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CELLS
Smallest living unit
CELL STRUCTURES AND Most are microscopic
FUNCTIONS
DISCOVERY OF CELLS CELL THEORY
Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) a scientific theory which describes the properties of
Observed cork cells.
Saw “row of empty boxes” (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
Coined the term “cell” “ all living things are made of cells”
“smallest living unit of structure and function of all
organisms is the cell”
(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from cells”
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CELLS REPRESENTATIVE ANIMAL CELL
A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Structures for cell function
Control center with DNA
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REPRESENTATIVE PLANT CELL ORGANELLES
Little organs that carry out specialized
functions
Cellular machinery
PLASMA MEMBRANE PLASMA MEMBRANE
Contains cell contents
Separates the cytoplasm from Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
the cell’s surroundings. The
cell’s surface also transport
substances into and out of
the cell.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Hydrophilic head
class of lipids that are a Interacts with
major component of all cell water
membranes. Hydrophobic tail
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CELL WALLS CELL WALLS
This outer covering is Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
positioned next to the cell Surrounds plasma membrane
membrane (plasma membrane)
in most plant cells, fungi,
bacteria, algae,.
CELL WALL DIFFERENCES CYTOPLASM
Plants –cellulose Viscous fluid containing organelles
Fungi – contain chitin components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid = cytosol
storage substances
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
Filaments & fibers
These structures give the cell its Made of 3 fiber types
Microfilaments
shape and help organize the Microtubules
cell's parts. In addition, they Intermediate filaments
provide a basis for movement 3 functions:
and cell division. mechanical support
anchor organelles
help move substances
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A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
CILIA & FLAGELLA CILIA & FLAGELLA STRUCTURE
Bundles of microtubules
Provide motility
Cilia
Short
Used to move substances
outside human cells
Flagella
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells
CENTRIOLES NUCLEUS
Pairs of microtubular structures
Play a role in cell division Control center of
cell
Double membrane
Contains
Chromosomes
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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DNA
Separates nucleus from rest of cell Hereditary material
Double membrane Chromosomes
DNA
Has pores Proteins
Chromatin
NUCLEOLUS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Contained within the nucleus is a dense Helps move substances within cells
structure composed of RNA and proteins
Forms ribosomes Network of interconnected membranes
Two types
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM RETICULUM
Ribosomes attached to surface
No attached ribosomes
Manufacture proteins
Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER Has enzymes that help build molecules
May modify proteins from ribosomes Carbohydrates
Lipids
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RIBOSOMES GOLGI APPARATUS
make proteins (made Sorts proteins
up of RNA and made by the
protein); thought of as ribosomes and
“factories” sends them to
needed places in
factory for protein the cell
synthesis in cells
Packaging &
shipping station of
cell
LYSOSOMES VACUOLES
organelles that are filled fluid filled organelles
with digestive enzymes enclosed by a
to remove waste and membrane
invading bacteria Store materials such as
food, sugar, water, and
Functions waste products
Aid in cell renewal
Membrane bound
Break down old cell storage sacs
parts
Digests invaders More common in
plants than animals
MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLASTS
capture light energy; and converts it into chemical
often referred to as energy.
the “powerhouse”
Solar energy capturing organelle
of the cell
release energy for the
cell
It converts the energy
stored in glucose into
ATP for the cell
Bound by double
membrane
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Takes place in the chloroplast
Makes cellular food – glucose
