Dr. J. P.

Singh
Prof, & Head
Division of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, FoAE, SKUAST-Jammu
 Wind Energy
• Wind energy is a renewable source of energy,
because it is derived from the sun and is
capable of being replenished on a reasonable
time scale.
• The terms "wind energy" or "wind power"
describe the process by which the wind is used
to generate mechanical power or electricity.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power.
 Wind Power:
Where does the wind come from?
 Wind Power
Windmills : If the mechanical
energy is used directly by
machinery, such as a pump or
grinding stones, the machine is
usually called a windmill.
 Wind Mill: water pumping
The reciprocating pump is fitted
at 25 m. depth in a bore well. The
vanes are reinforced with 25 x 25
x 8 mm. size L angles at the
backside of the periphery for
longevity.
Salient Features:
The discharge rate is 3,000 to
4,750 litre/h at 14 to 25 km/h
wind velocity.
This can be used for medium
wind speed areas (10-14 km/h).
 Wind Turbines
Wind Turbines :
If the mechanical
energy is then
converted to
electricity, the
machine is called a
wind generator.
 COMPONENTS: Wind Turbines

• Basic
components
1. Tower
2. Nacelle
3. Rotor
4. Generator
5. Gearbox
6. Shaft
7. Controllers
 COMPONENTS: Wind Turbines
Towers: It is a toll tubular metal shaft. It carries the nacelle and
the rotor. Generally, it is an advantage to have a high tower, to
produce more power due to increased wind speeds.
Four types of supporting towers deserve consideration, these are:
1) the reinforced concrete tower
2) the pole tower
3) the built up shell-tube tower, and
4) the truss tower
• Among these, the truss tower is favoured because it is proved
and widely adaptable, cost is low, parts are readily available, it
is readily transported, and it is potentially stiff. Shell-tube
towers also have attractive features and may prove to be
competitive with truss towers.
 COMPONENTS: Wind Turbines
• Nacelle: The nacelle contains the key components of
the wind turbine, including the gearbox, and the
electrical generator.
• Rotor: The hub and blades together known as Rotor.
The rotor blades capture wind energy and transfer its
power to the rotor hub.
• Generator: The generator converts the mechanical
energy of the rotating shaft to electrical energy. Either
constant or variable speed generators are used.
• Gearbox: The gearbox increases the rotational speed
of the shaft for the generator.
 COMPONENTS: Wind Turbines
• Controls : The modern large wind turbine generator
requires a versatile and reliable control system to
perform the following functions:
1) orientation of the rotor into the wind (azimuth of yaw);
2) protection for the generator, start up and cut-in of the
equipment;
3) power control of the rotor by varying the pitch of the
blades;
4) monitoring the generator output - status, data
computation, and storage;
5) shutdown and cut out due to breakdown of very high
winds.
COMPONENTS: Wind Turbines
COMPONENTS: Wind Turbines
 TYPES: Wind Turbines

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
(HAWT)
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
(HAWT)
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Blade Workers
112’ long

Nacelle
56 tons

Tower
3 sections
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
(HAWT)
Wind Turbines: Number of Blades
 Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most
important reason is the stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd
number of rotor blades (and at least three blades) can be
considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic
properties of the machine.
 A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability
problems for a machine with a stiff structure. The reason is that at
the very moment when the uppermost blade bends backwards,
because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost
blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
Small (<10 kW) Intermediate(10-250 kW)
•Homes • Village Power
•Farms • Hybrid Systems
•Remote Applications • Distributed Power
(e.g., water pumping,
Telecom sites, ice
making)
Large (250 kW-2+ MW)
•Central Station Wind Farms
•328’ base to blade
•Each blade is 112’
•200 tons total
•Foundation 20’ deep
•Rated at 1.5-2 megawatts
•Supply about 500 homes
 Types of HAWT
DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE
 Downwind Turbine
• Some wind turbines
operate in a downwind
mode so that the wind
passes the tower before
striking the blades.
Without a tail vane, the
machine rotor naturally
tracks the wind in a
downwind mode.
 Upwind Turbine
• Some wind turbines are
designed to operate in an
upwind mode (with the blades
upwind of the tower).
• Large wind turbines use a
motor-driven mechanism that
turns the machine in response
to a wind direction.
• Smaller wind turbines use a
tail vane to keep the blades
facing into the wind.
 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
(VAWT)
VAWT

 Drag is the main force

 Nacelle is placed at the bottom

 Yaw mechanism is not required

 Lower starting torque

 Difficulty in mounting the turbine

 Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
(VAWT)
(VAWT)
(VAWT)
(VAWT)
Advantages
1. Low system cost and performs at low wind velocity ranges
2. It has its low cut in speed (Wind speed required for switching
electric power into the line)
3. Generator can be mounted on ground
4. 5. Simple structure, easy to manufacture
6. Since it has vertical axis energy conversion system, it eliminates
expensive power transmission system from the rotor to the axis
7. Yaw and Pitch control are not required. A constant speed vertical
axis wind turbine, automatically stalls at high wind speeds
8. Overall weight of the turbine may be substantially less than that of
conventional systems.
Disadvantages
1. This type of machine is too solid
2. It is not useful for a very tall installation because long drive shaft
problems.
 Darrieus Wind Turbine
 The Darrieus turbine is the most famous
vertical axis wind turbine.
 It is characterised by its C-shaped rotor
blades which give it its eggbeater
appearance.
 It is normally built with two or three
blades.
 The Darrieus turbine is not self starting.
 It needs to start turbing before the wind
will begin rotating it.
Advantages
1. The rotor blades can accept the wind from any compass.
2. The machine can be mounted on the ground eliminating tower
structures and lifting of huge weight of machine assembly
3. It eliminates yaw control requirement for its rotor to capture
wind energy
4. Airfoil rotor fabrication costs are expected to be reduced over
conventional rotor blade costs.
5. The absence of pitch control requirements for synchronous
operation may yield additional cost savings.
6. The tip speed ratio and power coefficient are considerably better
than those of the S-rotor but are still below the values for a
modern horizontal-axis, two bladed propeller rotor.
Disadvantages
1. It requires external mechanical aid for start up
2. Rotor power output efficiency of a Darrieus wind energy
conversion system is also some what lower than that of a
conventional horizontal rotor
3. Because a Darrieus rotor is generally situated near ground
proximity, it may also experience lower velocity wind and yield
less energy output.
4. Because a Darrieus rotor encounters greatly varied local flow
conditions per revolution, greater vibratory stresses are
encountered which will affect rotor system life.
5. Finally since a Darrieus rotor cannot be yawed out of the wind
or its blades feathered, special high torque breaking system
must be incorporated
 Vertical-Axis Turbines
Advantages Disadvantages
• Omni-directional • Rotors generally near ground
where wind is poorer
– accepts wind from any
direction • Centrifugal force stresses
blades
• Components can be
mounted at ground level • Poor self-starting capabilities
– ease of service • Requires support at top of
– lighter weight towers
turbine rotor
• Requires entire rotor to be
• Can theoretically use less
removed to replace bearings
materials to capture the
• Overall poor performance
same amount of wind
and reliability

Exploring Wind - 1/23/17 - ©The NEED Project

 Determining Factors
 Wind Speed

 Turbine design and construction

 Rated capacity of the turbine

 Exact Location

 Improvements in turbine design

 Capital
 Conclusion
 Wind energy is pollution free and nature
friendly
 Wind energy has very good potential and it is
the fastest growing energy source
 The future looks bright for wind energy
because technology is becoming more
advanced and windmills are becoming more
efficient
 Wind Power
•Wind possesses kinetic energy by virtue of motion. Factors that determine the
output from wind mill (1) Wind Speed (2) Cross Section of wind sits wept by
rotor (3) Over all conversion efficiency of rotor, transmission system and
generator/ pump. Wind mill works on the principle of converting KE of the wind
into mechanical energy. Power is equal to energy per unit time
KE = ½ mV2
= ½ ρ AV.V2
= ½ ρ AV3, watts
Where
• m = ρ AV, ρ= Air density = 1.225 kg/m3 at sea level and changes by 10%
with altitude
• Area swept by the rotor, A = π /4 D2, V = wind velocity
• Maximum available energy = ½ ρπ/4 D2 V3 = 1/8 ρπ D2 V3
From equation,
• 1. The wind power available is directly proportional to the air density
• 2. By doubling the diameter of the rotor the power will increase 4 fold
• 3. By doubling wind speed the power available will increase 8 fold
 WIND POWER
The power in the wind is proportional to:
• Area of windmill being swept by the wind
• Cube of the wind speed
• Air density - which varies with altitude

Formula used for calculating the power:

Power = Density of air x Swept area x Velocity cubed
P = ½.ρ.A.V3
where,
P is power in watts (W)
ρ is the air density in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3)
A is the swept rotor area in square metres (m2)
V is the wind speed in metres per second (m/s)
• Suitable places for erection of wind mill
• 1. Off shore and on the sea coast – wind energy
availability is 2400 KWH/m2/year
• 2. Mountains – 1600 KWH/m2/year
• 3. Plains – 750 KWH/m2/year
• Places unsuitable for wind mill
• 1. Humid equatorial region. In these area wind
velocity is minimum
• 2. Warm, windy countries where frequency of
cyclones is more
 Principles of wind energy conversion
• There are two primary physical principles by which energy can
be extracted from the wind; these are through the creation of
either lift or drag force (or through a combination of the two).
• Lift is the primary force responsible for rotating the blades.
Wind turbine blades are designed like airfoils, and when wind
flows over them, a pressure difference is created between the
upper and lower surfaces. This pressure difference generates lift,
which moves the blade. Lift is perpendicular to the direction of
air flow
• Drag is the resistance force exerted by a fluid (such as air or
water) on an object moving through it. It acts opposite to the
direction of motion and is caused by friction and pressure
differences. This friction resists blade motion, reducing rotational
speed. High drag results in energy loss and reduce efficiency.
 Drag force (N)
The equation for drag force is:
FD=1/2CDρAv2
FD​ = Drag force (N)
CD​ = Drag coefficient (depends on shape and surface roughness)
ρ = Fluid density (kg/m³)
A = Cross-sectional area (m²)
v = Velocity of the object relative to the fluid (m/s)

Lift force (N)

The equation for lift force is:
FL=1/2CLρAv2
FL​ = Lift force (N)
CL​ = Lift coefficient (depends on shape and angle of attack)
ρ = Fluid density (kg/m³)
A = Reference area (m²)
v = Velocity of the object relative to the fluid (m/s)
 Wind Speed
There are various important wind speeds to consider:
1. Start-up wind speed
2. Cut-in Wind Speed
3. Rated Wind Speed
4. Furling wind speed
5. Maximum design wind speed
1. Start-up wind speed – It is the minimum wind speed
required to begin rotating the blades of a wind turbine. At this
speed, the aerodynamic forces (mainly lift) generated by the wind
overcome friction and inertia, allowing the turbine to start
generating power.
Typical Start-up Wind Speeds:
• Small wind turbines: 2-3 m/s (4.5–6.7 mph)
• Large commercial wind turbines: 3-5 m/s (6.7–11 mph)
2. Cut-in Wind Speed
The cut-in wind speed is the minimum wind speed at which a wind
turbine begins generating usable electrical power. It is usually
higher than the start-up wind speed, which is just enough to start
blade rotation.
Cut-in Wind Speeds:
• Small wind turbines: 2.5–3.5 m/s (5.6–7.8 mph)
• Large commercial wind turbines: 3–4 m/s (6.7–9 mph)
3. Rated Wind Speed
The rated wind speed is the wind speed at which a wind turbine
generates its maximum (rated) power output. At this speed, the turbine
operates at peak efficiency, and any increase in wind speed beyond
this point does not result in higher power output due to power control
mechanisms.
Rated Wind Speeds:
Small wind turbines: 10–15 m/s (22–34 mph)
Large commercial wind turbines: 12–15 m/s (27–34 mph)
4. Furling wind speed – the wind speed at which the machine will
be turned out of the wind to prevent damage.At this speed, the turbine
either:
Furling Wind Speeds:
• Small wind turbines: 15–25 m/s (34–56 mph)
• Large commercial wind turbines: 20–25 m/s (45–56 mph)

5.Maximum design wind speed – the wind speed above which

damage could occur to the machine.
Maximum Design Wind Speeds:
• Small wind turbines: 35–50 m/s (78–112 mph)
• Large commercial wind turbines: 50–70 m/s (112–157 mph)
• Thanks