Addition ↔ Subtraction 1
Multiplication ↔ Division ‫𝑥𝑛𝑙 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
1
𝑓 (function) ↔ 𝑓 −1 (inverse function) න 2
𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
1+𝑥
𝐴 (matrix) ↔ 𝐴−1 (inverse matrix)
The reverse process of differentiation is defined as anti-derivative or simply integration
𝑑
𝐹 𝑥 =𝐺 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Integral 𝑑
න 𝐺 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2 𝑥2 2𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑥 = 2𝑥 න 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 Derivative
2
Concept of Integration (cont.…)
Integral Symbol Integral with
𝑑𝑥 sometimes abosorbed into integrand
‫ ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 can be written as ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ respect to 𝒙
1
‫ ׬‬1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 can be written as
𝑑𝑥
‫𝑥 ׬‬2 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶 Constant of Integrand
integration (function we want to integrate)
Why “+ C” ???
Integral
𝑥2
𝑥 2 + 4, 𝑥 2 , න 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2𝑥
𝑥 2 + 100, 𝑥 2 − 6

Derivative 3
Integration Formulas

Source: Calculus, 10th Edition. Author: Howard Anton, Irl C. Bivens, Stephen Davis, page. 324.
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Rule 1: ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬ 𝑐 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑐 ׬‬
Example: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒔𝒐𝒄𝟒 ׬‬
න 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥
= 4 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

Rule 2: ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬± ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 ׬‬

Example: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ‫ 𝒙 ׬‬+ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
න 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑥
න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑥 1+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑛+1
= + +𝐶
1+1 2+1 1
𝑥2 𝑥3 න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
= + +𝐶 𝑥 5
2 3
Rule 3:
න 𝒄𝟏 𝒇𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒇𝟐 𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒄𝒏 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

= 𝒄𝟏 න𝒇𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 න𝒇𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒄𝒏 න𝒇𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Example 1: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ‫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 ׬‬+ 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙

න 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = න(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= න 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2 න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1
= + − +𝐶 𝑛+1
4 3 2

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Example 2: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ‫ 𝒙𝒆 ׬‬− 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
න 𝑒 𝑥 − 5𝑎 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 5𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 2 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 − 5 න 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 න 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
න 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 ln 𝑎
= 𝑒𝑥 − 5 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
ln 𝑎 𝑥
𝒙+𝟐 𝒙+𝟕 𝑑 𝑎
Example 3: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑎𝑥
𝒙 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑥+2 𝑥+7 𝑥 2 𝑥 7 1
−
1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න + + 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 2 +2 + 7𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 1
1 1 +1 − +1
𝑥 2 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑛+1 = න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 7𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = + 2𝑥 + 7 +𝐶
𝑛
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 1
𝑛+1 + 1 − +1
3 1 2 2
𝑥2 𝑥2 2 3
= + 2𝑥 + 7 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 14 𝑥 + 𝐶
3 1 3
2 2 7
 𝒇′ 𝒙
Prove that ‫𝒙𝒇׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝑪
Proof
Suppose 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑧
𝑑 𝑑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑧 න 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
′
𝑑𝑧
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑑𝑥 න 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒅𝒙 = − න 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒍𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
∴ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧

𝑓′ 𝑥 1
So, න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑧
𝑓 𝑥 𝑧 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥
= ln 𝑧 + 𝐶 𝑥
= ln 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓′ 𝑥
∴න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓 𝑥
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Prove that ‫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝒏𝒍 = 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝐧𝐚𝐭 ׬‬+ 𝑪
Proof sin 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥
Now, න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
cos 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
− sin 𝑥
= −න 𝑑𝑥
cos −1 𝑥 cos 𝑥
−1
−1
1 = −𝑙𝑛 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 = ln | 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 |+𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛
cos 𝑥
+𝐶
𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑎
= 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2
−𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 −1
∴ න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
න 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

Exercise: Prove that ‫׬‬cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

9
Prove that ‫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐜 𝒏𝒍 = 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐜׬‬− 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝑪
Proof cosec 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
Now, න cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

cosec 2 𝑥 − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑

=න 𝑑𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
− cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=න 𝑑𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − (− cosec 2 𝑥)
cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + cosec 2 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓′ 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
∴ න 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝑪 𝑓 𝑥

Exercise: Prove that ‫׬‬sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 sec 𝑥 + t𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶

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