CHAPTER-1

1
 INTRODUCTION
Energy is crucial in our daily lives and we use various technologies to generate
power. We commonly use non-renewable sources like coal, natural gas, and oil.
These fossil fuels were formed millions of years ago from the remains of dead
organisms. We use a lot of these fuels every day for various needs.
For example, we use millions of barrels of oil, metric tonnes of coal, and cubic
meters of natural gas daily. We’ve been using these fuels since ancient times for
cooking, lighting, and other purposes. Nowadays, we use them to run machines in
industries, for transportation, and to generate electricity.
After World War II, the demand for
fossil fuels increased rapidly due to
the industrial revolution. Energy
consumption is increasing at a rate
of 2.3% every year. If this trend
continues, the world’s population
may reach 7 billion by 2000 A.D.
and we might run out of these
conventional energy sources by the
end of this century or early next
century.

Nuclear energy is another option,

but it requires skilled technicians and there are safety concerns related to radioactive
waste disposal. Therefore, we need to look at solar energy and other non-
conventional energy sources for future use.
With the growing concern of global warming and depletion of fossil fuel reserves,
many are looking at sustainable energy solutions. Wind and solar energy have the
most potential to meet our energy demands. However, they are unpredictable and
unreliable due to varying wind speeds and sunlight levels.
To improve the efficiency and reliability of these systems, we can combine these two
sources and use maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. When one
source is unavailable or insufficient, the other can compensate. There are several
proposed hybrid wind/solar power systems with MPPT control. Most of these
systems use a separate DC/DC boost converter to perform the MPPT control for
each renewable energy source.
However, a simpler structure has been suggested that combines the sources from
the DC-end while still achieving MPPT for each renewable source. This structure is a
combination of the buck and buck-boost converter. These systems require passive
input filters to remove high frequency current harmonics injected into wind turbine
generators, which can decrease their lifespan and increase power loss due to
heating. An alternative multi-input rectifier structure is proposed for hybrid wind/solar
energy systems in this paper.

2
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
The objective of the project is to
 Increase the usage of renewable energy sources: The project aims to
harness the combined potential of wind and solar energy.
 Reduce the usage of fossil fuels: By using renewable sources like wind and
solar, the project aims to decrease our reliance on fossil fuels.
 Improve living conditions: The project seeks to enhance the quality of life
by providing a reliable and sustainable source of energy.
 Protect the environment: By using clean energy sources like wind and solar,
the project aims to reduce pollution and contribute to environmental
protection.
 Optimal utilization of resources: The project aims to make the best use of
land and materials.
 Generate electrical energy: The system is designed to generate electricity
using both solar and wind energy.
 Energy storage: The system includes a battery for storing energy generated
from the solar and wind systems.
 Drive load using combined power: The system is designed to drive load
using the combined power of solar and wind energy.
 Promote Social Development Goals (SDGs): The project also aims to
promote SDGs through the implementation of green technology.
These objectives align with the global shift towards sustainable and renewable
energy sources, addressing both environmental and energy needs.

3
CHAPTER-2

4
 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Bhаrаt Rаj Singh, et. Jаnuаry 2018 Compared to non-renewable energy
sources, the development of hybrid systems is one of the most practical and
effective solutions for the generation of electricity. It is not only less expensive, but it
also doesn't harm the environment. Another benefit is that it can be used to
generate electricity in mountainous regions where conventional methods have
difficulty transmitting it. On the basis of the necessity, its setup may be chosen. All
people in this world should be encouraged to employ non-inventive resources to
generate electricity in order to make them somewhat self-reliant. Long lifespan and
little maintenance are some of its key qualities. It only needs a significant initial
expenditure.

2. Sаsаn Mоghаddаm, et. аl. 2019, In this paper, a hybrid renewable energy
system that combines solar, wind, and batteries is proposed for improving load
supply reliability over a study horizon with the goal of minimizing the Net Present
Value (N). The N includes costs associated with the purchase, replacement,
operation, and maintenance of the hybrid system. The load demand's deficient
probability of overnight interruption is the considered reliability index. The decision
variables include the number of V panels, wind turbines, and batteries, as well as the
capacity of power that can be transferred by inverters, the number of V panels, and
the height of the wind tower. The improved crowd finding algorithm (IS) is a novel
algorithm proposed to address the optimization's problem. The system's design was
created specifically for the city of Zanjan, Iran, and was based on current data on the
region's solar radiation and wind patterns. The performance of the proposed IIS is
compared to the broad search algorithm (S) and the component-based warm-
optimization methods in various system combinations. This comparison
demonstrates that the proposed ISIS algorithm performs better than other methods.

3. Аbdаli Lаyth Mоhаmmed Аbdаli1 аnd. In 2019, A grid-connected hybrid

PV and wind power generation system is proposed in the paper. This system is
discussed; the characteristics of the four main system components—WES, V,
battery, and F—are provided; and the proposed overall coordinated control strategy
for mixed-power systems is demonstrated. The primary power generating devices
are solar and windpowered systems, and the battery storage acts as a means of
storing any excess electricity that may be available. The F device is a device that
creates redundancy and supplies power to the system when the S value is less than
25%. Using lower theory, the hybrid system simulation model is created. Studies
using simulations were conducted to confirm the system's performance.

4. Udit Mittаl, Gunjаn Vаrshney et.аl. Seр 2020, This paper describes a power
generation system that uses solar and wind energy and is intended to provide
continuous power generation throughout the day and night. Both solar and wind
power have specific advantages and disadvantages of their own. The advantages of
both techniques will be ensured by combining them in a common framework, while at
5
the same time reducing each technique's unique limitations. This author has
attempted to present a hybrid energy model that takes into account these two
important renewable energy sources in order to increase the dependability and
continuity of the final system. This article suggests a design that has a large scope
for future research. in the hybrid energy sector. Using micro-controllers and power
factor correction devices, this design can also be made into a grid-connected
version. Our nation has been suffering from power failure and irregularities,
particularly in remote areas, and the implementation of this framework at any given
location can be of great benefit as our country has been fortunate to enjoy regional
and demographic advantages for both resources.

5. Mоnik M. Dhоlаriyа1, et. аl. June 2020, This article describes the hybrid
solar-wind power system, which harnesses the renewable energy of the sun and
wind to produce electricity. Роwer. Solar panels are used to convert solar energy,
whereas wind turbines are used to convert wind energy into electricity. This electric
power source can be used for a variety of purposes. Electricity generation will take
place under an affordable cost system. This hybrid solar-wind power generation
system is suitable for both industrial and domestic settings. Solar panels are
mounted on a wind turbine's surfaces so that the combined energy from the wind
turbine and the solar panels is provided as an output. Electricity is produced here
from a solar panel and a wind turbine system. V cells, modules, and arrays were
mathematically modelled and simulated, and the impact of environmental conditions
on their V and IV characteristics was investigated. We researched the various
inverter methodologies and how they function. We prepared a Hardware Model of
Hybrid Power Generation and also observed that theoretical findings are similar to
Hardware Model outcomes.

6
2.1 Dual Energy Storage Inverter:
A dual energy storage inverter with solar and wind turbine, also known as a hybrid
solar-wind power generation system, is a renewable energy system that combines
the power of solar panels (PV) and wind turbines. This combination is designed to
overcome the intermittent nature of both solar and wind energy.
The key components of this system include:
Solar PV module: This captures and converts sunlight into electricity.
Wind Turbine: This captures and converts wind energy into electricity. The wind
turbine can supply power during the night when the sun doesn’t shine.
Energy Storage System (ESS): This stores the generated electricity for later use.
The ESS is usually composed of batteries.
Inverter: This converts the DC power generated by the solar panels and wind
turbine into AC power suitable for most appliances.
Microcontroller: This controls the charging power from the PV-Wind Turbine system
to the ESS.
The system utilizes a multi-winding transformer to integrate the renewable energies
and transfer it to the load or battery. The PV, wind turbine, and battery are linked to
the transformer through a full bridge DC–AC converter.
Here's an overview of the Dual Energy Storage Inverter and its functionalities:
Integration of Solar and Wind Energy: The Dual Energy Storage Inverter is
designed to interface with both solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays and wind turbines. It
efficiently converts the DC output from these renewable sources into AC power
suitable for grid or local consumption.
Energy Storage Integration: In addition to solar and wind energy inputs, the
inverter accommodates energy storage systems such as batteries or
supercapacitors. It manages the charging and discharging of these storage devices,
optimizing their utilization based on the available renewable energy and the
electricity demand.
Bidirectional Power Flow: The Dual Energy Storage Inverter enables bidirectional
power flow, allowing energy to be transferred between the renewable energy
sources, storage devices, and the electrical grid as needed. This bidirectional
capability enhances system flexibility and resilience, enabling dynamic response to
changes in renewable energy availability and load demand.
Power Electronics Control: Advanced power electronics and control algorithms are
integrated into the inverter to regulate voltage, frequency, and power quality. These
control mechanisms ensure stable operation of the hybrid system and enable
seamless transition between different operating modes, such as grid-tied operation,
islanded operation, and backup power supply.
7
Efficiency and Optimization: The design of the Dual Energy Storage Inverter
emphasizes high efficiency and energy conversion performance. By implementing
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for solar and wind energy
sources, the inverter maximizes energy harvest from these renewable resources.
Additionally, advanced control strategies optimize the utilization of energy storage
systems to minimize energy losses and enhance system efficiency.
One of the main advantages of a dual power generation inverter with solar and wind
turbine is that it can provide a more stable and reliable power supply compared to a
system that only uses one type of renewable energy. This is because the two
sources of energy often don’t deliver at the same time, so combining a wind turbine
with solar panels makes complete sense. For instance, on cloudy days when solar
power might be low, wind power might be high, and vice versa.
A dual power generation inverter with solar and wind turbine is a practical and
efficient way to harness renewable energy, providing a reliable power supply while
also contributing to environmental sustainability.

8
2.2 Working Principle of Solar System:
Solar energy is that energy which gets by the radiation of the sun. Solar energy is
present in earth continuously and in abundant manner. Free sun electricity is
available. It doesn't produce any fuel, which means that its constituents are quite
loose. It is tremendous value for money. It has a low maintenance cost. The biggest
issue with solar energy is that it cannot generate electricity in unfavorable climatic
conditions. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is exceptional when compared to other
electricity assets. It calls for the best preliminary finance. It only needs initial
investments.
A. Photo Voltaic (PV) Panels
Solar Electric panels are also called Photovoltaic
(or PV) panels. A PV Panel is a device that
converts solar radiation (sunlight) into direct
current electricity. This electricity can be used to
power electric appliances or charge batteries.

Fig.1. Solar Panels

B. Solar Cell Power Generating System
Where Sunlight is, there is potential for solar power generation. A solar cell,
sometimes called a Photovoltaic Cell (PV), is a device that converts light energy into
electrical energy. A single solar cell creates a very small amount of energy (about .6
volts DC) so they are usually grouped together in an integrated electrical panel
called a solar panel. Sunlight is a somewhat diffuse form of energy and only a
portion of the light captured by a solar cell is converted into electricity.
C. Types of Solar Cells
Monocrystalline Silicon:
This type of solar cell uses a single layer of silicon for the semi-conductor. In order to
produce this type of silicon it must be extremely pure which means it is the most
expensive type of solar cell to produce.
Polycrystalline Silicon:
To make polycrystalline silicon cells liquid silicon is poured into blocks that are
subsequently sawed into plates. This type of approach produces some degree of
degradation of the silicon crystals which makes them less efficient. However, this
type of approach is easier and cheaper to manufacture.
Knowing Your Energy Needs:

9
A photovoltaic cell is a cell which generates electricity directly from light energy.
Photovoltaic cells come in many sizes, but most are 10 cm by 10 cm and generate a
little more than half a volt of electricity. PV cells are bundled together in
interconnected solar panels to produce higher voltages and increased power.
D. Types of Connection:
Solar Photovoltaic systems for the homes and businesses can generally be
classified into two categories those that are designed to make use of an existing
electric grid (grid-tied system) or those that are designed for rural use where no
electric grid is available (off-the-grid system). In a grid-tied system there is no need
for a battery system to store the energy that the solar panels generate. Instead the
power grid itself acts in a sense as a giant battery that uses any excess electricity
that your solar panels may generate, and which you can draw from on cloudy days
when there is insufficient sunlight to fully power your home.
E. Considerations Before Sitting and Installing Solar Panel Cells
Proximity to The Power Grid:
If your home or home site is more than half a mile from the nearest power line you
may want to consider going with an off-the-grid solar system using some
combination of passive and active PV systems with batteries. Electric utilities can
charge $50,000 or more to run a line to your home and battery systems with
generators typically run far less than that.
Sand and Dust:
PV panels work best when they are kept clear of debris or dust. Even a small
amount of obstruction can significantly impair their performance. This is why regular
maintenance is always recommended to keep the panels clean.
Financial Incentives:
Many farmers and small business owners in the rural communities will gladly stay in
the rural areas doing business and many more will move there if local, state, and
federal government becomes very aggressive in providing financial assistance to
individual and small business in the rural areas that invest in solar power generation.
Cost of Electricity:
PV systems make particular sense in locations which have high electric rates. In the
US states such as California have very high electric rates (20 to 30 cents per kilowatt
hour).

10
 F. Block Diagram Explanation
The two renewable sources, which are
going to be hybridized, are the solar and
the Pico hydropower. Solar energy is
obtained from the solar panel and the Pico
hydropower is obtained from the Pico hydro
power plant. The power from the solar
panel, which is in dc form, is stored directly
in the battery.

Fig.2. Circuit diagram for

solar power
The power from the Pico hydro turbine, which is in ac form is converted by using
suitable rectifiers and is stored in the battery. The suitable inverters invert the
hybridized power stored in the battery. This output is given to the load through the
switches. The fuzzy logic program is processed in the control unit. The input to this is
given in the form of slope diagrams and fuzzy sets. The slope diagram is drawn by
considering radiation in terms of flux and the flow rate in terms of lit/sec. The fuzzy
program is executed in this unit by getting the input values of the radiation and the
flow rate.
After execution, the fuzzy unit gives the crisp value. This controls the on or off
positions of the load through the corresponding switches.
G. Description of Equipment’s
Mechanical design of solar cell Photovoltaic, or PV for short, is a technology that
converts light directly into electricity. Photovoltaic is also the field of study relating to
this technology and there are many research institutes devoted to work on
photovoltaic. Due to the growing need for solar energy, the manufacture of solar cells
and solar photovoltaic array has expanded dramatically in recent years. Photovoltaic
production has been doubling every two years, increasing by an average of 48
percent each year since 2002, making it the world’s fastest-growing energy
technology. At the end of 2007, according to preliminary data, cumulative global
production was 12,400 megawatts. Roughly 90% of this generating capacity consists
of grid-tied electrical systems. Such installations may be ground-mounted (and
sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or building integrated. Financial
incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity and net
metering, have supported solar PV installations in many countries including
Germany, Japan, and the United States.
11
 Fig.3.
Overview of solar system equipment’s
Fig.4. solar panel receives sun
energy

H. Applications Power Stations:

Many of these plants are integrated with agriculture and some use innovative
tracking systems that follow the sun's daily path across the sky to generate more
electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or
emissions during operation of the power stations.
In Buildings:
Photovoltaic arrays are often associated with buildings: either integrated into them,
mounted on them or mounted nearby on the ground.
I. Solar Panel Out Put
The four solar panels used in our project and we are set it in project tower, then we
are given connection to control unit and it is produce some specific output.
The solar panels are generating
 12V 25W - 4no’s
 Series 120V DC 88W
 Parallel 12V DC 172W

12
2.3 Working Principle of Wind Power System:
Wind energy is also one of the renewable
energy resources that can be used for
generating electrical energy with wind
turbines coupled with generators. There
are various advantages of wind energy,
such as wind turbines power generation,
for mechanical power with windmills, for
pumping water using wind pumps, and so
on. Large wind turbines are made to rotate
with the blowing wind and accordingly
electricity can be generated. The minimum
wind speed required for connecting the
generator to the power grid is called as cut
in speed and maximum wind speed
required for the generator for disconnecting
the generator from the power grid is called
as cut off speed. Generally, wind turbines
work in the range of speed between cut in
and cut off speeds.
Wind Turbine
Wind turbine can be defined as a fan consisting of 3 blades that rotate due to
blowing wind such that the axis of rotation must be aligned with the direction of
blowing wind. A gear box is used for converting energy from one device to another
device using mechanical method; hence, it is termed as a high-precision mechanical
system. There are different types of wind turbines, but the frequently used wind
turbines are horizontal axis turbines and vertical axis turbines.
The function of a wind turbine is to use blades of some shape (which can vary) to
catch the wind's kinetic energy. As the wind flows over the blades, it lifts them, just
like it lifts a sail to push a boat. That push from the wind makes the blades turn,
moving the drive shaft that they're connected to. That shaft then turns a pump of
some kind—whether directly moving a piece of stone over grain (windmill), or
pushing that energy into a generator that creates electricity that can be used right
away or stored in a battery.
The process for an electricity-generating system (wind turbine) includes the
following steps:
I. Wind Pushes Blades:
Ideally, a windmill or wind turbine is located in a place with regular and consistent
winds. That air movement pushes specially designed blades that allow the wind to
push them as easily as possible. Blades can be designed so they are pushed upwind
or downwind of their location.

13
 II. Kinetic Energy Is Transformed:
Kinetic energy is the free energy that comes from the wind. For us to be able to use
or store that energy, it needs to be changed into a usable form of power. Kinetic
energy is transformed into mechanical energy when the wind meets the windmill
blades and pushes them. The movement of the blades then turns a drive shaft.
III. Electricity Is Generated:
In a wind turbine, a spinning drive shaft is connected to a gearbox that increases the
speed of the rotation by a factor of 100—which in turn spins a generator. Therefore,
the gears end up spinning much faster than the blades being pushed by the wind.
Once these gears reach a fast enough speed, they can power a generator that
produces electricity.
The gearbox is the most expensive and heavy part of the turbine, and engineers are
working on direct drive generators that can operate at lower speeds (so they don't
need a gear box).
IV. Transformer Converts Electricity:
The electricity produced by the generator is 60-cycle AC (alternating current)
electricity. A transformer may be needed to convert that to another type of electricity,
depending on local needs.
V. Off-Grid Applications:
In off-grid or standalone wind power systems, the generated electricity is used to
charge batteries for energy storage or directly power electrical loads in remote
locations. These systems may incorporate energy management and storage
components such as batteries, charge controllers, and inverters to provide a reliable
and continuous power supply.
VI. Electricity Is Used or Stored:
Electricity produced by a wind turbine might be used on site (more likely to be true in
small or medium-sized wind projects), it could be delivered to transmission lines for
use right away, or it could be stored in a battery.
Enhancements in battery storage efficiency are pivotal for future strides in wind
energy. Augmented storage capacity enables stored electricity from windier days to
complement lower wind days, diminishing the impact of wind variability on consistent
wind power supply. By converting wind's kinetic energy into electrical power, wind
power systems foster renewable energy generation, diminish dependence on fossil
fuels, and alleviate greenhouse gas emissions. Ongoing progress in wind turbine
technology and integration methods continues to refine the efficiency, dependability,
and economic viability of wind power generation.

14
CHAPTER-3

15
 MATERIALS & METHODS
3.1 List of Components:

S.l Name of the Image of the Component

No. Components
1

Solar Panel

Wind Turbine

LDR

Battery

5
Microcontroller
(Arduino UNO)

6
Motor Driver
(L298N Module)

Inverter

16
 3.2 Specification, Function & Principle of Components:

1. Solar Panel:
A solar panel works by converting sunlight into electricity using a process called the
photovoltaic effect.

Specifications:
Product Name Solar panel
Material Polycrystalline Silicon
Rated Voltage 12V
Power 1.5W
Weight 45g
Size 115 x 90mm / 4.5 x 3.5 inch (L*W)
Thickness 3mm/0.1 inch

Sunlight hits the solar cell: The panels are made up of numerous solar cells,
typically constructed with silicon or other semiconducting materials. When sunlight,
in the form of photons (energy packets), strikes the solar cell, it gets absorbed.
Electrons get energized: The absorbed photons energize electrons within the
silicon atoms of the solar cell. This energy loosens the electrons from their bonds,
allowing them to move freely.
Electric field creates current: The solar cell is designed with a built-in electric field.
This field pushes the freed electrons in one direction and creates holes (absence of
electrons) on the other side.
Direct current generated: The flow of electrons through the cell generates a direct
current (DC) electricity.
Multiple cells, more power: Many solar cells are connected together in a series or
parallel fashion within a solar panel to increase the voltage or current output,
respectively.

17
 2. Wind Turbine:
In a wind turbine system with a gear motor, here's how the components work together to
generate electricity:

Wind Energy Capture: Wind blows across the turbine blades, creating lift (similar to
an airplane wing) that causes the blades to rotate.
Rotation to Shaft: The rotation of the blades is transferred to a shaft connected to
the hub of the rotor.
Gear Up Multiplikation (Gearbox): A gearbox is positioned along the drive shaft.
This gearbox contains multiple sets of gears with different sizes. The larger gear
connects to the rotor shaft, while the smaller gear connects to the gear motor shaft.
By design, the gearbox significantly increases the rotational speed (RPM) coming
from the rotor.

Gear Motor Conversion: The gear motor takes the high-speed, lower torque output
from the gearbox and converts it to a lower speed, higher torque output. This is
because generators generally operate most efficiently at a specific RPM range. The
gear motor bridges the gap between the rotor's speed and the generator's optimal
speed.
Generator Electricity Production: The increased speed from the gear motor shaft
spins the shaft of the generator within the wind turbine. This rotation within the
generator creates electricity through electromagnetic induction.

18
 3. LDR:
A solar tracking system using Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs), a motor driver, and
an Arduino Uno can effectively rotate a solar panel to follow the direction of sunlight.
Here’s how it works:

LDRs as Light Sensors: The system uses two LDRs placed on the edges of the
solar panel. LDRs are light-sensitive devices whose resistance decreases when
high-intensity light falls on them.
Direction Determination: The LDRs act as sensors to detect the panel’s position
relative to the sun. They provide an indicator to the motor driver to rotate the solar
panel in the sun’s direction. The motor driver will move the solar panel towards the
LDR with lower resistance, meaning towards the LDR on which more light is falling.
Arduino Uno and Motor Driver: The Arduino Uno is used as the main controller
that reads the values from the LDRs and controls the motor driver. The motor driver,
in turn, controls the motor that moves the solar panel. The Arduino Uno reads the
resistance values from the LDRs through its analog input pins. If there is an equal
amount of light falling on both the LDRs, then the motor will not rotate. The motor will

19
try to move the solar panel in the position where both LDRs have the same
resistance, meaning where the same amount of light is falling on both the resistors.

4. Battery:
Batteries play a crucial role in sunlight tracking solar panel systems, especially when
combined with a solar charge controller. Here's how they work in such a setup:

Energy Storage: During periods of sunlight, when the solar panels are generating
electricity, the excess power that is not immediately needed for operation can be
stored in batteries. This is essential for ensuring continuous power supply during
periods of low or no sunlight, such as at night or during cloudy weather.
Solar Charge Controller: Batteries are typically connected to a solar charge
controller, which regulates the charging process. The charge controller ensures that
the batteries are charged safely and efficiently. It prevents overcharging, which can
damage the batteries, and also protects against deep discharge, which can reduce
battery lifespan.
Energy Management: The solar charge controller monitors the state of charge of
the batteries and adjusts the charging current accordingly. During periods of high
solar input, such as sunny days, the charge controller allows more current to flow
into the batteries for charging. Conversely, during low solar input, such as cloudy
days or at night, it reduces the charging current to prevent overcharging.
Backup Power: The batteries act as a backup power source for the system. In case
of interruptions in solar power generation, such as during inclement weather, the
batteries can supply electricity to ensure uninterrupted operation of critical systems
or devices.
Optimization: In sunlight tracking solar panel systems, batteries can also be used to
optimize energy capture. For example, excess energy generated during peak

20
sunlight hours can be stored in batteries for later use, rather than being immediately
fed into the grid or wasted.

5. Microcontroller (Arduino UNO):

Arduino Uno is a popular microcontroller development board based on 8-bit
ATmega328P microcontroller. Along with ATmega328P MCU IC, it consists other
components such as crystal oscillator, serial communication, voltage regulator, etc.
to support the microcontroller.
Specification:
Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8bit AVR family
microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended Input Voltage 7-12V
Input Voltage Limits 6-20V
Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)
Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)
DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA
DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz

21
Arduino Uno Pinout Configuration:

Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when
using an external power source.

5V: Regulated power supply used to

power microcontroller and other
components on the board.

3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-

board voltage regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50mA.

GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.
Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the
range of 0-5V
Input/Output Pins Digital Pins 0 - 13 Can be used as input or output pins.
Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL
serial data.
External Interrupts 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.
PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output

22
SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), Used for SPI communication.
12 (MISO) and 13
(SCK)
Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.
TWI A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA) Used for TWI communication.
AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input
voltage.

Arduino Uno to ATmega328 Pin Mapping

When ATmega328 chip is used in place of Arduino Uno, or vice versa, the image
below shows the pin mapping between the two.

23
In a sunlight tracking solar panel system, an Arduino Uno microcontroller
plays a crucial role in processing the sensor data and controlling the motor
driver. Here’s how it works:
LDRs as Light Sensors: The system uses two or four LDRs (Light Dependent
Resistors) placed on the edges of the solar panel. LDRs are light-sensitive devices
whose resistance decreases when high-intensity light falls on them.
Arduino Uno as the Processor: The Arduino Uno is used as the main controller
that reads the values from the LDRs through its analog input pins. It processes these
values and determines which LDR is receiving more light (i.e., which LDR has lower
resistance).
Controlling the Motor Driver: Based on the data from the LDRs, the Arduino Uno
sends control signals to the motor driver. The motor driver, in turn, controls the motor
that moves the solar panel.
Direction Determination: If there is an equal amount of light falling on both the
LDRs, then the motor will not rotate. The motor will try to move the solar panel in the
position where both LDRs have the same resistance, meaning where the same
amount of light is falling on both the resistors. If the resistance of one of the LDRs
changes, then the motor rotates towards the LDR with lower resistance.

6. L298N Motor Driver Module:

This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high power motor driver module for driving DC
and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05
5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with
directional and speed control.

Internal circuit diagram of L298N Motor Driver module is given below:

24
The L298N Motor Driver module consists of an L298 Motor Driver IC, 78M05 Voltage
Regulator, resistors, capacitor, Power LED, 5V jumper in an integrated circuit.
78M05 Voltage regulator will be enabled only when the jumper is placed. When the
power supply is less than or equal to 12V, then the internal circuitry will be powered
by the voltage regulator and the 5V pin can be used as an output pin to power the
microcontroller. The jumper should not be placed when the power supply is greater
than 12V and separate 5V should be given through 5V terminal to power the internal
circuitry.
ENA & ENB pins are speed control pins for Motor A and Motor B while IN1& IN2 and
IN3 & IN4 are direction control pins for Motor A and Motor B.
Specifications:
Driver Model L298N 2A
Driver Chip Double H Bridge L298N
Motor Supply Voltage (Maximum) 46V
Motor Supply Current (Maximum) 2A
Logic Voltage 5V
Driver Voltage 5-35V
Driver Current 2A

25
 Logical Current 0-36 mA
Maximum Power (W) 25W

In a sunlight tracking solar panel system, a motor driver plays a crucial role in
controlling the motor based on the inputs from the Arduino Uno microcontroller.
Here’s how it works:
Receiving Signals from Arduino Uno: The Arduino Uno microcontroller reads the
values from the LDRs (Light Dependent Resistors) and determines which LDR is
receiving more light (i.e., which LDR has lower resistance). Based on this data, the
Arduino Uno sends control signals to the motor driver.
Controlling the Motor: The motor driver receives these control signals and
accordingly controls the motor that moves the solar panel. The motor driver can
control the direction of rotation of the motor, the speed of rotation, and can also stop
the motor.
Direction Determination: If there is an equal amount of light falling on both the
LDRs, then the motor will not rotate. The motor will try to move the solar panel in the
position where both LDRs have the same resistance, meaning where the same
amount of light is falling on both the resistors. If the resistance of one of the LDRs
changes, then the motor rotates towards the LDR with lower resistance.

7. Inverter:
Core Responsibility:
DC to AC Conversion: The inverter's
primary function is to convert the Direct
Current (DC) electricity generated by the
solar panels into Alternating Current (AC)
electricity. This AC electricity is usable by
most appliances and the power grid.

Unaffected by Panel Movement:

The inverter doesn't play a direct role in the sunlight tracking mechanism. Whether
the solar panel is fixed or adjusts its position throughout the day, the inverter still
receives DC electricity from the panels.

Conversion Process:
DC Input: The DC electricity from the solar panels is fed into the inverter through DC
input terminals.

26
Power Conversion Stages: Inside the inverter, electronic circuits perform the DC to
AC conversion process. This typically involves stages like:
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) (optional): Some inverters have MPPT
circuitry that dynamically adjusts the voltage from the solar panels to ensure they
operate at their maximum power point for optimal efficiency.
DC-to-DC conversion (optional): In some inverter designs, the DC input might be
converted to a higher DC voltage level for efficient conversion to AC.
Power inversion: The core stage involves switching circuits that rapidly turn the DC
voltage on and off, creating an AC voltage waveform.
Filtering and Smoothing: The inverter might include filtering and smoothing circuits
to clean up the AC waveform and ensure it meets grid quality standards.
AC Output: The final stage delivers the converted AC electricity to the building's
electrical system or the power grid (depending on the system setup).

CHAPTER-4

27
 EXPERIMENT

4.1 Block diagram of the System:

LDR
WIND
T

MOTOR U
SOLAR PANEL
R

B
LDR I

MOTOR
DRIVER

BATTERY

28
 MICROCONTROLLER (Arduino UNO)

INVERTER

AC SUPPLY

4.2 System Implementations:

The main component is Arduino Uno; single-board microcontroller. It has an open-

source physical computing platform and a development environment for writing
software for the board and is inexpensive. The other main components are Light
Dependent Resistors (LDR’s); motors; solar panel. The solar tracking system is done
by Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). Two LDR is connected to Arduino analog pin AO
to A4 that acts as the input for the system. The analog value of LDR is converted into

29
digital (Pulse Width Modulation) using the built-in Analog-to-Digital Converter. The
values of PWM pulse are applied to move the motor. One motor is required to adjust
the solar panel. The maximum light intensity captured by one of the LDR’s input will
be selected and the motor will move the solar panel to the position of Sunlight. There
are three points of motor rotation; 0; 90 and 180 degrees. The microcontroller gets
an analog input from the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which is then converted
into digital signal by Analog-to-Digital converter. The movement of the solar panel is
determined by the output given to the motor. The output of motor is determined by
the intensity and direction of sunlight falling on the solar panel. Here we deal with a
combination of wind and solar energy. Wind energy is coupled with solar energy with
the help of charging circuit. The output of charging circuit goes to battery. DC output
of the battery is converted to AC by using an inverter. The single level inverter is
used for the purpose. The output of the inverter is fed to a stepup transformer.
Transformer output terminals are connected with 4 channel relay unit. The relay unit
is controlled by the microcontroller. If the output from the battery is more than that
required to drive the AC load, then the extra energy is fed to the grid.
Solar Panel: The solar panel is a key component of this system. It is designed to
absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. The solar panel is mounted on a gear
motor, which allows it to rotate and follow the direction of sunlight. This ensures that
the solar panel can capture the maximum amount of sunlight throughout the day.
Wind Turbine: The wind turbine is another essential component of this system. It
captures wind energy and converts it into electricity. The wind turbine is equipped
with a gear motor that helps in the conversion of mechanical energy (from the
rotation of the turbine blades) into electrical energy.
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR): The LDR is a sensor that detects the intensity of
light. It is used in this system to determine the direction of sunlight. The LDR sends
signals to the microcontroller (Arduino UNO) based on the intensity of light it
receives. This information is used to control the movement of the solar panel.
Microcontroller (Arduino UNO): The Arduino UNO is the brain of this system. It
receives signals from the LDR and controls the movement of the solar panel through
the motor driver. The Arduino UNO also manages the power generated by the solar
panel and wind turbine, ensuring that the power is efficiently used and stored.
Motor Driver: The motor driver is a device that controls the operation of the gear
motor based on the signals it receives from the Arduino UNO. It ensures that the
solar panel rotates in the direction of the sunlight as detected by the LDR.
Gear Motor for Solar Panel Rotation: This gear motor is attached to the solar
panel. It rotates the solar panel based on the signals received from the motor driver.
This ensures that the solar panel is always facing the sunlight for maximum
efficiency.

30
Gear Motor for Wind Turbine: This gear motor is part of the wind turbine. It helps in
the conversion of mechanical energy (from the rotation of the turbine blades) into
electrical energy.
Battery: The battery is used to store the electricity generated by the solar panel and
wind turbine. The Arduino UNO manages the charging and discharging of the battery
based on the power generated and the power requirement.
Inverter: The inverter is connected to the battery. It converts the DC power stored in
the battery into AC power. This AC power can be used to power various appliances
and devices.

CHAPTER-5

31
 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Observations & Results
This experiment aims to evaluate the performance of a newly constructed dual
power generation inverter system combining solar panels and a wind turbine in an
outdoor setting. We will measure and record electricity generation at various
intervals throughout the day.

Day 1 (Collective data collection) Day 2 (Solar Energy

collection)
TIME VOLTAGE
06:00am to 08:30am 3 - 7.7 Volt
08:30am to 11:00am 7.7 - 14.2 Volt
11:00am to 01:30pm 14.2 – 18.4 Volt
01:30pm to0 4:00pm 16.3 – 18.7 Volt
04:00pm to 06:30pm 6.2 – 11.4 Volt
06:30pm to 09:00pm 4.8 – 6.2 Volt
09:00pm to 11:30pm 5.6 – 8.5 Volt
11:30pm to 02:00am 3.1 – 5 Volt
02:00am to 04:30am 3.2 – 5.3 Volt

32
 TIME VOLTAGE
06:00am to 08:00am 5.3 Volt
08:00am to 10:00am 7.4 Volt

04:30am to 06:00am 2.9 – 3.2 Volt 10:00am to 12:00pm 10.9 Volt

12:00pm to 02:00pm 11.8 volt
02:00pm to 04:00pm 11.5 Volt

Day 3 (Wind 04:00pm to 06:00pm 9.7 Volt

energy collection)
TIME VOLTAGE
06:00am to 08:00am 2.7 Volt
08:00am to 10:00am 5.1 Volt
10:00am to 12:00pm 4.3 Volt
12:00pm to 02:00pm 5.7 Volt
02:00pm to 04:00pm 6.5 Volt
04:00pm to 06:00pm 7.7 Volt

Data Collection:
Start the experiment at sunrise (Time = 0) and record the initial readings:
 Time
 Solar panel voltage (V)
 Solar panel current (A)
 Wind turbine voltage (V)
 Wind turbine current (A)
Calculate the initial power output for both solar and wind using the formula: Power
(W) = Voltage (V) x Current (A)
Record all readings (voltage, current, and calculated power) for both solar and wind
at 2:30 hour intervals throughout the day.
Explanation:
The table shows estimated electricity generation over a 24-hour period. Solar power
generation is highest during peak sunlight hours (0-12 hours), while wind power can
fluctuate depending on wind speeds. The total power generation combines both
sources, providing a more consistent power output than relying on a single source.
Important Note:
These are sample values. Actual electricity generation will vary depending on
factors like:
 Solar panel efficiency and sunlight exposure throughout the day

33
  Wind turbine size and wind speed
 System inverter efficiency
Further Experiments:
 Conduct the experiment over multiple days to capture variations in weather
conditions.
 Measure actual power generation using appropriate equipment for more
accurate data.
 Compare the results with different solar panel types, wind turbine capacities,
and inverter models.
We have developed a hybrid system in which solar and wind energies are utilized
efficiently and effectively. single axis tracking is made possible with help of 2 LDR ’s,
1 motors and microcontroller. It is noticed that tracking takes place in the direction in
which maximum intensity of light falls. Our 12 V battery requires 5 hours to get
charged completely. Single level inverter gives an output of 12 V, which is stepped
up to 230V by using a center tapped transformer. Whenever the output from the
battery is greater than that required by the load, the extra energy is fed to the grid. A
voltage divider used to demonstrate the result when the output of the battery is not
enough to feed the grid works efficiently and can be controlled using a pot. When the
voltage from the battery is less than the threshold voltage (set up through the
program on the microcontroller), the supply is available only to the load.

5.2 Cost Estimation:

Let’s delve into the cost estimation for a hybrid power generation system that
combines both solar energy and wind energy. Such systems are gaining popularity
due to their ability to harness renewable resources effectively.

Name of the Components Price

Solar Panel 730/-
Wind Turbine 525/-
Motor Driver 375/-
LDR (2pcs) 300/-
LED (2pcs) 20/-
Gear motor (2 pcs) 1000/-
Battery (3 pcs) 400/-
Inverter 700/-
Holder 20/-
Bulb 70/-
Microcontroller (Arduino UNO) 700/-
Display 670/-

34
 Other 500/-

Total Cost = 6010/- (Only)

It's important to conduct a thorough analysis of each cost component and to account
for uncertainties and risks to develop a realistic cost estimate for the hybrid power
generation system. Additionally, conducting a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis
can help in evaluating the economic viability and potential return on investment of
the project.

CHAPTER-6

35
 CONCLUSION
The wind-solar hybrid system represents a significant advancement in the field of
renewable energy. By harnessing the power of both wind and solar energy, these
systems offer a more consistent and reliable power generation solution. The
complementary nature of wind and solar resources ensures a smoother power
output, enhancing grid stability and reliability.
Moreover, the integration of these two forms of renewable energy can lead to cost-
effective solutions, making it an economically viable option for many regions. The
implementation of such systems is further encouraged by various policies and
incentives, particularly in countries that are actively pursuing renewable energy
targets.
In terms of applications, wind-solar hybrid systems are versatile, ranging from
residential power generation to large-scale grid integration. They also hold potential
in off-grid power supply scenarios, providing a sustainable solution for remote areas.
In conclusion, wind-solar hybrid systems are poised to play a crucial role in the
global transition towards renewable energy. Their adoption and development are
expected to contribute significantly to the reduction of carbon emissions and the
achievement of sustainability goals. As research and technology continue to evolve,
the future of wind-solar hybrid systems as a renewable energy system looks
promising and bright.

36
6.1 FUTURE SCOPE & APPLICATIONS
Future Scope:
The future scope of solar and wind hybrid power generation systems is vast and
promising.
A. Increasing Renewable Energy Capacity: India’s total renewable power
installed capacity is 88 gigawatts (GW), with ~38GW of standalone wind
energy capacity and 35GW of solar energy capacity as of August 20201. The
country surpassed 100 GW of renewable capacity in 2021 and plans to reach
500 GW by 2030.

B. National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy: To promote the setting up of wind-solar

hybrid (WSH) power plants, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE) adopted the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy in 2018 which also
provides certain waivers and incentives to developers.

C. Grid Stability and Reliability: WSH, which harnesses both solar and wind
energy, is fast emerging as a viable new renewable energy structure in India
due to the high potential of both wind and solar resources across various
locations and the provision of enhanced grid stability and reliability.

37
 D. Hybrid Power Plants: One strategy to increase wind and solar PV
deployment is through the co-location of wind and solar PV plants to form a
single hybrid power plant2. By building wind and solar PV in the same
location, hybrid plants have the potential to reduce transmission infrastructure
costs and variability in the output power profile, compared to a stand-alone
plant with a single technology.

E. Economical Solution: The integration of wind with solar system may provide
a reliable and stable system. Because the seasonal profiles of the solar and
wind resources may vary in some reason, whereas the combination of wind
and solar performs better. If implemented correctly, it may be the most
feasible economical solution in reducing electricity bills.

F. Policy Support: To promote the setting up of WSH power plants, the Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) adopted the National Wind-Solar
Hybrid Policy in 2018 which also provides certain waivers and incentives to
developers.

Applications:
Wind-solar hybrid systems find applications across various sectors and settings due
to their versatility and benefits. Here are some key applications:

A. Remote and Off-Grid Areas: Wind-solar hybrid systems are particularly

suitable for providing electricity to remote and off-grid areas where access to
traditional power grids is limited or non-existent. These systems can power
remote communities, off-grid industrial sites, or rural households, reducing
reliance on diesel generators and improving energy access.

B. Island and Coastal Communities: Islands and coastal regions often face
challenges in accessing reliable and affordable electricity due to their isolated
nature. Wind-solar hybrid systems can provide sustainable power solutions for
these communities, leveraging abundant wind and solar resources available
in such areas.

C. Microgrids: Wind-solar hybrid systems are integral components of microgrid

setups. Microgrids are localized energy systems that can operate
independently or in conjunction with the main power grid. Wind and solar
energy, combined with energy storage technologies, can form the backbone

38
 of resilient microgrid solutions for communities, campuses, military bases, and
industrial complexes.

D. Rural Electrification: In rural areas of developing countries, where grid

infrastructure is often lacking, wind-solar hybrid systems can play a crucial
role in electrification efforts. These systems can power schools, health clinics,
and small businesses, improving living standards and stimulating economic
development.

E. Agriculture and Farming: Wind-solar hybrid systems can provide

sustainable power for agricultural operations, including irrigation, crop
processing, and livestock farming. They can help reduce operational costs,
increase productivity, and promote sustainable farming practices.

F. Commercial and Industrial Applications: Wind-solar hybrid systems are

also suitable for commercial and industrial applications, such as powering
factories, warehouses, and office buildings. By integrating renewable energy
sources, businesses can reduce their carbon footprint, lower energy costs,
and enhance their sustainability credentials.

G. Utility-Scale Power Generation: Wind-solar hybrid systems can be deployed

at utility scale to feed renewable energy into the grid. These large-scale
installations can contribute significant amounts of clean electricity to the
overall energy mix, helping to decarbonize the power sector and meet
renewable energy targets.
H. Emergency and Disaster Relief: Wind-solar hybrid systems can serve as
reliable sources of power during emergencies and disaster situations. Their
resilience and ability to operate independently of the grid make them valuable
assets for disaster relief efforts, providing critical electricity supply to affected
areas.

I. Water Pumping: Especially in rural areas, they can be used to power water
pumps for irrigation and drinking water supply.

J. Telecom Towers: Providing reliable power for remote cell towers.

K. Military Applications: Wind-solar hybrids can be used in remote military

outposts for power generation.

L. Traffic Signal System: Integrating wind-solar hybrid systems into traffic

signal systems offers multiple benefits, including improved reliability, energy
efficiency, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. By harnessing
renewable energy sources, traffic signals can operate autonomously, even in
remote locations or during emergencies, contributing to safer and more
sustainable transportation networks.

39
6.2 REFERENCE:
[1] Jaideep N. Malaviya: Wind-Hybrid Systems and Rural Electrification: Experiences
from India
[2] Rural Electrification in India –report by Central Electrical Authority as on
31/3/2013
[3] Dilip Nigam, WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA, Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy Government of India, New Delhi.
[4] http://www.synergyenviron.com/tools/wind_data.asp/Pune/Maharashtra/India
accessed on 10/12/2013.
[5] http://www.synergyenviron.com/tools/wind_data.asp/lNashik/Maharashtra/India
accessed on 10/12/2013.
[6] Website of Government of India: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(www.mnre.gov.in)
[9] http://www.nordicindia.com/Hybrid.pdf accessed on 12/12/2013
[10] Jogendra Singh Thongam and Mohand Ouhrouche, Department of
Renewable Energy Systems, STAS Inc. Electric Machines Identification and Control

40
Laboratory, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Quebec at Chicoutimi
Quebec Canada: MPPT Control Methods in Wind Energy Conversion Systems
[11] Marcelo G. Villalva, Ernesto Ruppert F.- Analysis and Simulation of the
P&O MPPT Algorithm Using a Linearized PV Array Model,IEEE
[12] X. Liu and L.A.C. Lopes. An improved perturbation and observation maximum
power point tracking algorithm for PV arrays. In IEEE PESC’04, vol. 3, 2004.
[13] A.Srinivasa Rao, S.V.L.Narasimham and B.Suresh Kumar, “A Realistic
Estimation of Energy Saving with Renewable Energy Sources in Domestic Sector”,
International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4,
Issue 1, 2013, pp. 124 - 130, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online:
0976-6553.
[14] Dr. S. M. Ali and Prof. K. K. Rout, “Application of Renewable Energy
Sources for Effective Energy Management”, International Journal of Electrical
Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 1, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 18 - 31, ISSN
Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.
[15] S. Dileep Kumar Varma and Divya Dandu, “Modelling and Simulation of Hybrid
Renewable Energy Sources Connected to Utility Grid”, International Journal of
Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 155 -
164, ISSN Print: 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553

41