Integration

(Part – 2)
(Integration by parts and Integration by partial fraction)

Sujoy Devnath
Lecturer (Mathematics)
Dep. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Integration by Parts:
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of x, (𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑔 𝑥 ), then
𝑑𝑢
න 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − න න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Guideline for selecting 𝒖 and 𝒗:
L I A T E
L : Logoritmic function (log 𝑥 , ln 𝑥 , … )
I : Inverse Trigonometric Function (sin−1 𝑥 , tan−1 𝑥 , … )
A : Algebraic Function (1,2𝑥, 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥, 𝑥 −5 , … )
T : Trigonometric Function (cos 𝑥 , sec 𝑥 , … )
E : Exponential Function(𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑒 −2𝑥 , … )

Choose “𝒖” to be the function that comes first in this list

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Evaluate ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬
𝑑𝑢
න 𝑢𝑣 𝑑 = 𝑢 න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − න න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Here, න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥∙ 𝑒∙ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
= 𝑥 න 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 − න
𝑑
𝑥 න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
L I A T E
𝑑𝑥
L : Logoritmic function
= 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 − න 1 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 I : Inverse Trigonometric Function
A : Algebraic Function
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 T : Trigonometric Function
E : Exponential Function
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑢=𝑥 𝑥 : Algebraic function (A)
∴ න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 : Exponential function (E)

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Evaluate ‫ ׬‬ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − න
𝑑𝑢
න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Here, න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න ln 𝑥 ∙ 1 𝑑𝑥

= ln 𝑥 න 1 𝑑𝑥 − න
𝑑
ln 𝑥 න 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
L I A T E
𝑑𝑥
1
L : Logoritmic function
= ln 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 − න ∙ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 I : Inverse Trigonometric Function
𝑥
A : Algebraic Function
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − න 1 𝑑𝑥 T : Trigonometric Function
E : Exponential Function
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥: Logoritmic function (L)
∴ න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑣=1 1: Algebraic function (A)

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Evaluate ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − න
𝑑𝑢
න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 2
Here, න 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

2
𝑑 2
= 𝑥 න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑥 න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 ∙ sin 𝑥 − න 2𝑥 ∙ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 L I A T E
L : Logoritmic function
2
𝑑
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 2𝑥 න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 I : Inverse Trigonometric Function
𝑑𝑥 A : Algebraic Function
T : Trigonometric Function
E : Exponential Function
= 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − න 2 − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑥 2 : Algebraic function (A)
= 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥: Trigonometric function (T)

∴ න 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

5
 Evaluate tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
L I A T E
Here, L : Logoritmic function
‫ ׬‬tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − න
𝑑𝑢
න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
I : Inverse Trigonometric Function
𝑑𝑥 A : Algebraic Function
= ‫ ׬‬1. tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 T : Trigonometric Function
−1 𝑑
= tan 𝑥 ‫ ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 − ‫׬‬ tan−1 𝑥 ‫ ׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 E : Exponential Function
𝑑𝑥
1
= xtan−1 𝑥 − ‫׬‬ . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
𝑥
= xtan−1 𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = tan−1 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥: Inverse Trigonometric function (I)
𝑓′𝑥
1 2𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
= xtan−1 𝑥 − ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑣=1 1: Algebraic function (A)
2 1+𝑥 2
1
= xtan−1 𝑥 − ln 1 + 𝑥 2 +𝐶
2

6
Exercise

Evaluate the followings:

1. ‫׬‬x ln x dx
2. ‫ ׬‬x sin x dx
3. ‫ ׬‬x 2 e3x dx
4. ‫ ׬‬ex cos x dx
5. ‫ ׬‬cos −1 x dx

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Integration by Partial Fraction:
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒂+𝒙
Prove that ‫ 𝟐𝒂 ׬‬−𝒙𝟐 = 𝒍𝒏 +𝑪 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝟐𝒂 𝒂−𝒙
Proof න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑓 𝑥
Now, න 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = න 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑥 1 1 −1
⟹න 2 2
= න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
= න 2𝑎 + 2𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 1
= ln 𝑎 + 𝑥 − ln 𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 1 2𝑎
= න + 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 = ln +𝐶
2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
1 1 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
= න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 ∴න 2 = 𝑙𝑛 +𝐶
2𝑎 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 𝑎 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙−𝒂
Exercise: Prove that‫׬‬ = 𝒍𝒏 +𝑪
𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒙+𝒂 8
 𝒅𝒙
Evaluate ‫𝟐 ׬‬ 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝒙 +𝟓𝒙+𝟔
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑓 𝑥
Here, න 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = න 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 1
1 ⟹න 2 =න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
=න 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥+2 𝑥+3
𝑥 𝑥 + 3 + 2(𝑥 + 3)
1 = ln 𝑥 + 2 − ln 𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
=න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 3)
𝑥+2
1 −1 = ln +𝐶
𝑥+3
=න + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2
1 1 ∴න 2 = ln +𝐶
=න − 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥+3
𝑥+2 𝑥+3

𝑥 2 +1 7𝑥+4
Exercise: (i) Evaluate ‫𝑥( ׬‬−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥; (ii) Evaluate ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9
 𝐼 = න 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑒 ׬‬- ‫𝑥 𝑒 ׬ 𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐 𝑥𝑑[׬‬ 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ‫𝑥𝑑 ]𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑒[׬‬
𝑥

𝑑
= 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 න 𝑒 𝑑𝑥− න[ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 − ‫]𝑥𝑑 ]𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐 𝑥 𝑒[׬‬
𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐼]
2𝐼 = ex 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
𝐼= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) Ans
2
10