In normal adjustment, magnifying power of a reflecting type telescope is

f o R/2
m= - = - ­
fe fe
where R is radius of curvature of concave reflector.
4. Resolving power. It is an ability of an instrument to resolve the images of two point objects lying close
to each other.
Resolving power of a microscope is

2~ sin e
=
d A.
where ~ sin e is numerical aperture
e is half the angle subtended on to the objective lens by the cone of light from the point object
under observation.
d is the minimum distance between the two point objects for which they can be seen as separate
through a microscope.
Resolving power of a telescope is
1 D
de = 1.22 A.
where D is the aperture of the objective of the telescope
de is the angle subtended at the objective by the two pqint objects.
PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS [1 MARK]
1. For the same angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three different media A, B and Care 15°, 25°
and 35° respectively. In which medium will the velocity of light be minimum? [AI 1994]
2. Refractive index of glass for light of yellow, green and red colours are Ily' Ilg and Ilr respectively.
Rearrange these symbols in an increasing order of values. · [AI 1997]
3. The image of an object formed by a lens on the screen is not in sharp focus. Suggest a method to get
clear focussing of the image on the screen without disturbing the position of the object, the lens or the
screen. [Delhi 1998J
4. A concave lens is placed in water. Will there be any change in focal length ? Give reason.
[Delhi 2000C]
5. How does the focal length of a convex lens change if monochromatic red light is used instead of
monochromatic blue light ? [Dellii2CXlOC]
6. When light undergoes refraction, what happens to its frequency? [Al2000CJ
7. When light undergoes refraction at the surface of separation of two media, what happens to its
wavelength? [AI2000C]
8. How does the frequency of a beam of ultraviolet light change when it goes from air into glass ?
[De1hl200 11
9. What is the focal length of a plane mirror? [Delhi 2001 I
10. The refractive index of the material of a concave lens is n 1• It is irrunersed in a medium of refractive index
n 2 , A parallel beam of light in incident on the lens. Trace the path of emergent rays when
(i) n2 = n1(ii) n2 > nj (iii) n2 < n 1, c:
[AI 2(X)l
11. In the given figure, path of a parallel beam of light passing through a convex lens of refractive index
Il g kept in a medium of refractive index Ilm is shown, Is (i) Ilg= Ilm or (ii) Ilg> Ilm or (iii) Ilg< Il m ?
LDelhi2002

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 221

 Jl"

Fig.

12. In the figure given below, path of a parallel beam of light passing through a convex lens
of refractive index ~8 kept in a medium of refractive index ~m is shown . Is (i) ~g = ~m or
(ii) ~g > ~m or (iii) ~g < ~m ? [Dellii2002C]

Jl"

Fig.

13. Vehicles moving in foggy weather use yellow colour headlights. Why ? [AI2002C]
14. Two thin lenses of focal lengths 15 cm and 30 cm r~spectively are kept in contact with each other. What
is the power of the combined system? [Ans. lO D) [Delhi 1994]
15. If the power of a lens is +5 dioptre, what is its focal length ? [Ans. 0.2m] [Delhi 1994Cl
16. At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive-index.J3 , such that the
reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other? {Ans. = 60°] [Delhi 1997C]
17. Two thin lenses of power + 7 D and - 3D are in contact. What is the focal length of the combination?
[Ans.j= +25 cm) [Delhi 2001C]
18. A thin prism of 60° angle gives a deviation of 30°. What is the refractive index of material of prism?
[Ans. ~= 1.41] [AI2001C]

19. The refractive index of a medium is .J3 . What is the angle of refraction, if the unpolarised light is
incideQt on it at the polarising angle of the medium? [Ans. 300] [Delhi 2002]

PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS [2 MARKS)

20. What is total internal reflection? Under what conditions does it take place?
[AI 1994 ; Delhi 1993, 93C]
21. Derive the relation between refractive index of a medium and its critical angle. [AI 1993]
I
22. Prove that )..l = -.- - where C is critical angle. [PB 1993]
sm C
23. Define power of a lens. Give its unit. [HB 1994]
24. Does a beam of white light give a spectrum on passing through a hollow prism? [HBl994]
25. What is the effect of increasing the diameter of the objective of a telescope on its
(i) magnifying power and (ii) resolving power?
26. A concave mirror and a concave lens are held in water. What changes, if any, do you expect in their
respective focal lengths as compared to their values in air ? [Delhi 1995]
27. Explain why white light is dispersed when passing through a prism. [AI 1995]

222 7~ ~@ Physics (XII)

 .1 convex lens
i) I1g = 11m or
I.DeIhi 2OO2C]

[AI2002C]
~ch other. What
D] [Delhi 1994]
!l] [Delhi 1994C]
-
3 , such that the
0] [Delhi 1997C]
e combination ?
:] [Delhi2001C]
::ial of prism?
.41] [AI2001C]
o larised light is
{)"] [Delhi 2002]

(ii) Rainbow is never formed. [AI2<XX>]

45. Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the fonnation of image of a distant object using an astronomical
lhi J993, 93C] telescope in the normal adjustment position. [AI 2000]
[All993] 46. Red light is incident on a thin converging lens of focal length 'f' . Briefly explain how the focal length
of the lens will change, if red light is replaced with blue light. [Delhi 2001]
[PB 1993] 47. Draw a ray dial¥am showing how the final image of a distant object is fanned using an astronomical
telescope in the near point position. [Delhi 2001]
[HB 1994]
48. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of image of an object using a compound microscope.
[HB 1994]
[Delhi 2001]
49. A thin converging lens has a focai Itngth T in air. If it is completely inunersed.in a liquid, briefly explain
! expect in their how the focal length of the lens will vary? [Delbi2001]
[Delhi 1995] 50. A thin converging lens has focal length j ', when illuminated by violet light. state with reason, how the
[AI 1995] focal length of lens will change, if violet light is replaced by red light. [Delhi 2001]

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 223

 51. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a Newtonian type reflecting telescope. [AI2000, 200 ]] 72. An object is
52. A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass prism shows minimum deviation of 30°. Calculate the produced.
speed of light through the glass prism. . [Ans. Urn =2.1x 108 m/s)[AI2001] 73. Calculate ID-
53. A beaker is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The apparent depth of a needle lying at the bottom deviation i_
of the beaker is measured to be 9.4 cm. What is the refractive index of water? [Ans. 1.33] 74. An astronO'
54. A biconvex lens with both faces of the same radius of curvature, is to be manufactured from a glass of Calculate
refractive index 1.55. What should be the radius of curvature for the focal length of the lens to be
75. A glass p
20cm? [Ans. 22cm]
refractive .3
55. Define refractive index of a material. The apparent depth of an object of a tank filled with a liquid of [sin- 1 0.56 =3
refractive index 1.3 is 7.7 cm. What is the actual depth of the liquid in a tank? [Delhi 1991J 76. An illumir.:
56. Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope used in the normal adjustrnent position. State earth. Cal
the expression for its magnifying power. [Delhi 1999 :AI 2001J
57. A ray of light undergoes total internal reflection while moving from a denser to a rarer medium. Derive 77. Glass has a-e
the relation connecting critical angle and refractive indices of the two media. [Foreign 2001 ] is immeL
58. The magnifying powers of two astronomical telescopes are the same, but the apertures of their objective lens.
lenses are in the ratio 2 : 3. State. with reason, which telescope has (i) larger resolving power and
78. A convex -­
(ii) which one produces image of greater intensity. ~ [Foreign 2001] position anj
59. Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of image by a compound microscope. 79. Aconve~
[Delhi 1999, 2001, 2002 ;'Poreign 200 I] is imme ~
60. Give reasons for the following observations made from Earth :
(i) Sun is visible before the actual sunrise.· 80. Twocom <'"
(ii) Sun looks reddish at sunset. [Delhi 2002) astronomi.
61. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope in the normal (i) W b;..;.
adjustment mode. [Al2000 ; Delhi 2002] (ii) C Oillj4
62. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope in the near point 81. A ray ofL'~
adjustment [Delhi 200 1,2002] angle of e
63. What changes in the focal length of a (i) concave mirror and (ii) convex lens occur, when the incident index Of " - ~
violet light on them is replaced with red light? [AI 2002] 82. State the
64. A glass prism has a minimum angle of deviation 'D' in air. State with reason, how the angle of minimum medium.
deviation will change, if the prism is immersed in a liquid of refractive index> 1. [A12002]
65. Why does dispersion take place in a glass prism? Draw the graph showing the variation of angle of pREVIOUS YE.
deviation with the angle of incidence of light, incident on one face of a prism. [Foreign. 2002] 83. Derive the ..
66. A convex lens of refractive index n 1 is held in a medium of refractive index n2 . Trace the path of refracted of refract:
rays of a parallel beam of light incident on the lens when (i) n2 > n 1 and (ii) n2 = n 1• 84. Show, b~ ,­
[Foreign 2002] through
67. State w:ith reason, the effect of decreasing focal length of the objective lens on (i) resolving power and 85. Derive rr,""
(ii) magnifying power of an astronomical telescope. [Foreign 2002J convex I
68. How does the focal length of a converging lens change, if the incident violet light is replaced with red 86. Deduce L _
light? Justify your answer. [Foreign 2002]
69. How will the resolving power of the compound microscope be affected, when (i) the frequency of light 87. Explain
used to illuminate the object is increased and (ii) the focal length of the objective lens is increased?
Justify your answer in each case. [A12002C] 88. State and,
70. How does the resolving power of a compound microscope change on (i) decreasing the wavelength of 89. Howwi l
light used and (ii) decreasing ~he diameter of the objective lens? Justify answer in each case. piece (i ­
[AI2002C] 90. Draw a
71 . An object is placed at 0.06 m from a convex lens of focal length 0.10 ffi. Calculate the position of the advanta~ _
image. [ADs. v =-15 cm] [Delhi 1993]

224 7~ ~@ Physics (XII)

 [AI2000. 200 1] 72. An object is kept at 0.2 m from a convex lens of focal length 0.15 m. Find the position of the image
)0. Calculate the produced. [Ans. v=60cm] lAI 19931
OS m/sHAl200l] 73. Calculate the refractive index of the material of an equilateral prism for which the angle of minimum
ng at the bottom
deviation is 60°. [ADS. J3 1[AI 1994]
[Ans. 1.33]
74. An astronomical telescope consists of two thin lenses set 36 cm apart and has a magnifying power 8.
j from a glass of
Calculate the focal lengths of the lenses. [ADs.l e= 4 cm;fo = 32 cm) [AI 1999 : Delhi 19971
)f the lens to be
75. A glass prism of refracting angle 60° and refractive index 1.5 is completely immersed in water of
[Ans. 22cm]
refractive index 1.33. Calculate the angle of minimum deviation of the prism in this situation.
with a liquid of
[sin- 1 0.56=34.3°J [Ans. D", 8.6°J [DelliiJ997CJ
[Defui 1991]
76. An illuminance of 2 x 10 5 lumenlm 2 is produced by sunlight incident normally on the surface of the
lit position. State
earth. Calculate the luminous flux of the Sun, if it is at a mean distance of 1.5 x lOll m from the earth?
1999 ; AI 2001]
[Ans.4.228 x 1027 lumen) [AI J997C]
medium. Derive
77. Glass has a refractive index of 1.5. A convex lens made of thin glass has a focal length of 20 cm in air. It
I l Foreign 200 1j is immersed in water whose refractive index is 4/3. Calculate the apparent changed focal length of the
!>f their objecti ve
lens. [Ans. 80 cm] [Foreign 1998]
-ing power and
78. A convex lens of focal length 20 clJil"produced a real image of an object when it is 30 cm away. Find
[Foreign 20011 position and magnification of image. [Ans. m = -2] [JK 1998]
pe. 79. A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm in air. It is made of a material of refractive index 1.6. If it
Foreign 200 I 1 is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3, what will be its new focal length ?
[Ans. 52cm][Delhi 1999]
80. Two convex lenses of same focal length but aperture 5 cm and 10 cm are used as objective lenses in two
[Delhi 2002] astronomical telescopes .
De in the normal (i) What will be the ratio of their resolving power?
• Delhi 2002] (ii) Compare the intensity of image formed in two cases. [Ans. I : 2; I : 4] [Foreign 1999J
81. A ray ofIight passes through an equilateral glass prism, such that the angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of emergence. If the angle of emergence is 3/4 times the angle of prism, calculate the refractive
n the incident index of the glass prism. [ADS. /l = 1.414] [Delhi 2000J
[AI 2002] 82. State the conditions for total internal reflection of light to take place. Calculate the speed of light in a
Ie of minimum medium, whose critical angle is 45°. [Ans. v = 2.1 X 108 m/sHAI 20021
[Al2002]
ion of angle of PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS [3 MARKS]
'Foreign 2002] 83. Derive the expression for the angle of deviation for a ray of light passing through an equilateral prism
Mth of refracted of refracting angle' A' . [Delhi 1993]
84. Show, by drawing ray diagrams, how a totally reflecting glass prism can be used to deviate a ray of light
'Foreign 2002] through (i) 90° (ii) 180°. [Delhi 1994]
-jng power and 85. Derive the thin lens formula which relates object distance, image distance and the focal length of a
Foreign 2002] convex lens. [Delhi 1994C]
laced with red 86. Deduce Len's Maker's Formula for a thin biconvex lens.
'Foreign 2002J [JK 1998 ; PE 1992 ; HB 1996. 95, 93 ; Delhi 1996]
. ­
uency of light 87. Explain the term angular dispersion and dispersive power. How are the two related?
is increased ? [JK 1998 : PB 1997]
lAI2002C] 88. State and prove prism formula . [HP 1997; HE J9931
wavelength of 89. How will magnifying power of a refracting astronomical telescope be affected on increasing for its eye­
case. piece (i) the focal length and (ii) the aperture? Justify your answer. [AJ 1997]
[AT2002C] 90. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation in a reflecting type telescope. Write its two
position of the advantages over a refracting type telescope. On what factors does its resolving power depend?
tIl] [Delhi 1993 J [AI 1998]

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 225

 91. Draw a ray diagram to show how an image is formed by a compound microscope. On what factors will the le i
(i) its resolving power, and (ii) its magnifying power depend ? [AI 199 ] needl(
92. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image of an .object placed between f and 2f of a thin 107. Anob.
concave lens. Deduce the relation between the object distances, the image distance and the focal size 01
length oLthe lens under this condition . [AlI998] ' 108. Mono
93. Draw a ray diagram to show the fonnation of the image of an object placed between the optical centre wavel l
and focus of a convex lens. Deduce the relationship between the object distance, image distance and
focal length under the conditions stated. [AI 1998J 109. A dou
94. Draw a ray diagram to show how the image is formed when the object is placed between f and 2f 20 cm
distances from a convex lens. Deduce the relation between the distances of the object and the image image.
from the lens and the focal length of the lens under this condition. [AI 1998] 110. A com
95. You are given three lenses having powers P and apertures A as follows: placed
PI =6D, A] =3 cm
P2 =3D, A 2 = 15 cm Ill. Velocil
P3 = 12D, A3 = 1.5 cm calcula
Which two of these will you select to construct (i) a telescope and (ii) a microscope? State the basis for 112. Velocil
your answer. in each case. [Foreign 1998] calcula
96. State the condition of total internal reflection of light to take place at an interface separating two U3. A dout
transparent media. Hence derive the expression for the critical angle in terms of the speeds of light in length .
the two media. [Delhi 2000] 114. Where
97. A concave lens made of a material of refractive index n] is kept in a medium of refractive index n 2. image (
A parallel beam of light is incident on the lens. Complete the path of the rays of light emerging from the
concave lens if (i) n l > n2 (ii) n] = 122 and (iii) Il] < 122 , [AI 2000] PREVIOUS '
98. A convex lens made of a material of refractive index 12] is kept in a medium of refractive index (12' U5. Explair
Parallel rays of light are incident on the lens. Complete the path of the rays 'of light emerging from the Explain
convex lens if (i) 11] > 11 2 , (ii) 11] ,;, 122 arid (iii) 12] < 112 , L.AJ2000] 116. Define
99. What do you understand by the phenomenon of total internal reflection? Give two conditions for it to absorp'
take place. Derive the relation connecting refractive index and critical angle for a given pair of media.
[Al2001] 117. Prove I.;

100. , (a) State the postulates of Huyghen's wave theory. when re

(b) Draw the type of wavefront that corresponds to a beam of light.

101.
(I) Coming from a very far-off source and (ii) diverging from a point source.
(a) State the essential condition for Rayleigh scattering to occur.
,
[AI 2001] 118. Describ<

(b) Compare the intensity of scattering of light of wavelength 400 nm and 600 nm in the earth 's ll9. Draw
atmosphere. focus of
(c) State the reason why the sun looks reddish at sunrise and sunset. [Foreign 2001] length I.
102. Two thin converging lenses of focal length 15 cm and 30 cm are held in contact with each other. convenL
, Calculate power and focal length of combination. [Ans.f= 10 cm; P= +10 D] [Delhi 19941 120. What i ~
103. A ray is to deviate through 90° by a right angled isosceles prism. What should be minimum refractive
index of the material of prism? [ADs. = 1.414] [Delhi 1995J
104. The radius of curvature of each face of a biconcave lens. made of glass of refractive index L5 is 30 cm.
Calculate the focal length of the lens in air. [Ans. 30 cm] [AT 1996]
lOS. The image obtained with a convex lens is erect and its length is four times the length of object. If the
focal length of the lens is 20 cm, calculate object and image distance. [HE 1996; PB 1996J
106'. A needle placed 45 cm from a, lens fonns an image on the screen placed 90 cm, on the other side of

226 7~ ~@J Physics (X/I)

 the lens. Identify the type of lens and determine its focal length. What is the size of image if size of
needle is 5.0 cm ? [Ans. hi =+ 10 cm] [FB L996C]
107. An object 10 cm long is placed at 15 cm away from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Find position and
size of image. [Ans. 1= -20 cm] [JK 1997]
108. Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What are the
wavelengths, frequency and speed of (a) reflected and (b) refracted light. [fl of water 1.33]. =
[Delhi 1997]
109. A double convex lens made of glass of refractive index 1.5 has both radii of curvature of magnitude
20 em. An object 2 cm high is placed at 10 cm from the lens. Find the position, nature and size of the
image. [Ans. 1= 4 cm] [Delhl 1997C]
no. A compound lens is made of two Lenses in contact having powers + 12.5 D and - 2.5 D. An object is
placed at 15 cm from this compound lens. Find the position and nature of the image formed .
[AI 1997C]
Ill. Velocity of light in a liquid is 1.5 x 108 mls and in air is 3 X L08 mls. If the ray passes through liquid to air,
calculate the value of critical angle. [Ans. 300 ][PB 19991
8 8
112. Velocity of light in glass is 2 x 10 mls and in air is 3 x 10 mls. If the ray passes through glass to air,
calculate the value of critical angle. [PB 1999]
113. A double Concave lens of glass of 11 = 1.6 has radii of curvature of 40 cm and 60 cm. Calculate its focal
length in air. [Ans.f= +200 cm] [Delhl 2000]
114. Where should an object be placed from a converging lens of focal length 20 cm, so as to obtain a real
image of magnification 2 ? [Ans. u = -30 cm] [AI 2001 ]

PREVIOUS YEARS'·QUESTIONS [5 MARKS]

115. Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection. What are the conditions for this phenomenon?
Explain the meaning of critical angle. [Delhi 1996; AI 1993]
116. Define total internal reflection. State its conditions. How do optical fibres transmit light without
absorption ? [HE 1994]

117. Prove that -Ill + 112 = 112 -Ill

U V R
when refraction occurs from rarer to denser media at a convex refracting spherical surface.
[pB 1993 ; HE J997 : HP 1997]
118. Describe a compound microscope and find the expression for its magnifying power.
[PB 1997 : AI 1995 ; HP 1994)
119. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image of an object placed between optical centre and
focus of a convex lens. Obtain the relation between object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal
length if) for this particular case for the given convex lens . State clearly the assumption and sign
convention used. [Delhi 1995C]
120. What is terrestrial telescope? Draw the path of ray through the telescope and find expression for its
magnifying power. [FIB 1996 ; PB 1996]
121. Define the magnifying power of a microscope. With the help of a ray diagram, explain the formation of
the image in a compound microscope. Derive an expression for its magnifying power. How can its
magnifying power be increased ?
122. With the help of a ray diagram, explain the formation of image in an astronomical telescepe for a distant
object. Define the term Magnifying power of a telescope. Derive an expression for its magnifying
power when the fmal image is fOI1p.ed at the least distance of distinct vision .

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 227

 -
Or (b)

Explain the phenomenon of total internal ret1ection. State two conditions that must be satisfied for total
132. Two
internal reflection to take place. Derive the relation between the critical angle and the refractive index of
the medium. (a)
Draw ray diagrams to show how a right angled isosceles prism can be used to (i) deviate ray through (b)
180°, and (ii) to invert it. I AI 2000cl
123. You are given two convex lense~ of short aperture having focal lengths 4 cm and 8 cm respecrlvely.
Which one of these will y,)U use as an objective and which one as an eyepiece for constructing a 133. For a
compound microscnpe ') "Craw a ray diagram [0 show the formation of the image of a small object due (ii) if
to a compound microscope. Derive an expression for its magnifying power. [Delhi 200 LCJ
Or
IMPORTA
With the help of a ray diagram explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection. Obtain the relation
between critical angle and the refractive index of the medium. Draw ray diagrams to show how a right 1. Two I
angled isosceles prism can be lISed to (i) deviate the ray through 180°, W) deviate the ray through 90°, identi ,
and (iii) invert the ray. [Delhi2001C I 2. What
124. Derive the Lens-maker'" formula in case of a double convex lens. State the assumptions made and
3. HOWl
convention of signs used.
4. When
125. Derive the relation between distance of object. distance of image and radius of curvature of a convex
spherical surface, when refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium and image produced is focal
virtual. State the assumptions and convention of signs used. rAJ 2002Cl 5. Call '.
126. Explain with re,lson, how the resolving power of a compound microscope will change when (i) frequency 6. Wha!
of the incident light on the objective lens is increased, (ii) focal length of the objective lens is increased 7. Whar
and (iii) aperture of the objective lens is ipcreased. [AI 2(1011 ami {'.
127. A ray of light is incident at an angle of incidence ' i' on the surface separating air and a denser medium 8. An or '
of refractive index 'n', such that the reflected and refracted rays of light are at right angles to each other.
ofim..
Derive the relation connecting '11' and 'i'. (Foreign 2002]
9. Can a
128. Give reasons for the following:
(a) Sky appears blue during day time as seen from the earth. 10. Can r
(b) A rainbow is never observed from the surface of moon. 11. Wh, t.

(c) Sunset ancl sunrise are abrupt as seen from moon. [ForeIgn 2002J 12. For II ~
U9. By drawing the ray diagrams , show how a right-angled isosceles prism can be used to deviate a ray of 13. On il L
light through (i) 90° and (ii) 180 0 ? Calculate the value of /.l if critical angle ie is 45°. [Ans. J.l = 1.41] 14. Focal
[Delhi 1996C] refra~
130. Draw the graph to show the variation of angle of deviation 'D' with
B 15. An on
the variation of angle of incidence' i' for a monochromatic ray of light
is the
pa~sing through a prism of refracting
16. Ho\\
SIn 17. What
angle' A' . Deduce the relation J.l = - -'--- - ---'­ 18. What
lens .)
2
A ray of light PQ is incident at an angle of 60 0 on the face AB of a 19. What
Fig.
prism of angle 30° as shown in !.he figure. The ray emerging am 20. Wh~ u
of the prism makes an angle of 30° with the incident ray, Redraw and complete the ray diagram depicting 21. Two [
that emergent ray is perpendicular to the face BC of the prism through which it emerges. comb'
13.J . Two lenses of powers + ISO and -5D are in contact with each other fanning a combination lens. 22. Two p
(a) What is the focal !ength- of this combination ')

228 7~ t<J.itk8 Physics (XlJ)

 (b) An object of size 3 cm is placed at 30 em from this combination of lenses. Calculatt: tJle position
and size of the image formed . [Ans.f= 10cm ; 15 cm; hi =-1 .5 cm] [Delhi 20021
132. Two lenses of powers -15D and +50 are in contact with each other forming a combination. lens.
(a) What is the focal length of this combination?
(b) An object of size 4 cm is placed at 20 em from this combination of lenses. Calculate the position
20 1
and size of the image formed. [Ans. f= -10 cm ; v = - -:;- cm ; hi = :; h" 1 [DeUli 2002]
,) .)

133. For a converging lens r J = r 2 = 24 cm and refractive index 1.6. (i) calculate its focal length in air and
Ui) if the lens is split vertically into two identical parts. what is the focal length of each part ?

[Ans. (Of= 20 cm (ii).f = 40 crn1 [ForelgI1 200:2]

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS [1 MARK]

1. Two light sources of luminous intensities PI and P2 are placed at a distance of x and 2x from two
identical screens and the screens look equally bright. What is P/P 2 .)

2. \\'hat is dispersion of light due to ?

3. How can real image be distinguished from a virtual image?
4. When a biconvex lens made of glass (11 = 1.5) is immersed in water (11 = J .33), what will happen to its
focal length?
5. Can \ irtual image he photographed "
6. What is tbe relation betv.:een luminous intensi ry ,-ll1d luminous tlux for a point source .)
7. What is tht: nature of the image formed by a conca ve mirror when the object is placed belvveen its pole
and foeu~ .J

8. An object is placed hetween two plane mirrors inclined at angle q with each other. What is tbe total no.
of images fanned '/
9. Can absolute value of refractive index of a medium be less than unity?
10. Can relative refractive index of a medium W.r.t. another medium be less than un.ity ?
11. Why does refraclion take place?
:::. (l2] 12. For which material the value of refractive index is (i) mini.mum and (ii) maximum?
.-ay of 13. On what factors does the lateral shift depend .)
=1.-+ 1J 14. Focal length of an equiconvex lens i~ equal to the radius of curvature of either face. What is the
~l refracti ve index of lens material ')
15. An objecl is first seen in red light and then in violet tight through a simple microscope. In wllich case
is the magnifying power larger ')
16. How are resolving power 'and Limit of resolution of an optical instlUment relalcd ?
17. What is the relation between magnifying power and resolving power of a lelescope ')
18. What should be the position of an object relative to a biconvex lens so that it behaves like a magnifying
lens?
19. What is resol ving power of a micro~copc ')
20. Why does the sky appear blue?
icting 21. Two thin lenses of focal lengths 6 cm and - 12 cm are placed in contact. What wi.li be the nature of tbeir
combination--converging or diverging?
22. Two plane mirrors are placed at 60° to each other. How many numbers of images would be formed?

Ra.'v OpticS and Optical Instruments 229

 -
~F'
23. A converging lens (1-1 = 1.5) is placed in CS 2 solution (1-1 = 1.62), Discuss 44. Ans'
nature of lens. (a:
24. A lens of focal 'length 30 cm is cut as shown. What will be the new focal
length? (b )
, Ig.
25. A convex lens forms the image of the sunat a distance of20 cm. Where will the image be formed when
(c)
another lens of the same aperture but double the power is used?
26. The image of a small electric bulb fixed at the wall or a room is to be obtained on the opposite wall (d)
3 m away by means of a large convex lens. What is the maximum possible focal length of the lens
required for the purpose? 45. A be
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS [2 MARKS] lengt

27. How will the focal length of a lens be affected if it is dipped in water?
46. Two
28. Can a converging lens act-as diverging lens? Explain.
their
29. Draw a ray diagram to show formation Q[ virtual image by a convex mirror.
30. State the factor on which the refractive index of a medium depends. 47. Velo(
31. Only the stars near the horizon twinkle while those overhead do not twinkle. Why? liquic
·32. Why is the power of a lens measured as the reciprocal of its focal length ? 48. The 0
33. A straight rod appears bent in water. Why ? glas '
34. The sun near the horizon appears flattened at sunset and sunrise. Why ? 49. CalcL
35. Mention some important applications of optical fibres. the di
36. A concave lens of a material of refractive index 1-1 is immersed in a medium of refractive index fl' .
When a parallel beam of light is incident on the lens, trace the path of the emergent rays if (i) 1-1' > )J
50. The f<
(ii) 1-1' = 1-1 (iii) 1-1' < 1-1. is 20
37. A convex lens (I-Is = 1.5) behaves as aconVerging lens when dipped in water (I-Iw = 1.33) whereas it 51. Whel1
magru
behaves as a diverging lens when dipped in carbon disulphide (I-Ie = 1.65) . Why ?
38. Define resolving power of an optical instrument. Give the mathematical formula for the resol ving power 52. A bub
of the telescope. If 1-1 =
39. How do optical fibres transmit light without significant absorption? Mention one practical application 53. A bea
of optical fibres. [Al l 9911 of the
40. Define (i) resolving power and (ii) magnifying power of a telescope. [AI 1991] 54. A bi
41. How can you produce dispersion without deviation? lDelhi 1991q refrae"
42. (a) A concave mirror and a convex lens are held in water. What change, if any, do you expect to find
20cm
in the focal length of either?
(b) On a hot summer day in a desert, one sees the reflected image of dis'tant parts of the sky. (This is 55. Defin:
sometimes mistaken by the observer to be the reflection of the sky in some distant lake of water. a liqw
This illusion is called a mirage). Explain.
(c) What is the twinkling effect of starlight due to ? c 56. The f :?
(d) Watching the sunset on a beach, one can see deviat
the Sun for several minutes after it has

43.
'actually set'. Explain. [NCERl1
A right-angle prism is placed before an object in
the two positions shown in figure . The prism is made
of crown glass with critical angle equal to 41 0. Trace
the paths of two rays from P and Q Bormal to the
C
/iJ (a) A
A
(b)
B

hypotenuse in Fig. (a) and parallel to the hypotenuse

in Fig. (b). [NCER1] Fig.

230 7~ ~@; Physics (X/I)

 44. Answer the following questions:
(a) A virtual image, we always say, cannot be caught on a screen. Yet when we 'see' a virtual image,
we are obviously bringing it on to the 'screen' (i.e., the retina) of our eye. Is there a contradiction?
(b) To a fish under water, viewing obliquely a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake, does the man
look taller or shorter than what he actually is ?

(c) Does the apparent depth increase or decrease if viewed obliquely?

(d) The refractive index of diamond is much greater than that of ordinary glass. Is this fact of some
use to a diamond cutter? [NCERTI
45. A beam of light converges to a point P. By what distance will this point shift if a convex lens of focal
length 20 cm is placed in the path of the convergent beam at a distance of 12 cm from P ?
[Ans. 4.5cm]
46. Two thin lenses of focal lengths 6 cm and 12 cm are placed in contact. What will be the focal length of
their combination?
47. Velocity of light in a liquid is 1.8 x 108 ms-l . Find by how much the bottom of vessel containing this
liquid appears to be raised if the depth of the liquid is 25 cm.
48. The minimum deviation produced by a glass prism ofangle 60° is 30°. Calculate the velocity of light in
glass.
49. Calculate the magnification of a magnifying glass of focal length 5 cm when the image is formed by it at
the distance of distinct vision.
50. The radius of curvature of the curved face of a plano-convex lens made of glass of refractive index 1.5
is 20 cm. Find the focal length of the lens.
51. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 12 cm to form a 3 times
magnified real image?
52. A bubble inside a glass slab appears to be at a depth of 3 cm from one face and 2 cm from opposite face.
If f.l = 1.5, what is actual thickness of slab?
..oJ application 53. A beaker is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The apparent depth of a needle lying at the bottom
[All9911 of the beaker is measured to be 9.4 cm. What is the refractive index of water? [Ans. 1.33]
[Al19911 54. A biconvex lens with both faces of thesarne radius of curvature, is to be manufactured from a glass of
""!Jelhi 1991 C] refractive index 1.55. What should be the radius of curvature for the focal length of the lens to be
_xpect to fmd 20cm? [AllS. 22 cm]
55. Define refractive index of a material. The apparent depth of an object at the bottom of a tank filled with
e sky. (This is
a liquid of refractive index 1.3 is 7.7 cm. What is the actual depth of the liquid in the tank ?
_ake of water.
[Delhi 1991]
56. The refractive index of a prism of angle 60° is 1.62 for sodium light. What is the angle of minimum
deviation? [Ans.48°] [Delhi 1991J
57. A compound microscope has a magnification of 30. The focal length of its eye-piece is 5cm. Assuming
B the final image to be formed at least distance of distinct vision (25 cm), calculate the magnification
produced by the objective. [ADs. 5] [AlI991]
58. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm and made of glass (11 = 1.5) is immersed in water of f.l = 1.33.
(b)
Calculate change in focal length of the lens. [PB 1991] .
59. An object is placed at a distance 5 cm from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Calculate the position
.and magnification of the image. [Delhll9921

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 231

60. Figures (a) and (b) show refraction of an incident ray in air at 60° with the nonnal to a glass-air and 71 . An
water-air interface, respectively. Predict the angle of refraction of an incident ray in water at 45° with sep
the normal to a water-glass interface. [Fig. (c)] [Ans. 38°] [NCERTI the

AIR IMPOR1
35 '
60' GLASS
GLASS
72. Wt
AIR 60' WATER 45 ' WATER
ffOl
41'
Tht
41 :
hYf
(a) (b) (c)
Fig.
61. A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of 80 cm. What is the area of
the sUlface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge out? Refractive index of water is
1.33. (Consider the bulb to be a point source). [A.ns. 2.6 m2] [NCERT]
62. Double-convex lenses are to be manufactured from a glass of refractive index 1.55, with both faces of 73. Ho
the same radius of curvature. What is the radius of curvature required if the focal length 20 cm ? ang
[Ans. R =22 cm] [NCERT] 74.
1)3. A beam of light converges to a point P. A lens is placed in the path of the convergent beams 12 cm from 75. An
im.
P. At what point does the beam converge if the lens is (a) a convex lens of focal length 20 cm,
76. At
(b) a concave lens offocallength 16 cm ? [Ans. (a)v=7.5 cm(b)v=48cm] [NCERT]
mo
64. A thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm is used as a simple microscope by a person with normal near
(e.
point (25 cm). What is the magnifying power of the microscope? [Ans. 6J [NCERT]
the
65. A person with a normal near point (25 cm) using a compound microscope with objective of focal length teie
8.0 mm and an eye-piece offocallength 2.5 cm can bring an object placed 9.0 rum from the objective in 77. t,
sharp focus. What is the separation between the two lenses? How much is the magnifying power of
the microscope? [Ans. (i) 9.47 cm (ii) 88] [NCERll
66. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 144 cm and an eye-piece offocallength 6.0 cm.
What is the magnifying power of the telescope? What is the separation between the objective and the
eye-piece? [Ans. 24 ; 150cm] [NCERT] .
67. A small pin fixed on a table top is viewed from above from a distance of 50 cm. By what distance would
the pin appear to be raised if it is viewed from the same point through a 15 cm thick glass slab held
parallel to the table? Refractive index of glass = 1.5. Does the answer depend on the location of
the slab? [Ans. 5.0 cm ; No] lNCERT] 78. U .
68. The image of a small electJic bulb fixed on the wall of a room is to be obtained on the opposite wall t(
3 m away by means of a large convex lens. What is the maximum possible focal length of the lens I~

required for the purpose? [Ans.jrnax= 0.75 cm] [NCERT]

69. A screen is placed 90 cm from an object. The image of the object on the screen is formed by a convex 79. Y
lens at two different locations separated by 20 cm. Determine the focal length of the lens.
[Ans.j= 21.4 cm] [NCERT]
70. At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of reti'acting angle 60° so that it
CI
just suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The refractive index of the material of the prism
81. A
is 1.524. [Ans. 30°] [ CERT]
Th

232 7~ «dd@J Physics eXII)

 : lass-air and 71. An eye-piece of a telescope consists of two plano-convex lenses L J and Ll each of focal length f
. at 45 0 with separated by a distance of 2f13. Where should L J be placed relative to the focus of the objective lens of
.: 'C ) [NCERT] the telescope so that the final image through Ll is seen at infinity?
[AllS. atfl4 from focus of objective] [NCERT]

I GLASS
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS [3 :MARKS]

p
72. What is total internal reflection? An object PQ is placed in
-T ER front of a right-angle prism, as shown in the adjoining figure.
The prism is made of crown glass with critical angle equal to
!
Q
410. Trace the path of the rays from P and Q normal to the
90 ·
hypotenuse. rCentral schools 1990C]

. .. the area of
of water is
2 Fig.
3 ] [NCERT]
73. How does the angle of deviation vary with the angle of incidence in the case of a prism? What is the
angle ofrninimum deviation? 1A1199OCl
74. What are optical fibres? Give three applications of these fibres.
. 12 cm from 75. An object of size 3.0 cm is placed 14 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length 21 cm. Describe the
image produced by the lens . What happens if the object is moved farther from the lens?
76. A telescope has an objective of diameter 60 cm. The focal lengths of the objective and eye-piece are 2.0
m and 1.0 cm, respectively. The telescope is directed to view two distant, almost point sources of light
normal near
(e.g., two stars of a binary). The sources are at roughly the same distance (= 104 light years) along
6] INCERT]
the line of sight but are separated transverse to the line of sight by a distance of 1010 m. Will the

m'Iv
telescope resolve the two objects i.e., will it see two distinct stars? [NCERT]
77. (a) Figure shows a cross-section of a 'light pipe '
made of a glass fibre of refractive index 1.68. The
outer covering of the pipe is made of a material of
refractive index 1.44. What is the range of the

;:~e:o~f:~C:ln~~~:ln~:~~~t:~: i~d~~~:fp~;:
take place as shown in the figure?

of the pipe?
[N CERT]
(b) What is the answer if there is no outer covering
=====..
"'j ..
r

Fig.
'--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - l
;; location of
- ·0] [NCERT] 78. Use the lens equation to deduce algebraically what you know otherwise from explicit ray diagrams:
• ~ posite wall (a) An object placed within the focus of a convex lens produces a virtual and enlarged image.
_:.. of the lens (b) A concave lens produces a virtual and diminished image independent of the location of the
::n] I CERTJ object. [NCERI]
y a convex 79. You are given prisms made of crown glass and flint glass with a wide variety of angles. Suggest a
combination of prisms which will (a) deviate a pencil of white light without much dispersion.
(b) disperse (and displace) a pencil of white light without much deviation. [NCERT]
:m] [ CERTJ
80. An angular magnification (magnifying power) of 30X is desired using an objective of focal length 1.85
o so that it
cm and an eye-piece of focal length 5 cm. How will you set up the compound microscope? [NCERJ1
of the prism
81. A terrestrial telescope has an objective of focal length 180 cm and an eye-piece of focal length of 5 cm.
: '""1 [NCERTJ The erecting lens has a focal length of 3.5 cm. What is the separation between the objective and

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 233

 the eye-piece? What is the magnifying power of the telescope? Can we use the telescope for viewing in
astronomical objects ? [NCERTJ is 1
82. The objective,of telescope A has a diameter 3 times that of the objective of telescope B.
96.
(a) How much greater amount of light is gathered by A compared to B ?
(b) Show that the range of A is three times the range of B. (Range tells you hOw far a star of some
standard absolute blightness can be spotted by the telescope).
(c) A telescope increases the brightness of the background compared to what is seen by the unaided
eye. Thus, it facilitates observation by improving the contrast between a star and its background.
Explain this statement carefully. [NCER1]
83. At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of refracting angle 60° so that it just
97. Th
suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The refractive index of the material of the prism is
1.524. liq
84. A 2 cm tall object is placed at a distance of 16 cmfrom a convex lens of focal length 12 cm. Find the thf
position, size and nature of the image. mc
. 85. The focal lengths of objective and eye piece of a compound microscope are 4 cm and 10 cm respectively. 98. Fil
If an object is placed' at a distance of 6 cm from the objective, calculate the total magnification produced
1.:
by the compound microscope.
nll
86. In the normal adjustment of an astronomical telescope, the distance between the objective lens and the
eye lens is 10 cm. The magnifying power of the telescope is 4 . Calculate the focal lengths of objective ax­
and eye lens. is
87. The image of an object obtained with a converging lens offocallength 20 cm is erect and 4 times the size of
of the object. Calculate the distance of the object from the lens. 45
88. Separation between the objective lens and the eye lens of a telescope is 52 cm and its magnification is
is
25. If the final image formed by the telescope is at infinity, find the focal lengths of the objective and the
eye lens. 30
89. An object placed 45 cm from a lens forms an image on a screen placed 90 cm on the other SIde of the ?
lens. Identify the type of the lens and find its focal length. [ADs. 30 cm] [Central Schools 1990] 99. A
90. Define the limit of resolution of a telescope. Roughly calculate the limit of resolution of a 100 cm be
telescope with visible light of wavelength A= 5500 A. [Ans. 0.14 arc second] [AI 1990C] m t:
91. A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The apparent depth of a needle lying at the bottom of
the tank is measured by a microscope to be 9.4 cm. What is the refractive index of water? If water is
replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63 upto the same height, by what distance would the microscope
have to be moved to focus on the needle again? [Ans. l.33 ; 1.7 cm] [NCERT]
92. A prism is made of glass of unknown refractive index. A parallel beam of light is incident on a face of the
. prism. By rotating the prism, the angle of minimum deviation is measured to be 40°. What is the
refractive index of the material of the prism? If the prism is placed in water (refractive index 1.33). predict
the new angle of minimum deviation of a parallel beam of light. The refracting angle of the prism is 60°.
100. A
=
[Ans.D'm 10°] CERT]
93. A needle placed 45 cm from a lens forms an image on a screen placed 90 cm on the other side of the lens. W
Identify the type of the lens and determine its focal length. What is the size of the image if the size of
the needle is 5.0 cm ? [Ans.j= 30 em; h., = 10 cm] [NCERT]
94. What is the focal length of a convex lens of focal length 30 cm in contact with a concave lens of focal
length 20 cm ? Is the system a converging or a diverging lens? Ignore thickness of the lenses.
101.
lAns. 60 cm] [NCERT]
95. A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an eye-piece of focal
length 6.25 cm separated by a distance of 15 cm. How far from the objective should an object be placed

234 7~ ~@) Physics (XlI)

e'" mg . in order to obtain the final image at (a) the least distance of distinct vision (25 cm), (b) infinity? What
is the magnifying power of the microscope in each case? [Ans. 20; 13.5 cm] [NCERT]
96. (a) A giant refraction telescope at an obsLrvatory has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an
~ me eye-piece of focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is the angular magnification of the telescope?
[Ans. 1500]
(b) Ifthis telescope is used to view the moon, what is' the diameter of the image of the moon foimed
d. by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 x 106 m, and the radius oflunar orbit is
3.8x 108 m. [Ans. 13.7cm] [NCERT]
97. The bottom of a container is a 4 .0 cm thick glass (n = 1.5) slab. The container contains two immiscible
. _ .5
liquids A and B of depths 6.0 cm and 8.0 cm, respectively. What is the apparent position of a scratch on
.: the the outer surface of the bottom of the glass slab when viewed through the container? Refractive
indices of A and Bare 1.4 and 1.3 respectively. [Aos. 4.9 cro]
_ ely.
98. Figure shows an equiconvex lens (of refractive index .
ced
1.50) in contact with a liquid layer on top of a plane Q P P' Q'
, Lbe ,mirror. A small needle with its tip on the principal
. :ti 'e axis is moved along the axis until its inverted image
is found at the position of the needle. The distance
: -ize of the needle from the lens is measured to be
45.0 cm. The liquid is removed and the experiment
~ il is
is repeated. The new distance is measured to be
:: the
30.0 em. What is the refractive index of the liquid
. - the ? [Ans. 1.33]
1 99. J\ figure divided into squares each of size 1 mm2 is
being viewed at a distance of 9 cm through a
Fig.
magnifying glass (a converging lens of focal length
~ of
10 cm) held close to the eye .
.::f is
(a) What is the magnification (image size/object size) produced by the lens? How much is the area of
each square in the virtual image?
(b) What is the angular magnification (magnifying power) of the lens ?
(c) Is the magnification in (a) equal to the magnifying power in (b) ? Explain.
[Ans. l cm2 ; 2.8 ; No] [NCERn
100. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eye-piece of focal length 5 .0 cm.
.tns. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects when
~e of (a) the telescope is in normal adjustment (i.e., when the final image is at infinity)?
::::T; (b) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (25 cm) ?
:-~ : al
[Ans. 28 ; 33.6] [NCERT]
101. (a) List some advantages of a reflecting telescope, especially for high resolution astronomy.
(b) A reflecting telescope has a large mirror for its objective with radius of curvature equal to 80 cm.
What is the magnifying power of the telescope if the eye-piece used has a focal length of 1.6 cm ?

[Ans. 25] lNCERT]

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 235

IMPORTANT .QUESTIONS [5 MARKS]
102. Derive an expression for the refractive index of the material of a prism in terms of its refracting angle and
the angle of minimum deviation. What is meant by dispersion of light ')
103. Deduce phenomenon of refraction through prism. Prove that 8 =(11- I) A for thin prism.
104. (a) A Galilean tele'scope obtains the final image erect (like in a terrestrial telescope) without an Time : 3 Ii
intermediate erecting lens. It does so by using a divergihg lens for its eye-piece. Show that the
1. De
angular magnification of a Galilean telescope is given by a formula similar to that for any ordinary
2. \YI
telescope: angular magnification =- IJIe (negative sign because Ie is negative). 3. If '
(b) For a Galilean telescope withio =150 cm'!e =-7.5 cm, what is the separation between the objective de .
and the eye-piece? 4. A I
5. \\1
(c) What is the main disadvantage of this type of telescope ? [ADs. (b) 142.5 cml l CERT]
6. W1
7. Th
gn
8. A
9. A

10. Sr:
ll. Srl
12. Th
13. \\1
14. If .
up
15. A
lar
lru;
16. In
an,
17. A
18. A
E
19. 0 "
cu
20. E\
21. \
E
22. W
mf

23. P

24. D

\\

.236 7~ wid@physics (XII)