CHAPTER ONE
Stress-Strain Philosophy
What does it mean stress?
• Stress is intensity of the forces distributed over a given cross-
section area or just it is force per unit area.
• The stress in a member of cross-sectional area A subjected to an
axial load P is obtained by dividing the magnitude P of the load by
the area A
Only two basic stresses exists :
(1) Normal stress and
(2) Shear stress.
Other stresses either are similar to these basic stresses or
are a combination of these e.g. bending stress is a
combination tensile, compressive and shear stresses.
Torsional stress, as encountered in twisting of a shaft is a
shearing stress.
The intensity of the force perpendicular to or normal to
the cross-sectional area is called the normal stress at a
point.
Normal stress that causes tension on the surface of a section are
called tensile stresses. On the other hand, those that are pushing
against it are compressive stresses.
The intensity of force act parallel to the plane of the area are called
shear or shearing stresses.
Shear stresses will be designated by
Bending stress
is the normal stress that is induced to a point in a body
subjected to loads that cause it to bend
This bending moment induces curvature in the component,
leading to the development of tension and compression
stresses, collectively known as bending stresses.
Consider a two force - member which is subjected to
axial forces P and P'. A plane is cut through the member
forming an angle θ with the normal plane. A free-body
diagram of the portion of the member located to the left
of the plane is constructed
The maximum load that a structural member will be
allowed to carry under normal conditions is smaller than the
ultimate load. This smaller load is referred to as the
allowable load
One method of specifying the allowable load for a member
is to use a number called the factor of safety.
𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙
𝐹. 𝑆 = = = =
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
In any of these equations, the factor of safety must be greater
than 1 in order to avoid the potential for failure.
If a member is subjected to normal force at a section,
𝑃
𝐴=
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
If the section is subjected to an average shear force,
𝑉
𝐴=
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
The allowable stress used in each of these equations is
determined either by applying a factor of safety to the
material’s normal or shear failure stress or by finding these
stresses directly from design code.
a) =
10000𝑛
=10,000,000pa=10Mpa
0.1𝑚∗0.01𝑚
b) =
15000𝑛
=15,000,000pa=15Mpa
0.1𝑚∗0.01𝑚
Strain is a measure of the intensity of deformation.
Any object being subjected to load is deformed.
Deformation is change in shape and size.
This is occur due to applied load and T0 changed.
Deformation of a body will not be uniform throughout its
volume, and so the change in geometry of any line segment
within the body may vary substantially along its length .
If L0 is the initial gage length and L is the observed length under
a given load, the gage elongation ΔL=L-L0.
The elongation per unit initial gage length is then given as
𝐿 − 𝐿0 𝛥𝐿
𝜀= =
𝐿0 𝐿0
Since this strain is associated with the normal stress, it is usually
called the normal strain.
When ε is positive the initial line will elongate, whereas if ε is
negative the line contracts.
Shear strain
is the ratio of the change in deformation to its original
length perpendicular to the axes of the member due to
shear stress.
Strain Components
The strain at a point is described by normal strain components
εx, εy, and εz.
A normal strain component, say εx, is the unit elongation of an
infinitesimal element in the x-direction; see Fig.(a).
shear strain components γxy, γyx, γxz, γzx, γyz, γzy.
A shear strain component, say γxy, is the change of the angle
between two adjacent sides of an infinitesimal element that are
originally in the x- and y- directions; see Fig.(b).
By definition γxy=γyx,γyz=γzy,γzx=γxz
Thus, the strain at a point is described by six components
(εx, εy, εz, γxy, γxz, γyz). Strains are dimensionless quantities,
An aluminum bar is consisting of two different square cross sections
is subjected to an axial load situation below fig.
a) Determine the total amount of displacement of the member.
b) Determine strain
a)
b)
𝐿 − 𝐿0 𝛥𝐿 0.357𝑐𝑚
𝜀=
𝐿0
=
𝐿0
𝜀= = 0.001425
400𝑐𝑚
