CHAPTER 2

SHIP CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES – Part 1

Ts. Dr. Che Wan Mohd Noor
Department of Maritime Technology
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
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Content
• Ship Contract
• Ship Design
• Steel Cutting
• Block Assembly
• Painting
• Block Erection
• Launching & Outfit
• Sea Trial & Delivery

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Ship Construction Process

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Ship Construction Process

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SHIP CONTRACT

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 Ship Contract
The agreement between shipowner and shipyard.

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 Ship Contract
The successful tendering shipbuilder will present a design specification
for permission by the owner or his representative, which will become part of
an agreement between the two parties and thus have legal standing. This
technical specification will include:
✔ Brief description, essential qualities & characteristics of ship
✔ Principal dimension
✔ Deadweight, cargo and tank capacities
✔ Speed and power requirements
✔ Stability requirements
✔ Quality and standard of workmanship
✔ Survey and certificates
✔ Accommodation details
✔ Trial condition
✔ Equipment and fitting
✔ Machinery detail including electrical installation

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Ship Contract

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 Ship Contract
The majority of shipbuilding contracts are based on one of a variety of
standard contract types that have been designed to provide some
regularity in the contractual agreements between builders and customers.
The following are three of the most prevalent conventional contract forms:

1. AWES—Association of West European Shipbuilders.

2. MARAD — Maritime Administration of USA.
3. SAJ — Ship owners Association of Japan.

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 Ship Contract
The AWES standard form of contract includes:

1. Subject of contract (vessel details, etc.).

2. Inspection and approval.
3. Modifications.
4. Trials.
5. Guarantee (speed, capacity, fuel consumption).
6. Delivery of vessel.
7. Price. 15. Reference to expert and
8. Property (rights to specification, plans, etc.). arbitration.
9. Insurance. 16. Conditions for contract to become
10. Defaults by the purchaser. effective.
11. Defaults by the contractor. 17. Legal domicile (of purchaser).
12. Guarantee (after delivery). 18. Assignment (transfer of
13. Contract expenses. purchaser’s rights to third party).
14. Patents.
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 Ship Contract
The payment of the ship to the Shipbuilder is generally
composed by installments in function of the progress of
the construction. A typical payment schedule may have
been as follows:

❑10% on signing contract.

❑10% on arrival of materials on site.
❑10% on keel laying.
❑20% on launching.
❑50% on delivery

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SHIP DESIGN

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 Ship Design
The first stage is design activities in shipbuilding industry. A naval architect
designs a model using computer-aided design (CAD) software.

The design spiral is a methodology for developing ship designs. As

ships are complex systems with highly interdependent variables, it quickly
becomes impossible to calculate factors simultaneously. Instead, the design
spiral describes a process of iterative refinement to 'zero in' on an efficient
design.

Each successive iteration is referred to as a 'spin' of the spiral. Phases or

cycles are considered once a given level of technical refinement has been
achieved.

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Ship Design Spiral

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Ship Design Spiral

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Ship Design Stages

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1. Concept Design
• The concept design circumscribes only the most
basic of dimensions, layouts, equipment and
capabilities.
• The concept phase should lead to decisions on
major parameters, such as hull type and number of
vessels required (i.e., one large vessel? two smaller
vessels?).

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1. Concept Design
Definition of the:

• Ship type
• Deadweight
• Type of propulsion
• Service speed

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2. Preliminary Design
• Preliminary design refines and analyses the agreed
concept design, fills out the arrangements and
structure and aims at optimizing service
performance.
• At this stage, the builder should have sufficient
information to tender.
• The objective is to obtain a design that meets the
owner's requirements with the lowest possible
cost of operation and maintenance.

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2. Preliminary Design
Information Provided by Design
When the preliminary design has been selected the following
information is available:
• Dimensions
• Displacement
• Stability
• Propulsive characteristics and hull form
• Preliminary general arrangement
• Principal structural details

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3. Contract Design
Contract design details the final arrangements and
systems agreed with the owner and satisfies the
building contract conditions.
Determination of the elements that define the
general characteristics of the ship and its main
equipment and that will annexed to the Shipbuilding
Contract established between the Owner and the
Builder.

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3. Contract Design
• Ship Specification
• General Arrangement
• Body Plan, with enough detail to allow the
manufacture of scaled models for testing in
hydrodynamic towing tanks
• Classification drawings of the structures (midship
section, typical bulkheads, shell expansion, bow and
stern structures)
• Stability and longitudinal resistance computations.
• Diagrams of the main piping systems (cargo, ballast,
bilge, firefighting, etc.)

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4. Detail Design
• The detail design is the final phase of development.
• During this phase, assembly drawings are created,
steel sheets are nested, pipe spools drawings created,
etc.
• The detailed design phase leads to final production
drawings which will be used to physically build the
vessel. In contrast to earlier stages, the detailed design
stage will use lofted geometry.

• Ship design involves basic design, design structural

model (hull) design, outfitting design, detail design
and mfg design.

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Ship Design (cont.)

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Ship Design (cont.)

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Key Design : Automation
Key Design : Automation
Electrical System
Electrical
NavigationSystem
Equipment
Navigation Equipment
Electric Outfitting Production Design : Cable Piece
Production Design : Cable Piece
Light Equipment
Light Equipment
Purchasing Order : Switch Board
Purchasing Order : Switch Board
Equipment, Cable, Sensor
Equipment, Cable, Sensor
Electric Outfitting

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Drawing lines plan

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 Ship Design (cont.)
General Arrangement.

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Structural model (hull) design, outfitting design

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Midship

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Midship

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Midship

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Midship section - Tanker

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Outfitting production engineering includes all components except the hull
structure of the ship. In the scope of this process 3D modeling of the
following subsystems and equipment, installation of the equipment in
relevant spaces, clash control and preparation of necessary production
documents and in information are carried out.

• Piping systems
• Heating, ventilation, air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems
• Electric cabling systems
• Fitting equipment (manhole, handrail, pipe support, ladder, etc.)
• Equipment foundation

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Diagram outfit

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Diagram outfit

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Diagram outfit

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Diagram machinery

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Diagram machinery

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Accommodation Plan

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Accommodation Plan

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 Ship Design (cont.)
Cad / CAM System - Ship Drawing Offices and Loftwork

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