DNA structure
Q1: In what year was the model of DNA proposed ?
A) 1945
B) 1953
C) 1962
D) 1975
Q2: Who proposed the double helix model of DNA ?
A) Rosalind Franklin
B) James Watson
C) Francis Crick
D) Maurice Wilkins
Q3: When did Watson & Crick receive the Nobel Prize for their work ?
A) 1953
B) 1960
C) 1962
D) 1965
Q4: Who did not receive credit for their work with DNA until much later ?
A) James Watson
B) Rosalind Franklin
C) Francis Crick
D) Maurice Wilkins
Q5: What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to study DNA ?
A) X-ray crystallography
B) Nuclear magnetic resonance
C) Electron microscopy
D) Gel electrophoresis
Q6: What is DNA primarily known as ?
A) A protein
B) A carbohydrate
C) A lipid
D) A nucleic acid
Q7: What is the primary function of DNA ?
A) To provide energy to cells
B) To store and transmit genetic information
C) To act as a structural component of cells
D) To catalyze biochemical reactions
Q8: What is the shape of DNA ?
A) Linear
B) Circular
C) Double helix
D) Single strand
Q9: What are the repeating subunits of DNA called ?
A) Amino acids
B) Fatty acids
C) Nucleotides
D) Monosaccharides
Q10: Each nucleotide in DNA consists of :
A) Two sugars and a phosphate
B) A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
C) A sugar and two nitrogenous bases
D) A nitrogenous base and a lipid
Q11: What is the sugar in DNA called ?
A) Ribose
B) Deoxyribose
C) Glucose
D) Fructose
Q12: What does the phosphate group in DNA contain ?
A) One atom of phosphorus and four oxygen atoms
B) Two atoms of phosphorus and three oxygen atoms
C) One atom of phosphorus and two oxygen atoms
D) Three atoms of phosphorus and one oxygen atom
Q13: How many nitrogenous bases are there in DNA ?
A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five
Q14: Which of the following is a purine base in DNA ?
A) Cytosine
B) Thymine
C) Guanine
D) Adenine
Q15: Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines ?
A) Adenine and Guanine
B) Cytosine and Thymine
C) Thymine and Uracil
D) Adenine and Cytosine
Q16: What does Chargaff's Rule state ?
A) A = G and C = T
B) A = T and G = C
C) A = T and C = G
D) A+T=G+C
Q17: According to Chargaff's Rule, which bases pair together in DNA ?
A) Adenine and Guanine
B) Cytosine and Thymine
C) Adenine and Thymine
D) Guanine and Uracil
Q18: What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together ?
A) Ionic bonds
B) Covalent bonds
C) Hydrogen bonds
D) Peptide bonds
Q19:What does the term "antiparallel" refer to in DNA structure ?
A) The two strands run in opposite directions
B) The strands are identical
C) The strands are parallel to each other
D) The strands have different bases
Q20:Which carbon of the sugar is linked to a nitrogen base ?
A) Carbon 1
B) Carbon 2
C) Carbon 3
D) Carbon 5
Q21:DNA replication occurs in which direction ?
A) 3' to 5 '
B) 5' to 3 '
C) 5' to 4 '
D) 3' to 4 '
Q22:The sequence of nucleotides forms the unique genetic information of an organism.
This statement emphasizes the importance of :
A) Protein structure
B) Amino acid sequences
C) Nucleotide sequences
D) Lipid composition
Q23:The 5' and 3' ends of DNA refer to :
A) The number of sugar rings
B) The orientation of the phosphate and hydroxyl groups
C) The nitrogenous bases
D) The type of bonds formed
Q24:The nitrogenous base pairs in DNA are :
A) A with C, G with T
B) A with T, G with C
C) A with G, T with C
D) C with T, G with A
Q25:The "steps of the ladder" in the DNA double helix are formed by :
A) Sugar-phosphate backbone
B) Nitrogenous base pairs
C) Hydrogen bonds
D) Amino acids
Q26:What are the two strands of DNA said to be in relation to one another ?
A) Complementary
B) Identical
C) Divergent
D) Opposite
Q27:Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide ?
A) A phosphate group
B) An amino acid
C) A nitrogenous base
D) A sugar
Q28:The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself is called :
A) Transcription
B) Translation
C) Replication
D) Transformation
Q29:The backbone of the DNA strand is made of :
A) Nucleotides
B) Sugars and phosphates
C) Amino acids
D) Nitrogenous bases
Q30:Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during replication ?
A) Ligase
B) Polymerase
C) Helicase
D) Primase
Q31:The genetic information of an organism is primarily stored in the :
A) Ribosomes
B) RNA
C) Proteins
D) DNA
Q32:The close relationship between two organisms often results in :
A) Different DNA sequences
B) Identical DNA sequences
C) Similar DNA nucleotide sequences
D) Completely unrelated DNA
Q33:What happens if the nucleotide sequence in DNA is altered ?
A) The organism will die
B) It may lead to a mutation
C) It will have no effect
D) It will change the sugar in DNA
Q34:Which of the following describes the antiparallel nature of DNA strands ?
A) They are identical in sequence
B) They run in opposite directions
C) They are both 5' to 3'
D) They are both 3' to5'
Q35:The nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine in DNA is :
A) Guanine
B) Cytosine
C) Thymine
D) Uracil
Q36:The importance of Chargaff's Rule is that it explains :
A) How DNA replicates
B) How genes are expressed
C) The base pairing in DNA
D) The structure of RNA
Q37:The double helix structure of DNA was first proposed by :
A) Rosalind Franklin
B) Watson and Crick
C) Chargaff
D) Wilkins
Q38:What provides the energy for DNA synthesis ?
A) Amino acids
B) Nucleotides
C) ATP
D) Sugars
Q39:The functional unit of heredity is known as a :
A) Chromosome
B) Gene
C) Nucleotide
D) Protein
Q40:Which of the following statements is true about RNA ?
A) RNA is double-stranded
B) RNA contains deoxyribose
C) RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
D) RNA is not involved in protein synthesis
Q41:The regions of DNA that code for proteins are called :
A) Introns
B) Exons
C) Genes
D) Codons
Q42:What part of the DNA structure allows it to carry genetic information ?
A) Sugar backbone
B) Phosphate groups
C) Sequence of nitrogenous bases
D) Antiparallel strands
Q43:The DNA double helix is stabilized by which type of interaction ?
A) Covalent bonds
B) Hydrogen bonds
C) Ionic bonds
D) Van der Waals forces
Q44:The process of making an RNA copy of a segment of DNA is called :
A) Translation
B) Replication
C) Transcription
D) Transformation
Q45:The overall shape of DNA can be described as :
A) Circular
B) Linear
C) Helical
D) Spiral
Q46:Which base pairs with cytosine ?
A) Adenine
B) Thymine
C) Guanine
D) Uracil
Q47:DNA can be found in which part of the cell ?
A) Ribosomes
B) Nucleus
C) Cytoplasm
D) Mitochondria
Q48:The bonding between adenine and thymine occurs through how many hydrogen
bonds ?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
Q49:The bonding between guanine and cytosine occurs through how many hydrogen
bonds ?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
Q50:DNA is packaged in the form of :
A) Chromatin
B) Ribosomes
C) Histones
D) Chromosomes
Q51:What is the primary function of mRNA ?
A) To carry amino acids
B) To store genetic information
C) To serve as a template for protein synthesis
D) To replicate DNA
Q52:The process by which proteins are made from RNA is called :
A) Transcription
B) Translation
C) Replication
D) Transformation
Q53:What is a codon ?
A) A sequence of two nucleotides
B) A sequence of three nucleotides
C) A sequence of five nucleotides
D) A type of nitrogenous base
Q54:Which molecule carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes ?
A) tRNA
B) rRNA
C) mRNA
D) DNA polymerase
Q55:The pairing of adenine and thymine in DNA is an example of :
A) Covalent bonding
B) Ionic bonding
C) Complementary base pairing
D) Hydrogen bonding
Q56:What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis ?
A) To carry the genetic information
B) To provide energy
C) To assemble amino acids into proteins
D) To replicate DNA
Q57:The genetic code is based on the sequence of :
A) Amino acids
B) Fatty acids
C) Nucleotides
D) Carbohydrates
Q58:The type of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome is called :
A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) sRNA
Q59:Which of the following is a function of DNA ?
A) Energy storage
B) Catalyzing reactions
C) Genetic information storage
D) Cell structure
Q60:The DNA sequence of an organism can influence its :
A) Behavior
B) Appearance
C) Metabolism
D) All of the above
Q61:Mutations in DNA can lead to :
A) Changes in protein structure
B) Genetic diseases
C) Variability in traits
D) All of the above
Q62:Which type of mutation involves a change in a single nucleotide ?
A) Frame shift mutation
B) Insertion mutation
C) Point mutation
D) Deletion mutation
Q63:The total genetic material of an organism is known as its :
A) Genome
B) Phenotype
C) Genotype
D) Chromosome
Q64:Which part of the DNA structure allows for genetic diversity among organisms ?
A) The sugar-phosphate backbone
B) The nitrogenous base sequence
C) The hydrogen bonds
D) The double helix structure
Q65:What is the role of DNA helicase during DNA replication ?
A) To synthesize new DNA strands
B) To unwind the double helix
C) To repair DNA
D) To seal gaps between nucleotides
Q66:What is the significance of the 3' hydroxyl group in DNA ?
A) It allows for hydrogen bonding
B) It provides energy
C) It is necessary for the formation of phosphodiester bonds
D) It stabilizes the double helix
Q67:Which of the following best describes the term "gene expression ?"
A) The process of copying DNA
B) The synthesis of RNA from DNA
C) The translation of RNA into proteins
D) All of the above
Q68:DNA is commonly referred to as the :
A) Blueprints of life
B) Building blocks of life
C) Energy source for cells
D) Structural component of cells
Q69:The process of converting mRNA into a protein is called :
A) Replication
B) Transcription
C) Translation
D) Transformation
Q70:What is the main purpose of the genetic code ?
A) To determine energy levels in cells
B) To dictate protein synthesis
C) To store energy
D) To regulate cell division
Q71:Which technique is commonly used to amplify DNA for analysis ?
A) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR(
B) Gel electrophoresis
C) DNA sequencing
D) Cloning
Q72:What is a major application of DNA technology in medicine ?
A) Vaccine development
B) Genetic engineering
C) Gene therapy
D) All of the above
Q73:Forensic scientists often analyze DNA from crime scenes using :
A) PCR
B) Gel electrophoresis
C) DNA profiling
D) All of the above
Q74: The field of study that involves the analysis of genomes is known as :
A) Genetics
B) Genomics
C) Bioinformatics
D) Molecular biology
Q75:What is the goal of gene therapy ?
A) To cure genetic diseases
B) To enhance human capabilities
C) To replace damaged tissues
D) To create transgenic organisms
These questions are designed to test deeper
Q1:Which of the following enzymes is responsible for proofreading and correcting errors
during DNA replication ?
A) DNA helicase
B) DNA ligase
C) DNA polymerase
D) Topoisomerase
Q2:In DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in small
fragments known as :
A) Okazaki fragments
B) DNA primers
C) Nucleosomes
D) Spliceosomes
Q3:During replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix ?
A) DNA polymerase
B) RNA primase
C) DNA helicase
D) DNA ligase
Q4:In eukaryotic cells, DNA is wrapped around proteins called :
A) Histones
B) Enzymes
C) Ribosomes
D) Nucleotides
Q5 :The sequence of nucleotides in DNA that signals where transcription should start is
called :
A) Codon
B) Promoter
C) Terminator
D) Anticodon
Q6:Which enzyme initiates DNA synthesis by creating a short RNA primer ?
A) DNA polymerase
B) DNA ligase
C) RNA primase
D) Topoisomerase
Q7:Which structural feature of DNA provides the physical stability to the double helix ?
A) Phosphate backbone
B) Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
C) Covalent bonds between sugars
D) Disulfide bonds between strands
Q8:In DNA replication, which strand is synthesized continuously ?
A) Leading strand
B) Lagging strand
C) Template strand
D) Non-template strand
Q9:What is the main role of telomerase ?
A) Repairing mismatched base pairs
B) Unwinding DNA during replication
C) Adding repetitive sequences to the ends of chromosomes
D) Synthesizing RNA primers
Q10:In eukaryotes, which phase of the cell cycle is dedicated to DNA replication ?
A) G1 phase
B) G2 phase
C) S phase
D) M phase
Q11:In a DNA molecule, purines always pair with pyrimidines to ensure :
A) Equal base pairing strength
B) Consistent DNA helix width
C) Random base pairing
D) High mutation rate
Q12:Which of the following RNA types is involved in the splicing of introns from pre-
mRNA ?
A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) small nuclear RNA
Q13:DNA topoisomerase is responsible for :
A) Separating the DNA strands
B) Preventing DNA tangling during replication
C) Joining Okazaki fragments
D) Synthesizing new DNA strands
Q14:A mutation in the gene that encodes which protein would directly affect DNA repair
mechanisms ?
A) Helicase
B) Ligase
C) DNA polymerase
D) RNA primase
Q15:Which DNA repair mechanism is responsible for fixing errors that escape the
proofreading activity of DNA polymerase ?
A) Base excision repair
B) Nucleotide excision repair
C) Mismatch repair
D) Non-homologous end joining
