CLASS X NOTES

CONTROL AND COORDINATION

The Nervous System

●​ Neuron: The structural & functional unit of Nervous system.​

○​ Function of neuron: To transmit the signals/stimuli from organ to

brain or vice versa.
○​ Parts of Neuron:
■​ Dendrites: Star or finger-like extensions which have
receptors. They receive message and transfer it to cell body.
■​ Cell body: Is the part that has nucleus & other organelles.
■​ Axon: Is the longest part of neuron that transfer signal to the
nerve ending. Axon can be myelinated or non-myelinated.
■​ Synaptic Knob: Is the bulb like structure present at nerve
ending. They have neurotransmitter for e.g. dopamine &
acetylcholine.
■​ Synapse: It is the junction between 2 neurons (Nerve ending
of one axon & dendrites of next neuron).
○​ Types of Neurons:
■​ Sensory: Transmits signal from Body to Spinal cord.
■​ Motor: Transmit signal from spinal cord to organ/Body.
■​ Relay neuron / Interneuron: They connect various neurons
to brain & spinal cord. Relay or interneuron connects sensory
& motor neurons to communicate with each other.
●​ Divisions of Nervous System:​

○​ CNS (Central Nervous System): Consist of Brain & Spinal cord.

■​ Human Brain:
■​ Weight: Male - 1336 gram, Female - 1198 gram.
■​ Protection: Brain is protected inside the Cranium (skull
or brain box). Brain has a layer called meninges (Dura
mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater).
■​ Composition: Brain is modified neuron. Brain has 100
billion - 120 billion neurons.
■​ Parts of Brain:
 ■​ Forebrain:
■​ Cerebrum: Consciousness, thinking, logical
thinking, positive & negative thoughts,
Daily activities.
■​ Thalamus: Sensory & motor.
■​ Hypothalamus: Hunger, thirst, hormones.
Hypothalamus releases releasing &
inhibiting hormones that stimulate
pituitary to release various hormones.
■​ Midbrain: Involved in functions like BP,
salivation, vomiting.
■​ Hindbrain:
■​ Cerebellum: Hearing, taste, balance.
■​ Pons: Posture centre.
■​ Medulla: Cardiac centre, Respiratory
centre, Pressure centre. Controls All
involuntary actions, Voluntary movements,
Reflex actions, thinking, blood pressure,
salivation, vomiting.
■​ Spinal Cord: Inside the vertebral column. 31 spinal nerves
arise from spinal cord. We have 26 vertebrae that form
vertebral column & inside it spinal cord is present.
○​ PNS (Peripheral Nervous System): Peripheral nerves that arise
spinal cord. Cranial nerves arise from Brain (12 in no.).
●​ Receptors: They are protein structure which is present on the surface of
dendrites. There are lots of receptors present all over the body.​

○​ Types of receptors:
■​ Pain receptors: Responds on pressure.
■​ Thermoreceptor: Detects heat.
■​ Olfactory: Detects smell/fragrance.
■​ Gustatory: Detects tastes (sweet, bitter, salt, sour).
○​ Our brain & body responds towards a specific stimuli.
●​ Signal / Stimuli:​

○​ External: e.g. Dog running towards you.

○​ Internal: e.g. Stomachache, Headache.
 ●​ Reflex Arc: Is a simple neural pathway that consist of sensory, motor &
relay neuron that controls a reflex, an immediate response to a particular
stimulus. Brain is not involved in reflex arc but it receives the information
& stores it.​

●​ Animal cells use electrical impulses or signals OR chemical molecules to

provide cell to cell connection

Coordination in Plants

●​ Plants don't have muscles, bones or nervous system to respond towards

stimuli.​

●​ Plants respond in 2 ways:​

○​ Growth dependent movement:

■​ Tropism: Plants movement towards environmental stimuli like
light, gravity.
■​ Types of Tropism:
■​ True & -ve geotropism. Example: Growth of seed
towards gravity.
■​ True & -ve phototropism. Example: Growth towards
light i.e. phototropism.
■​ Hydrotropism: Movement towards water.
■​ Chemotropism: Movement towards chemicals.
○​ Growth independent movement:
■​ Example: Touch me not plant (Mimosa pudica). This involves
the Opening & closing of leaf. This movement is due to the
fluid-filled sac like structure found at the Base of plant leaves.
This was first observed by Jagadish Chandra Bose to prove
that plant also feel the pain.
■​ Nastic movement: Plant movement that is caused by an
external stimulus, such as light or temperature, but is
directionally independent of source.
■​ Example: Opening & closing of crocus flower due to T
or V in temperature (Thermonasty).
■​ Example: Opening & closing of evening primrose on
exposure to dark & light (Photonasty).
 ●​ Plant Hormones / Plant growth regulators: Are responsible for growth
of plants & its development.​

○​ Name of Hormones & Function:

■​ Auxin: When growing plant detects light auxin is synthesized
at the shoot tip. Stem elongation & root formation.
■​ Gibberellin (GA): Stem & internode elongation, seed
germination.
■​ Cytokinin: Cell division & differentiation. It is produced in
roots. Also found in fruits & seeds.
■​ Ethylene: (Gaseous hormone) Help in fruit ripening. Suppress
bud growth & stomatal opening.
■​ Abscisic acid: (Inhibiting hormone) Wilting of leaves (drop,
sag, become limp thru heat, loss of water -- etc.).

Hormonal Coordination in Animals (Endocrine System)

●​ Endocrine glands: Are ductless glands that release their secretion directly
into the blood.​

●​ Hormones: Are non-nutrient chemical molecules released by glands that

regulate various biological processes.​

●​ Animal Hormones, Secreted By/Synthesize, & Function:​

○​ GH (Growth Hormone): Secreted by Pituitary gland (Brain).

Function: All over growth & development of our body.
■​ Deficiency of GH causes Dwarfism.
■​ Excess of GH causes Gigantism.
○​ Thyroxine: Secreted by Thyroid gland (neck). Function: Metabolism
of carbs, proteins & fats.
■​ Iodine is imp. for the synthesis of thyroxine hormone.
Deficiency of Iodine cause GOITRE (swollen neck).
○​ Insulin: Secreted by Pancreas (Beta cells). Function: Lower Down
blood glucose level.
○​ Glucagon: Secreted by Pancreas (Alpha cells). Function: Increase
Blood glucose level.
■​ Diabetes type I: No production of Insulin.
 ■​ Diabetes type II: Insulin is present but body receptors do
not recognise them (receptor desensitization).
○​ Testosterone: Secreted by Testis. Function: secondary sexual
characters in males, sperm development.
○​ Estrogen: Secreted by Ovary/Ovarian follicle. Function: secondary
sexual characters in females.
○​ Progesterone: Secreted by Ovary/Corpus luteum. Function:
Maintenance of pregnancy & uterine lining.
○​ Adrenaline: Secreted by Adrenal gland. Function: Fight & flight or
Emergency Hormones.
■​ During Stress, Adrenaline is released. It causes increase in
Heart rate, breathing rate, diverts blood to muscles, reduced
blood flow to stomach, sweating, face redness -- etc..
○​ Oxytocin: Synthesized by Hypothalamus. Function: Contraction of
uterus during Delivery.
○​ Vasopressin: Synthesized by Hypothalamus. Function: Prevents
Diuresis.
■​ Diuresis: Prevent loss of water.
○​ Prolactin: Secreted by Pituitary gland. Function: Production of milk
after delivery.
○​ Melatonin: Secreted by Pineal gland. Function: Hormone of
Darkness, induce sleep, regulate sleep wake cycle.