Chapter 6

Digital Modulation and Transmission

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Outline : Lect #09

Digital Modulation Outline : Lect #10
- Introduction Digital Transmission
- Analog & Digital - Introduction
- Terms & Parameter - Pulse modulation
- Digital comm. system - PCM
- Digital modulation -Sampling
- ASK -SQNR
- FSK -Linear / non-linear
- PSK -Coding method
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 Introduction
Digital modulation support →
→Digital transmission support →
→Digital Network enables networks to support many services

TV E-mail

Telephone

2
 Questions of Interest
Time How long will it take to transmit a message?
Quality How are errors introduced?
Can it transmit a message without errors?
How are errors detected and corrected
Cost How much the cost?
Speed How fast does the network/system transfer
information?
What transmission speed is possible over radio,
copper cables, fiber, infrared, …?

3
 Definition
• Data :
entities that convey meaning, or information
• Signals :
electric or electromagnetic representations of data
• Transmission :
communication of data by the propagation and processing of signals

DATA → SIGNAL→TRANSMISSION

MESSAGE
data GENERATOR signal
4
 Analog Signals
• A continuously varying electromagnetic wave that may be
propagated over a variety of media, depending on frequency.

• Analog signals can propagate analog and digital data.

• Example of Analog signal : Video, Audio

5
 Digital Signals
• A sequence of voltage pulses that may be transmitted over a copper wire
medium.
• As a discrete signal
• Generally cheaper than analog signaling
• Less susceptible to noise interference
• Suffer more from attenuation
• Digital signals can propagate analog and digital data
• Example of Digital signal : Text, Integers

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 Analog Signaling

1)

2)

7
 Digital Signaling

3)

4)

8
 Reasons for Choosing Data and
Signal Combinations
1. Analog data, analog signal
– Analog data easily converted to analog signal
– Example; Telephone, AM & FM radio, Broadcast TV
2. Digital data, analog signal
– Some transmission media will only propagate analog signals
– Examples; DSL, Dial-up internet access, Cable modems
3. Analog data, digital signal
– Conversion permits use of modern digital transmission and
switching equipment
– Example; Music systems, Telephone systems
4. Digital data, digital signal
– Equipment for encoding is less expensive than digital-to-analog
equipment
– Example; LAN
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 Analog Transmission
• Transmit analog signals without regard to content
• Attenuation limits length of transmission link
• Cascaded amplifiers boost signal’s energy for longer distances but cause
distortion
– Analog data can tolerate distortion
– Introduces errors in digital data

=( Modulates → carrying
→ demodulates ) Analog Signal

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 Digital Transmission
• Concerned with the content of the signal
• Attenuation endangers integrity of data
• Digital Signal
– Repeaters achieve greater distance
– Repeaters recover the signal and retransmit
• Analog signal carrying digital data
– Retransmission device recovers the digital data from
analog signal
– Generates new, clean analog signal

=( Modulates → carrying
→ demodulates ) Digital Signal
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• How to generate digital signal ?
→ by using Digital Modulation

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 Digital Modulation
• Is a process of modulating a high frequency analog carrier signal by a
relatively low frequency digital information (digital bit stream)

• system are involving the transmission of digital pulse (digital transmission)

• same as digital to analog conversion process

• sometimes called digital radio because digitally modulated signals can be

propagated through Earth’s atmosphere and used in wireless communication
system.

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 Digital Modulation (cont)
• Both analog and digital modulation system use analog carriers to transport
the information through the system.

• However, with analog modulation system, the information signal is also

analog.

• Whereas, with digital modulation system, the information signal is digital,

which could be computer generated data or digitally encoded analog signals.

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 Digital Modulation (cont)
Digital Analog Digital

Figure 1: Simplified block diagram of a digital radio system

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 Digital Modulation (cont)
• Advantages of digital signal transmission:
– Didn’t influence by noise
– Easy data saving
– Regenerative
– Easy to measured

• Disadvantages of digital signal transmission:

– Required wider bandwidth
– Analog signal must be change to digital signal at first
– Not suitable for analog system
– Required synchronize process

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Term and Parameter

1. Bit
2. Baud
3. Bit rate
4. Pulse rate
5. M-ary encoding
6. Channel capacity
7. SNR & BER
8. Transmission Delay

17
Bit
• Bit: number with value 0 or 1
– n bits: digital representation for 0, 1, … , 2n
– Byte or Octet, n = 8
– Computer word, n = 16, 32, or 64
• n bits allows enumeration of 2n possibilities
– n-bit field in a header
– n-bit representation of a voice sample
– Message consisting of n bits
• The number of bits required to represent a message is a
measure of its information content
– More bits → More content
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Bit
- is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1.

- Binary digits are a basic unit of information storage and

communication in digital computing and digital
information theory.

- The bit is also a unit of measurement, the information

capacity of one binary digit.

- It has the symbol bit, or b

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Baud (Bd)
- is synonymous to symbols/second or pulses/second.
- It is the unit of symbol rate, also known as baud rate or
modulation rate;
- the number of distinct symbol changes (signalling events)
made to the transmission medium per second
in a digitally modulated signal or a line code.
- The baud rate is related to but should not be confused
with bit rate expressed in bit/s.

example:
A baud rate of 5 Bd = symbol rate of 5 symbols per second.

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Byte

- is the basic unit of measurement of information storage

in computer science.

- 1 byte consisting of eight bits.

- A byte is an ordered collection of bits, with each bit

denoting a single binary value of 1 or 0.

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Bit RateModulation Rate

1 bit
Rate =-----------= 1 Mbps
10-6 sec

1 bit
Rate =----------------= 2 Mbps
0.5x10-6 sec

1 bit = 0.5 usec

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Signal Bandwidth and Bit Rates

System Band width Bit Rate

Voice 300 – 3,400 Hz 33.6 - 56 kbps

Audio 15,000 Hz 10 Mbps

Video 5 MHz 34 Mbps

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Pulse Rate
Example 1
A signal has two data levels with a pulse duration of 1
ms. Calculate the pulse rate and bit rate.

Answer

Pulse Rate = 1/ 10-3= 1000 pulses/s

Bit Rate = Pulse Rate x log 2 L = 1000 x log2 2 = 1000 bps
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Example 2

A signal has four data levels with a pulse duration of 1

ms. Calculate the pulse rate and bit rate

Answer
Pulse Rate = = 1000 pulses/s
Bit Rate = Pulse Rate x log 2 L = 1000 x log2 4 = 2000 bps

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M-ary Encoding
- is a term derived from the word binary
- M simply represents a digit that corresponds to the number
of condition, level or combination possible for a given
number of binary variables

N = log2 M → 2N = M
Where N = number of bits necessary
M= number of condition, level or combination

example:
with one bit , only 21 = 2 condition are possible
with 2 bits only 22 = 4 condition are possible
with 3 bits , only 23 = 8 condition are possible
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Channel Capacity
the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a
given communication path, or channel, under given
conditions
I = B log2 (1 + SNR) bps
1  S
= B( ) log1 + 
log 2  N
 S
= 3.32 B 1 + 
 N
bps
Where : I is Channel Capacity in bits per second (bps)
B is the channel bandwidth in Hz
S/N is Signal-to-Noise ratio
(SNR: unitless…don’t make into decibel: dB)
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 Channel Capacity = I

Signal A
Rate = R

• Arbitrarily reliable communications is possible if the

transmission rate R < I.
• If R > I, then arbitrarily reliable communications is
not possible.
• I can be used as a measure of how close a system
design is to the best achievable performance.
• Bandwidth B & SNR → determine I

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 Communication channel
Channel quality ?
Signal A
Rate = R

• Channel Quality analog SNR

digital BER

• SNR→ Signal to Noise Ratio (power)

• BER→ Bit Error Rate
number error bit / total bit transferred in 1
second
example : a channel have quality → BER = 10 -3
= 1 bit error / 1000 bit transfer
• BER  SNR

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 Examples of Channels
Channel Bandwidth Bit Rates
Telephone voice 4 kHz 64 kbps
channel
Copper pair 1 MHz 1-6 Mbps

Coaxial cable 500 MHz 30 Mbps/channel

(6 MHz channels)
5 GHz radio (IEEE 300 MHz 54 Mbps/channel
802.11) (11 channels)
Optical fiber Many TeraHertz 40 Gbps/wavelength

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Concepts Related to Channel Capacity
• Data rate
- rate at which data can be communicated (bps)
• Bandwidth
- the bandwidth of the transmitted signal as constrained
by the transmitter and the nature of the transmission
medium (Hertz)
• Noise
- average level of noise over the communications path
• Error rate
- rate at which errors occur
– Error = transmit 1 and receive 0; transmit 0 and
receive 1
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Noise
• Noise will
- limit number of data delivered
- limit data rate that can be achieved
- limit Channel Capacity of a communication path

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 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Signal Noise Signal + noise
High
SNR
t t t

No errors
Signal Noise Signal + noise

Low
SNR
t t t

Average signal power

SNR = SNR (dB) = 10 log10 SNR error
Average noise power

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Noise & Reliable Communications
• All physical systems have noise
– Electrons always vibrate at non-zero temperature
– Motion of electrons induces noise
• Presence of noise limits accuracy of measurement of
received signal amplitude
• Errors occur if signal separation is comparable to noise
level
• Bit Error Rate (BER) increases with decreasing signal-to-
noise ratio
• Noise places a limit on how many amplitude levels can
be used in pulse transmission
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 Channel Bandwidth
• Determine the limitations on information rate.

• The bandwidth of a channel (medium) is defined to be the range of

frequencies that the medium can support. Bandwidth is measured in Hz

• With each transmission medium, there is a frequency range of

electromagnetic waves that can be transmitted:
– Twisted pair cable: 0 to 109 Hz (Bandwidth : 109 Hz)
– Coax cable: 0 to 1010 Hz (Bandwidth : 1010 Hz)
– Optical fiber: 1014 to 1016 Hz (Bandwidth : 1016 - 1014 = 9.9x1015 Hz)

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 Relationship between Data Rate and
Bandwidth
• The greater the bandwidth, the higher the information-carrying capacity
• Conclusions
– Any digital waveform will have infinite bandwidth
– BUT the transmission system will limit the bandwidth that can be
transmitted
– AND, for any given medium, the greater the bandwidth transmitted, the
greater the cost
– HOWEVER, limiting the bandwidth creates distortions

36
Example 1
• Find the Shannon channel capacity for a telephone channel with B = 3400 Hz
and SNR = 40 dB

Solution:

I = B log2 (1 + S/N)

SNR = 40 dB = 10 (40/10) = 10,000

I = 3400 log2 (1 + 10,000)

= 3400 log10 (10001)/log102 = 45,200 bps

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 Example 2
• Consider a 3 kHz channel with 8-level signaling. Compare bit rate to
channel capacity at 20 dB SNR

Solution:
3 kHz telephone channel with 8 level signaling
Bit rate = Freq sampling X number bit / pulse
= (2*3000 pulses/sec) X (3 bits/pulse) = 18 kbps

SNR = 20 dB = 10 (20/10) = 100

Shannon Channel Capacity is then
C = 3000 x 3.32 x log (1 + 100) = 19.9 kbps
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Transmission Delay
- Time for a host to push out entire packet
• L number of bits in message
• R bps speed of digital transmission system
• L/R time to transmit the information
• tprop time for signal to propagate across medium
• d distance in meters
• c speed of light (3x108 m/s in vacuum)
Delay = tprop + L/R = d/c + L/R seconds

Use data compression to reduce L

Use higher speed modem to increase R
Place server closer to reduce d
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 Basic digital comm system
Transmitter EM waves (modulated
Digital signal
signal)
Analog signal

Input Transmission
Modulator
transducer Channel

Carrier
Receiver EM waves
analog signal digital signal (modulated signal)

Output Demodulator
transducer

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Types of Digital Modulation

1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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 Modulation - Digital Data, Analog Signal
• Public telephone system
. 300Hz to 3400Hz
• Guardband from 0-300, 3400-4000Hz
. Use modem (modulator-demodulator)
• Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
• Frequency shift keying (FSK)
• Phase shift keying (PSK)

42
 Types of Digital Modulation
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
– The process of switching the carrier either on or off, in correspondence to
a sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information signal.
– One binary digit is represented by the presence of a carrier, the other
binary digit is represented by the absence of a carrier.
– Frequency remains fixed.

Ampl(v)

t(sec)
ASK signal
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 Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK)
Digital 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
information

Carrier wave

ASK
modulated
signal
t(sec)
Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
Carrier present
Carrier absent

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 ASK Generation

Vm (t )
t(sec)

A
VASK (t ) = 1 + Vm (t )( cos c t )
2
where
Vm (t ) = −1 −  for digital = 0

Vm (t ) = 1 −  for digital = 1
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 Types of Digital Modulation
2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
– The process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave by choosing one
of two frequencies (binary FSK) in correspondence to a sequence of
digital pulses that constitute the information signal.
– Two binary digits are represented by two frequencies around the carrier
frequency.
– Amplitude remains fixed

Ampl(v)

t(sec)
FSK Signal
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 Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Digital
information

Carrier 1
(frequency #1)
Carrier 2
(frequency #2)
FSK
modulated
signal
t(sec)

f2>f1 Example f1= 1270 Hz ; f2=1070Hz Frequency varying-

amplitude constant

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 FSK Generation

Method 1

t(sec)

Method 2

t(sec)

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 3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
1800

Phase (1800)

Phase (00) Phase (1800)

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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 PSK Generation
+ 1 = 00
- 1 = 1800

Above figure is example of BPSK (binaryPSK)

with using M=2 symbols

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Thank you for
the attention

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 Homework !

1. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

2. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
3. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PCM)
4. PCM Block diagram
5. Nyquist theorem
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