Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

1. Reproduction that occurs with 1. Reproduction that occurs due

the help of somatic cells is called to formation of gametes is called
as asexual reproduction. as sexual reproduction.
2. Male and female parents are 2. Male and female parent are
not necessary for asexual necessary for sexual reproduction.
reproduction.
3. This reproduction occurs with 3. This reproduction involves
the help of mitosis only. meiosis during gamete formation.
4. New individual formed by this 4. New individual formed by this
method is genetically identical to method is genetically different
the parent from parents.
5. Asexual reproduction occurs in 5. Sexual reproduction occurs by
different individuals by various two main processes - Gamete
methods like binary fission, formation and fertilization.
multiple fission, budding,
fragmentation, regeneration,
vegetative propagation, spore
production, etc
a. In humans, sperm production occurs in the organ testes .
b. In humans, Y chromosome is responsible for maleness.
c. In male and female reproductive system of human, accessory
gland is same.
d. Implantation of embryo occurs in uterus.
e. Asexual type of reproduction occurs without fusion of gametes.
f. Body breaks up into several fragments and each fragment
starts to live as a new individual. This is fragmentation type of
reproduction.
g. Pollen grains are formed by meiosis division in locules of
anthers.
Growth of follicles present in the ovary occurs under
the effect of follicle stimulating hormone.
This follicle secretes estrogen. endometrium
of uterus grows/ regenerates under the
effect of estrogen. Under the effect of luteinizing
hormone fully grown up follicle bursts,
ovulation occurs and corpus luteum is formed
from remaining part of follicle. It secretes progesterone
and estrogen . Under the effect of these hormones,
glands of endometrium are activated and it becomes
ready for implantation.
a. Explain with examples types of asexual reproduction in
unicellular organism.
(i) Process of formation of new organism by an organism of
same species without involvement of gametes is called as
asexual reproduction.

(ii) Types of asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms:

(a) Binary fission:

(i) In this process, the parent cell divides to form two

(ii) similar daughter cells.

(ii) Binary fission occurs either by mitosis or amitosis.

e.g. Prokaryotes (bacteria), Protists (Amoeba).
(b) Multiple fission:
(i) Asexual reproduction by multiple fission is performed by Amoeba.

(ii) Amoeba stops the formation of pseudopodia whenever

there is lack of food.

(iii) It becomes rounded and forms protective covering

around plasma membrane. Such encysted
amoeba is called as cyst.

(iv) Many nuclei are formed by repeated nuclear

division in the cyst.

(v) It is followed by cytoplasmic division and thus

many amoebulae are formed.

(vi) They remain encysted till there are adverse conditions.

Cyst breaks open on arrival of favourable conditions and
many amoebulae are released.
(c) Budding:

(i) Sexual reproduction occurs by budding in yeast cells.

(ii) Yeast cells produces two daughter nuclei by mitotic division.

(iii) A small bulge appears on the surface of parent cell.

This is called as bud.

(iv) One of the two daughter nuclei enters this bud.

(v) After sufficient growth, bud separates from the parent

cell and starts to live independently as a daughter yeast cell.
b. Explain the concept of IVF
(i) In the IVF technique, fertilization is brought about in the
test tube and the embryo formed is implanted in uterus
of a woman at appropriate time.

(ii) IVF technique is used for having the child in case of

those childless couples who have problems like less
sperm count, obstacles in oviduct etc.
c. Which precautions will you follow to maintain the
reproductive health?
(i) A person’s state of being physical, mental and social
strongness is called as health.

(ii) Bleeding occurs during menstrual cycle. Due to this,

private organs need to be cleaned from time to time
otherwise problem regarding reproduction health may arise.

(iii) It is essential to maintain the cleanliness of genitals

of both males and females.

(iv) Also, one should avoid unsafe sexual contact

d. What is menstrual cycle? Describe it in brief
(i) Female reproductive system undergoes some changes at
puberty and those changes repeat at the interval of every
28 - 30 days. These repetitive changes are
called as menstrual cycle.

(ii) Menstrual cycle in a natural process controlled by

four hormones. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),
Luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen and progesterone.

(iii) One of the several follicles in the ovary starts to

develop along with the oocyte present in it, under the
effect of follicle stimulating hormone. This developing
follicle secrets oestrogen.

(iv) Endometrium of the uterus starts to develop or

regenerate under the effect of estrogen.
(v) Meanwhile developing follicle completes its development.

(vi) It bursts under the effect of lutenizing hormone

and oocyte is released. This is called as ovulation.

(vii) Remaining tissues of the burst follicle forms the

corpus luteum. Corpus luteum starts to secrete progesterone.

(viii) Endometrial glands secrete their secretion under the

effect of progesterone. Such endometrium is ready for
implantation of embryo.
(ix) If oocyte is not fertilized within 24 hours, corpus
luteum becomes inactive and transforms into corpus albicans.

(x) Endometrium starts to degenerate in absence of

estrogen and progesterone.

(xi) Tissues of degenerating endometrium and

unfertilized ovum are discarded out through vagina,
accompanied by bleeding.

(xii) Bleeding continues approximately for 5 days.

This is called mensturation.
(i) Two parents i.e. male and female are involved in
sexual type of reproduction.

(ii) In sexual reproduction fusion of male gamete and

female gamete occurs.

(iii) Due to this, new individuals always has the recombined

genes of both the parents.

(iv) Hence the new individual show similarities with the

parents for some characters and also has characters
different from both parents.
a. Human male reproductive system.

Ans.
b. Human female reproductive system.

Ans.
c. Flower with its sexual reproductive organs.

Ans.
d. Menstrual cycle.

Ans.
a. Hormones related with male reproductive system

Ans. FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone),

LH (Luteinizing hormone), testosterone.
b. Hormones secreted by ovary of female reproductive system.

Ans. Estrogen and progesterone.

c. Types of twins.

Ans. Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins.

d. Any two sexual diseases.

Ans. Syphilis and gonorrhea

e. Methods of family planning.

Ans. Intra uterine device, Use of condoms.

(i) During zygote formation, man contributes either
X or Y chromosome to the next generation.

(ii) But, female transfers only X-chromosome to the

next generation.

(iii) At the time of fertilization, if X-chromosome comes from male, the

child will be a girl. And if Y-chromosome comes from the male then the
child will be a boy.

(iv) Thus, gender of child is determined by the male partner of the

couple.

(v) So, the above statement is true.

(i) Reproduction in plants with the help of vegetative parts
like root, stem, leaf and bud is called as vegetative reproduction.

(ii) Vegetative propagation in potatoes is performed with

the help of eyes present on tuber whereas in Bryophyllum,
it is performed with the help of buds present on leaf margin.

(iii) In case of plants like sugarcane and grasses, vegetative

propagation occurs with the help of buds present on nodes.

(iv) Plants like carrot and raddish perform vegetative

propagation with the help of roots.
10. Modern techniques like surrogate mother, sperm bank and
IVF technique will help the human beings. Justify this
statement.
(i) Modern techniques like surrogacy, IVF and sperm bank
have been boon to the childless couples

(ii) In IVF technique, fertilization is brought about in a

test-tube and the embryo thus formed is implanted in
the uterus of the women.

(iii) Surrogacy is a boon to women who face issues with

their uterus. In this technique, oocyte is collected from
the mother and sperms are collected from father.

(iv) They are fertilized in the test tube and the embryo
is implanted in the uterus of some other woman having
normal uterus. This process is called surrogacy and the
woman bearing the child is called as surrogate mother.
(v) Sperm Bank or semen bank has been a boon for males
who face issues with sperm count or motility.

(vi) Sperm banks are similar to blood bank where semen

from physically and medically fit individuals are collected
and stored.

(vii) Thus modern techniques like IVF, surrogacy and

sperm bank help human beings.
11. Explain sexual reproduction in plants.
(i) A flower is the site of sexual reproduction in plants.

(ii) It consists of four floral whorls calyx, corolla androceium

and gynoecium.

(iii) Androecium and gynoecium are called as essential whorls.

(iv) Calyx and corolla are called as accessory whorls.

(v) Androecium is male whorl and its members are

called stamens, will be gynoecium is female whorl and
its members are called as carpels.
(vi) Ovary present at the basal end of carpel contains one
or many ovules. A hollow style comes up from the ovary.

(vii) Embryo sac is formed in each ovule by meiosis and

each embryo sac consists of a haploid egg cell and two
haploid polar nuclei.

(viii) Pollen grains are transferred from anther to the stigma.

This is called as pollination.

(ix) When pollination occurs a long pollen tube carrying

two male gametes is formed.

(x) Pollen tube reaches the embryo sac via style.

(xi) Pollen tube bursts and two male gametes are released
in embryo sac. One male gamete unites with egg cell to form
zygote. This process is called fertilization.

(xii) The second male gamete unites with two polar nuclei
and endosperm is formed. This is called double fertilization.

(xiii) After fertilization ovule develops into seed and

ovary into fruit.

(xiv) Seeds fall upon the ground when fruits break up

and they germinate in the soil under
favourable conditions.

(xv) Zygote develops at the cost of food stored in

endosperm of seed and thus a new plantlet is formed.
This is called as seed germination.