Internal Use

CE123-5
PRINCIPLES OF
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
ENGR. RUSSEL CARPIO
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TRIP DISTRIBUTION
Trip distribution (or destination choice or zonal interchange analysis), is the
second component (after Trip Generation, but before Mode Choice and Route
Choice) in the traditional four-step transportation forecasting model.

This step matches trip makers’ origins and destinations to develop a “trip
table”, a matrix that displays the number of trips going from each origin to
each destination. Historically, trip distribution has been the least developed
component of the transportation planning model.
TRIP INTERCHANGE MATRIX
After the trip-generation stage, the
Destination Zone analyst knows the numbers of trip
productions and trip attractions that
Origin Zone 1 2 3 4 … each zone shown in the table below.
But where do the attractions in zone
1 …
1 come from and where do the
…
productions go?
2
What are the zone-to- zone travel
3 … volumes?
4 …

. . . . .
TRIP DISTRIBUTION
The process of allocating trips that have been generated by one land
use or zone (trip origin), such as a retail shopping center, an airport,
or a residential neighborhood, to another land use or zone (trip
destination).
The process seeks to determine, for trips generated in each zone,
where these trips terminate.
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• Input : Socioeconomic Data

Land Use Data
TAZ Productions TAZ Attractions
1 1 12 1 9
3 2 19 2 12
2 5 3 35 3 4
4 4 4 38
4 8 5 5 5 45
7
6 10 6 6
6
7 13 7 4
8 22 8 2

• Output: Trip Ends by Trip Purpose

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Trip Generation to Trip Distribution

Zone 2 TRIP MATRIX

Zone 3

Zone 4
Zone 1 Zone 5

Zone 6

Zone 7

Zone 8
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TWO BASIC METHODS

1. Growth Factor Method

Constant Factor Method
Average Factor Method
Fratar Method
Furness Method

2. Synthetic Methods
Gravity Model
Opportunity Model
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UNIFORM GROWTH FACTOR MODEL

i = I = Production Zone
j = J = Attraction Zone

Tij = τ tij for each pair i and j

Tij = Future Trip Matrix
tij = Base-year Trip Matrix
τ = General Growth Rate
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UNIFORM GROWTH FACTOR MODEL

If we assume τ = 1.2 (growth rate), then…
TAZ 1 2 3 4
1 5 50 100 200
2 50 5 100 300 Trip Matrix, t
3 50 100 5 100 (2008)
4 100 200 250 20

Tij = τ tij
= (1.2)(5)
=6
TAZ 1 2 3 4
1 6 60 120 240
2 60 6 120 360
Trip Matrix, T
3 60 120 6 120 (2018)
4 120 240 300 24
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THE GRAVITY MODEL

The Inspiration for the Gravity Model

M1 M2
F=k
r2
Gravity Model Method
The most widely used distribution model is called
the gravity model.
The number of trips generated by a land use
represents the “attractive force” of that land use
and the travel time between the “generating” land
use or zone and the “attracting” land use or zone
represents the “distance” between them.
To calculate the number of trips between zones , the gravity model can be
expressed as follows:

𝑇 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑗

𝐴 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑗
𝑃 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖
𝐹 = 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑗

Where 𝐶 is the generalized cost function for travel from

zone i to zone j and 𝑎 is the model parameter to be
determined by calibration (originally to be assumed as 2)
Example
A seaport that serves four cities within a 550-km radius generates 25,000 truck
trips each day. The population and travel time to each city from the port is
shown in the following table (Consider population as the number of attractions).
Use the gravity model to estimate the number of trucks that can be expected to
arrive at each city/day.
Solution
Zone Travel Time to Z1 (min) Productions Attractions Example
1 20,000 10,000 Using gravity model with an
impedance term of the form
2 10 15,000 30,000 , estimate the number
3 20 30,000 18,000
of trips from zone 1 to all
other zones. .
4 15 25,000 10,000

5 30 18,000 40,000
Example calculation for zone 2
𝑇 =𝑃 ∗
(𝐴 /𝐶 ) Zone Travel Time to Z1 (min) Attractions
∑ (𝐴 /𝐶 )
1 10,000
𝐴 30,000 2 10 30,000
= = 337.68
𝐶 10 . 3 20 18,000
𝐴 18,000
𝐶
=
20 .
= 60.72 4 15 10,000
𝐴 10,000 5 30 40,000
= = 58.27
𝐶 15 .
𝐴 40,000 337.68
= = 62.45 𝑇 = 20,0000 ∗
𝐶 30 . 337.68 + 60.72 + 58.27 + 62.45

𝑇 = 13,500
Zone Travel Time to Z1 (min) Productions /

1 20,000

2 10 15,000 337.68 0.675 13,500

3 20 30,000 60.72 0.109 2,180

4 15 25,000 58.27 0.104 2,080

5 30 18,000 62.45 0.112 2,240

End of Week 7