Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
CE 200: Details of Construction
Lecture 7
Shallow & Deep Foundation
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Lecture Outline
➢ Definition and Purpose of Foundation
➢ Types of Foundation
➢ Shallow Foundation
➢ Spread Footing
➢ Grillage Foundation
➢ Eccentrically Loaded Footing
➢ Combined Footing
➢ Mat or Raft Foundation
➢ Deep Foundation
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Definition and Purpose of Foundation
Foundation: The lowest part of a structure that provides a base for transmitting the loads on the
structure to the soil below.
The purpose of foundation:
➢ To distribute the weight of the structure over a large area
➢ To prevent unequal settlement
➢ To provide a level surface
➢ To increase the stability of the structure by preventing overturning
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Types of Foundation
Factors affecting the depth of the foundation:
➢ Load of Structure
➢ Soil Condition
➢ Surroundings
Foundation
Deep
Foundation
Shallow
Foundation
Piles Cofferdams Caissons
Spread Grillage
Footing Foundation Combined
Eccentrically Footing Mat or Raft
Loaded Footing Foundation
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Shallow Foundation
➢ Distributes structural loads to the earth at relatively shallow depth below the GL.
➢ A shallow foundation system is generally used when the soil close to the ground surface has
sufficient bearing capacity and underlying weaker strata do not result in undue settlement.
➢ The shallow foundations are commonly used most economical foundation systems.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
➢ The base of the member transmitting load to soil is made wider so as to distribute the load over
a wider area.
➢ Broadly speaking, all shallow foundations can be referred to as spread footing foundations.
➢ However, from a design and construction point of view, they have been designated separately
➢ Types are:
o Wall footing
o Inverted arch footing
o Reinforced concrete column footing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Wall Footing
➢ Wall footings are spread and strip footings used to support structural or nonstructural walls to
transmit and distribute the loads to the soil so that the soil’s load-bearing capacity is not
surpassed.
➢ Wall footing runs along the direction of the wall. The size of the footing and the thickness of the
foundation wall are specified on the basis of the type of soil at the site. The width of the wall
footing is generally 2-3 times the width of the wall.
➢ The wall footing can be constructed from stone, brick, plain concrete, or reinforced concrete.
Economical wall footing can be built provided that the imposed load needed to be transmitted is
of small magnitude and the underlying soil layer is of dense sand and gravel. Therefore, wall
footing is best suited for small buildings.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Wall Footing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Wall Footing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Inverted Arch Footing
➢ The inverted arch footing is used in places where the bearing capacity of the soil is very poor
and the load of the structure is concentrated over the walls and deep excavations are not
possible.
➢ This is not a common type of foundation.
➢ Arches are constructed between the two bases of the walls.
➢ The Walls must be sufficiently thick and strong to withstand the outward horizontal thrust
caused by the arch action. Wall footing can be constructed from stone, brick, plain concrete, or
reinforced concrete.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Inverted Arch Footing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing
➢ Reinforced concrete footings are designed based on column loads and moments at the base
and the soil data.
Wall subjected to relatively heavy
loading and resting on soil with
low bearing capacity
Reinforced concrete
footing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
➢ Backfilling
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing o Temporary construction provided for
Steps of Construction: laying cast-in-situ concrete to required
➢ Excavation shape.
➢ Leveling and Dressing o Support the concrete member until it
➢ Brick Flat Soling cures sufficiently to become self-
➢ C.C. Layer supporting.
➢ Formwork o Types: steel, timber
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
➢ Backfilling
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing o Should be able to be erected and de-shuttered fast.
Steps of Construction: o Good concrete quality and surface finish can be
➢ Excavation achieved.
➢ Leveling and Dressing o Should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped
➢ Brick Flat Soling and braced to withstand all types of dead and live
➢ C.C. Layer loads during construction.
➢ Formwork o Should be as light as possible.
➢ Reinforcement o The joints in the formwork should be tight against
➢ Concrete Casting leakage of cement grout.
➢ Removal of formwork o The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily
➢ Curing available and should be suitable for reuse.
➢ Backfilling o The formwork material should not warp or get
Dept. of Civil Engg. distorted when exposed to the elements. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
➢ Backfilling
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
➢ Backfilling
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
➢ Backfilling
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
➢ Backfilling
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Spread Footing
Reinforced Concrete Column Footing
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
➢ Backfilling
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Grillage Foundation
➢ Used when heavy structural loads from columns are required to be transferred to soil of low
bearing capacity
➢ Avoids deep excavation
➢ Types: Steel Grillage and Timber Grillage
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Grillage Foundation
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Eccentrically Loaded Footing
➢ Formed when the c.g. of the imposed loads does not coincide with the c.g. of the supporting
area of base.
➢ Found when walls or columns are to be placed close to property lines.
➢ Stability is ensured by: offsetting the footings and providing strap footing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Combined Footing
➢ Combined footings are constructed for two or more columns when they are close to each other
and their foundations overlap.
➢ Isolated footings for each column are generally economical. Combined footings are provided
only when it is absolutely necessary,
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Combined Footing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
➢ Consists of thick R.C.C. slab covering the entire area of the bottom of the structure like a floor.
➢ This is a large continuous footing supporting all the columns of the structure.
➢ This is used when soil conditions are poor but piles are not used.
➢ Warranted for:
o Heavy concentrated structural loads in sites having low bearing capacity
o Structures liable to subsidence
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Shore Pile Construction
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Shore Pile Construction
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction: Tie Beam
➢ Excavation
Shore Pile
➢ Shore Pile Construction
➢ Leveling and Dressing
Bracing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement Strut
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
King Post
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Shore Pile Construction
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Shore Pile Construction
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Shore Pile Construction
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation Top layer
➢ Shore Pile Construction
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
Chair
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork Bottom layer
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
CC Block
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Shore Pile Construction
Casting
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting Compaction
➢ Removal of formwork
➢ Curing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Shore Pile Construction
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of Formwork
➢ Curing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Raft or Mat Foundation
Steps of Construction:
➢ Excavation
➢ Shore Pile Construction
➢ Leveling and Dressing
➢ Brick Flat Soling
➢ C.C. Layer
➢ Formwork
➢ Reinforcement
➢ Concrete Casting
➢ Removal of Formwork
➢ Curing
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Deep Foundation
➢ Deep Foundations are those in which the depth of the foundation is very large in comparison
to its width.
➢ Deep foundations are necessary whenever the soil close to the ground is incapable of
sustaining a building, and loads must be transferred to deeper layers.
➢ The construction process of a deep foundation is more complex and more expensive than
shallow foundations.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Types of Deep Foundation
➢ Most common forms of construction with deep foundations are:
o Pile Foundation (more commonly used in building construction)
o Cofferdams
o Caisson or Well Foundation
Pile Foundation Cofferdams Caisson
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Pile Foundation
Column
Pile Cap
Pile
Fig: Different Parts of Pile Fig: Piles Beneath the Structure
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Pile Foundation
➢ Pile caps:
o It is a thick concrete mat that rests on driven concrete or timber piles.
o Provides stability to the foundation in soft and unstable ground.
o It distributes the load of the building into the piles.
Piles Caps for Two Piles Piles Caps for Three Piles Piles Caps for Four Piles
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Necessity of Pile Foundation
➢ If the soil near the surface does not have sufficient bearing capacity to support the structural
loads.
➢ If the estimated settlement of the soil exceeds tolerable limits.
➢ To increase the factor of safety of heavy load structures
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Types of Piling
➢ Load Carrying Mechanism:
o End Bearing piles (point bearing piles)
o Friction piles (cohesion piles)
➢ Construction Method:
o Precast Piles
o Cast-In-Situ Piles.
➢ Materials:
o Concrete Piles.
o Steel Piles.
o Timber Piles.
o Composite Piles.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Load Carrying Mechanism of Piles
Friction Pile End Bearing Pile
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Load Carrying Mechanism of Piles
➢ Friction or Cohesion Piles
o Carrying capacity is derived mainly from the adhesion or friction of the soil in contact with the shaft of
the pile.
o These piles transmit most of their load to the soil through skin friction.
o These piles are driven close to each other in groups greatly reducing the porosity and compressibility
of the soil within and around the groups.
➢ End Bearing Piles
o Load is transferred onto a firm stratum located at a considerable depth below the base of the
structure.
o Most of their carrying capacity comes from the penetration resistance of the soil at the toe of the pile.
o The pile behaves as an ordinary column and should be designed as such.
o Even in weak soil a pile will not fail by buckling
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Piles according to Construction Method
➢ Precast Piles
o Displacement Piles.
o Piles of any size are made in advance and then used at the site.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Piles according to Construction Method
➢ Cast-In-Situ/ Bored Piles
o Non-displacement pile in which a hole of the specified diameter is bored to the required depth.
o Cast with concrete of specified strength after the reinforcement is placed in the hole.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Piles according to Construction Method (Procedure)
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Piles according to Materials
Figure: Timber Piles Figure: Steel Piles
➢ Is the first material used in piling work. ➢ Can be driven in very long lengths
➢ A timber pile is usually designed for a ➢ Liable to corrosion above the soil line
maximum load of 15 to 25 tons/pile. ➢ More expensive than timber or concrete
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Piles according to Materials
Figure: Composite Piles Figure: Concrete Piles
➢ Combinations of materials are used.. ➢ Can be drilled deeply into the ground to
➢ Most common methods are steel and support the structure.
concrete.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Cofferdams
➢ Watertight structures that retain water and soil
➢ Allows the enclosed area to be pumped out and excavated dry.
➢ Cofferdams are commonly used for construction or repair of permanent dams, oil
platforms, bridge piers, etc., built within or over water.
➢ Cofferdam is a temporary structure that is removed after the work is completed
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Caisson
➢ A box-shaped structure made of materials like wood, steel, masonry, and reinforced
concrete.
➢ Can be constructed on land and then floated to the desired location, where it is sunk
into place, allowing workers access to the bed.
➢ A caisson is constructed to remain in place as a part of the finished structure.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Some Problems Related to Constructions
Excavation Problems:
➢ Rain-water makes the soft soil clay and it is easy to collapse.
➢ Rain-water can stay in the excavated area.
polythene
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Some Problems Related to Constructions
Vibrator touching the reinforcement: Excess Water in Concrete:
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Some Problems Related to Constructions
Dealignments of Piles during Construction:
Piles were not on the same line
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
Assignment
1. Suppose you want to design a specific kind of foundation for an institutional
building. Necessary documents are provided to you related to the bearing capacity
of the soil. Now draw a flow chart of your selection procedure of different types of
foundations (both shallow and deep foundations must be included).
2. Explain in brief the different scenarios of using cast-in-situ and precast
foundations.
Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET (JAN ‘25)
