Flower Reproductive part of a plant

Sporogenous tissue Compactly arranged homogenous cells in the center of microsporangia,

undergo meiosis (Microsporogenesis) to form tetrads of microspores

Germ pore Apertures in the pollen grain, facilitate the exchange of gases and water, help
in emerging of pollen tube

Autogamy When pollination occurs between the same flower of the same plants

Egg apparatus Consists of synergids and filiform apparatus, help in the entry of pollen tube
into the embryo sac

Synergid Present in the embryo sac, two in number

Filiform apparatus Present in synergids, guider pollen tube entry into the embryo sac

Geitnogamy Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of
the same plant

Xenogamy Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a different plant

Triple fusion Male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm

Embryogeny Formation of embryo

Cotyledons the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants

Scutellum Cotyledons of monocotyledon plants

Dormancy State of inactiveness

Parthenocarpy Development of fruit without fertilization ex- banana, orange

Polyembryony Occurrence of more than one embryo in seed Ex- lemon

 Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperm meeting.
Scrotum It is aItpouch-like structurenew
develops Saheli–a outside the abdominalpill
oral contraceptive cavity in which Saheli
for females. the testers
–the are
new oral
o
situated. It helps
contraceptive in maintaining
forabstain
femalesfromthe low
contains temperature of the testes (2–2.5
It is a ‘once a than
C lower
Periodic abstinence couples avoid or coitusa from
non-steroidal
day 10 topreparation.
17 of the menstrual
the normal
week’when ovulation could be expected
cycle
internal bodyvery
pill with temperature) necessary
few side effects and for
highspermatogenesis.
contraceptive value.
Somniferous tubule In each testicular lobule 1- 3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperms are
produced.
Withdrawal or coitus The male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to
Sertoli cells Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the male germ cells.
interruptus avoid insemination
Leydig cell Present in interstitial space (regions outside the seminiferous tubules). It secretes
testicular hormones called androgens
Injection
Urethral meatus It is the external
Lactational amenorrhea as long as theopening
motherofbreast-feeds
the penis. the child fully, chances of conception are almost
Seminal plasma Secretion
nil (upoftothe male accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral
6 months)
gland) constitute the seminal plasma.
Male accessory glands Paired Progestogens aloneprostate
seminal vesicles, or in combination
and pairedwith estrogen are
bulbourethral also used.
glands
If used within 72 hours of coitus is very effective.
Lactiferous duct
Barrier methods ThroughOvum which milk is are
and sperm sucked out. from physically meeting with the help of barriers.
prevented
Spermatogonia Immature diploid male germ cells (Spermatogonia) produce sperms by spermatogenesis.
Condoms These Also,
are protect
presentfrom
on theSTDs
inside wall of the seminiferous tubule.
Acrosome Cap-like structure on sperm head. it is enzymes that help fertilization of the ovum.
Other
Semen examples of Diaphragms,
The seminal
Surgical Methods/ Sterilization plasmacervical
alongcaps,
with and vaults. constitutes the semen.
the sperms
barrier methods
Oogonia Gamete mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each fetal ovary which later develops
into the egg.
Vasectomy
Graafian follicle Mature in males,
folliclesaformed
small part of the
during vas deferens
oogenesis. Whenis itremoved or tiedreleases
own ruptures up through a small
the secondary
IUDs oocyte Inserted
incision
(ovum)onin the uterus
thereaming
and through the vagina.
scrotumpart forms the carpus luteum.
IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Cu ions
Zona pellucida The membrane on the secondary
released suppress oocypreventsvent
sperm motility polyspermy
and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.
Carpus luteum After ovulation remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform in the corpus luteum.
It secretes progesterone hormone, which is essential for the maintenance of the
endometrium.
Tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in
Polar body
Non-medicated It is aLippes
small
the haploid or
loop
abdomen cellthrough
that is formed during oogenesis. It can’t be fertilized.
the vagina.
Cleavage The mitotic division in the zygote is called cleavage.
Copper releasing
Placenta CuT, Cu7, villi
The chorionic Multiload 375 tissue become interdigitated with each other and jointly
and uterine
form a structural and functional unit called the placenta
Hormone
Chorionic releasing IUDs
villi AfterProgestasert,
implantation,LNG-20
finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast called chorionic villi
which are surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood.
Pillscell
Stem Inner cell mass contains certain cells called stem cells which have the potency to give rise
to all the tissues and organs.
progestogens or taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first five days of
Implantation Implantation is the process in which the mammalian embryo (blastocyst) becomes
progestogen–estrogenattached
the menstrual cycle. Afterofathe
to the endometrium gaputerus.
of 7 days (menses), it has to be repeated in the
combinations same pattern.
Fetus ejection reflex MildPills
uterine contractions
inhibit ovulationare
andgenerated by the
implantation andplacenta when
alter the the of
quality fetus is fullymucus
cervical developed,
to
at the time of parturition.
prevent/ retard entry of sperms.
CDRI:- Central drug research institute (Lucknow)
Genetics Study of inheritance, heredity and variation of characters or Study of genes and
chromosomes.
Evolution
Inheritance This is a process
Transmission of gradual
of characters change
from thattotakes
parents place over many generations, during
progeny.
which
Variation Difference between offspring and parents
species of animals, plants, or insects slowly change some of their physical characteristics
Gene It is a short fragment of DNA that encodes for a certain trait
Allele An allele is a variant form of a gene
Homozygous Individuals carrying two identical alleles (RR or rr) are known as homozygous.
Heterozygous individual organisms bearing different alleles (Rr) are known as heterozygous
Big bang
Hybrid theory AnExplains the produced
individual origin of the earth
by the mating of genetically unlike parents
Mendelian factors Genes
Dominance It can express in both homozygous and heterozygous condition
Homologous organs organs having the same basic structure but different functions.
Recessive It can express only in homozygous
F Filial generation
Test cross Cross between offspring and recessive parent
Analogous organs organs having different basic structures but having similar appearances and
Back cross It is the crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to
performing
its
similar functions.
parent
Codominance Codominance is a heterozygous condition in which both alleles at a gene locus are fully
expressed in the phenotype
Incomplete Both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate
Adaptive radiation
dominance orThis
different phenotype. process of organisms that are grouped into a wide variety of
is an evolutionary
Multiple allelism types
occurrence of three or more three alleles for a particular gene
adapted to specialized modes of life.
Linkage Tendency of closely situated genes to inherit together
Crossing over It is an exchange of genetic material during sexual reproduction
Genotype The specific combination of alleles for a given gene
Phenotype An individual's observable traits
branching
Punnet descent
square The process
Square ofisdeveloping
diagram a new
used to predict thespecies fromofa asingle
genotypes common
particular crossdescendant is known
as
Monohybrid Offspring with one particular character
branching descent
Dihybrid Offspring with two different character
Polygenic The inheritance of a trait governed by more than one gene
inheritance
Pleiotropy In which a single gene has multiple phenotypic expressions
Natural selection
Mutation AThe process
change through
in the which populations
DNA sequence of living organisms adapt and change
of an organism
Sex-linked disorder Inherited through sex chromosomes ( X or Y chromosomes)
Autosome-linked It is the pattern of inheritance in which the transmission of traits
Saltation
disorder Single-stepon
depends large
themutation
genes in the autosome
Chromosomal A disorder due to a change in the chromosome number
Disorders
mya Million years ago
Aneuploidy Aneuploidy is a type of chromosomal aberration, where there is one extra chromosome or
one missing chromosome
Polyploidy cells of an organism have more than one pair of chromosomes.
Syndrome A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms that are
correlated with each other
and often associated with a particular disease or disorder.
Biotechnology ‘The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and
molecular analogues for products and services.

Recombinant DNA Desired DNA + Vector DNA

Origin of replication which is responsible for initiating replication

Plasmid autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA

Restriction enzymes Cut DNA at specific locations

Vector Transfer DNA/r-DNA to the host

Cloning Obtaining multiple copies of rDNA

Exonucleases Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA

Endonucleases Cuts at a specific position in palindromic sequence within the DNA

Palindromic sequences The same reading frame on opposite polarity strand of DNA

ampR , tet R Ampicillin and Tetracycline resistant gene

DNA ligases Ligate adjacent nucleotides

Electrophoresis Separation of charged particles under the influence of electric current.

Elution Obtaining DNA from agarose gel

Downstream processing It is the separation and purification of the product.